42:
743:
715:, to secure an alliance. Hö'elün would have conceded some responsibilities in the division of labour to her new daughter-in-law—together, they managed the economy and resources of Temüjin's camp, allowing him a foundation from which he could pursue his military campaigns. She was present when Börte and Sochigel were abducted by the Merkits in revenge for Hö'elün's own abduction many years earlier; Börte was retrieved within a year. Hö'elün's advice was highly valued by Temüjin—he turned first to her and Börte for counsel when he split from
417:
686:
735:
following years, when the locations and activities of Temüjin's family are near-completely unknown, it is likely that Hö'elün arranged marriages for her youngest son Temüge and daughter Temülen as their father would normally do; she was also instrumental in maintaining alliances while Temüjin had fled to the protection of the
673:
Tensions developed as the children grew older. Both Temüjin and Behter had claims to be their father's heir: although Temüjin was the child of Yesügei's chief wife, Behter was at least two years older. There was even the possibility that, as permitted under levirate law, Behter could marry Hö'elün
337:
of Yesügei, in thanks for his support after a damaging defeat in 1187; during the next decades, she arranged marriages and maintained alliances in Yesügei's place. After Temüjin's 1206 entitlement as
Genghis Khan, she likely felt she had been under-rewarded for her efforts compared to her husband.
766:
are devoted to recording the details of the bestowals. Hö'elün was reportedly granted 10,000 followers, but as they were granted to her and her youngest son Temüge jointly, she felt the rewards undervalued her work and achievements. By contrast, Münglig was granted the privilege of sitting at the
523:
was not uncommon on the steppe, but according to the historian Anne
Broadbridge, it caused "long-term social weaknesses" among the tribes, as can be seen from later events in Hö'elün's life. Though Chiledu never attempted to retrieve the bride he had spent time and money negotiating for, possibly
734:
in 1187, many of his followers were repulsed by his cruel treatment of Temüjin's followers. These included Münglig and his sons; their earlier abandonment of the family was ignored and they were welcomed to such an extent that Hö'elün married Münglig in her third and final marriage. During the
389:. As this source, through extolling the advice and stability she provided for her children, is very favourable towards Hö'elün, it is probable that its anonymous author had links to her. Although its chronology is often imperfect and it inserts numerous poetic elements into the narrative, the
656:
relates that the entire
Borjigin clan followed, despite Hö'elün's attempts to shame them into staying by appealing to their honour. On the other hand, other sources such as Rashid al-Din imply that Yesügei's brothers stood by the widow. It is possible that Hö'elün may have refused to join in
774:
Kokechu, also mounted a challenge for
Genghis' throne. Kokechu managed to divide Genghis from his brothers Qasar and Temüge, whom Hö'elün vigorously defended; later, she and Börte convinced Genghis that Kokechu had to be eliminated, which Temüge accomplished in a staged wrestling match. The
540:. Nevertheless, Hö'elün became Yesügei's primary wife, for reasons that are not entirely clear. Broadbridge speculates that her upbringing, which had previously made her eligible to be the valued wife of a chief's brother, placed her higher in Yesügei's eyes than a woman of lower status.
326:. After Yesügei was fatally poisoned and the Mongols abandoned her family, Hö'elün shepherded all her children through poverty to adulthood—her resilience and organisational skills have been remarked upon by historians. She continued to play an important role after Temüjin's marriage to
635:
to strangers. However, the Tatars recognised Yesügei, who had fought against them in the past, and slipped poison into his food. Yesügei gradually sickened but managed to return home; close to death, he requested Münglig to retrieve Temüjin from the
Onggirat. He died soon after.
528:. Hö'elün was also isolated from her Olkhonud family, whom Yesügei probably never even met; she would be unable to ask them to help her and Yesügei's children in later, harder years. Hö'elün's kidnapping was omitted from most official chronicles and only appears in the
674:
upon attaining his majority and become Temüjin's stepfather. With the friction exacerbated by regular disputes over the division of hunting spoils, Temüjin and his younger brother Qasar ambushed and killed Behter. This
665:
dramatised the situation. All the sources agree that most of Yesügei's people renounced his family in favour of the
Tayichiuds and that Hö'elün's family were reduced to a much harsher life. Taking up a traditional
618:
When Temüjin was eight years old, Yesügei decided to betroth him to a suitable girl; he took his heir to the pastures of Hö'elün's prestigious
Onggirat tribe, and arranged a betrothal between Temüjin and
516:, decided to take Hö'elün as his own wife. As her husband was outnumbered and faced certain death if he stayed with her, Hö'elün urged him to flee, giving him her blouse so he could remember her scent.
41:
1861:
Veit, Veronika (2019). "Die Stärke der Frau zur Zeit des
Mongolischen Weltreiches" [The Strength of Women at the time of the Mongol Empire]. In Barkmann, Udo; Altangerel, Ganchimeg (eds.).
607:. The siblings grew up at Yesügei's main camp on the banks of the Onon, where they learned how to ride a horse and shoot a bow; their companions included Behter and his younger full-brother
2189:
486:
tribe; they were wed in a formal ceremony in
Olkhonud lands when Hö'elün was around fifteen years old. As the couple were travelling back to Chiledu's homelands, they were ambushed.
648:, and other clans. As Temüjin was only around ten, and Behter around two years older, neither was considered old enough to rule. The Tayichiud faction excluded Hö'elün from the
2117:
338:
She was also heavily involved in disputes between
Genghis, his brothers, and Münglig's sons; possibly due to the stress of mediating, she died soon after on an unknown date.
682:, which recounts that Hö'elün angrily reprimanded her sons for their short-sighted course of action, which she thought a foolish imitation of their ancestors' heroic deeds.
823:
At this point in time, the word "Mongols" only referred to the members of one tribe in northeast Mongolia; because this tribe played a central role in the formation of the
670:
lifestyle, they collected roots and nuts, hunted for small animals, and caught fish. Hö'elün's courage and adaptable character were critical in the survival of her family.
2184:
1705:
393:
is regarded as a valuable source because it does not suppress uncomfortable details; this sets it apart from other sources, such as the 14th-century Persian historian
742:
354:; as a result, there are numerous modern spellings for Mongolian names that may result in considerably different pronunciations from the original. The name
3143:
2667:
2435:
2427:
1914:
762:(large assembly), the newly-crowned Genghis handed out rewards to those who had aided him during his rise to power—twenty-one paragraphs of the
2675:
767:
khan's right hand, making him the second-most powerful man on the steppe; in light of these events, their marriage may have come under strain.
500:
chronicle claimed that they had ascertained her fertility from the colour of the ground she had urinated on—and their leader, an aristocratic
3138:
2731:
1882:
1818:
1763:
1733:
1622:
1582:
1555:
1530:
1499:
135:
263:
2758:
2707:
2683:
2482:
2132:
2466:
2419:
1594:
2715:
2627:
1851:
1681:
1517:
47:
2643:
723:, she also raised numerous foundlings as half-siblings for her children, but chronological problems indicate that the most famous,
2699:
2659:
3133:
2723:
2651:
2557:
2393:
1610:
1570:
2774:
2619:
2531:
2523:
2456:
2448:
2127:
571:. The year is similarly controversial, as different historians favour different dates: 1155, 1162 or 1167. The boy was named
142:
2830:
2174:
575:, a word of uncertain meaning. Of the many legends surrounding Temüjin's birth, the most prominent tells that he clutched a
3104:
2801:
2691:
2147:
2142:
377:
283:
164:
3148:
3123:
2611:
2409:
2152:
2137:
736:
2782:
2750:
2601:
2549:
2401:
1907:
85:
1665:
1614:
1574:
2635:
2593:
2576:
2510:
2490:
2474:
2236:
1636:
2500:
524:
because of Yesügei's renown as a leader, the Merkit did not forget their grudge, which later spiralled into a
2541:
1602:
756:
Temüjin's 1206 coronation and entitlement as Genghis Khan preceded turmoil in Hö'elün's personal life. At a
685:
2179:
1900:
731:
394:
3128:
2922:
2866:
2199:
1650:
1547:
2822:
2814:
2294:
1810:
1781:
1755:
748:
691:
278:
3060:
310:, who abducted her to be his primary wife. She and Yesügei had four sons and one daughter: Temüjin,
3070:
2024:
1843:
783:, have termed this poetical melodrama, nothing more is known of her life. Hö'elün had received the
548:
1946:
1829:
1699:
1687:
1481:
780:
779:
claims that Hö'elün, worn out by her efforts, died soon after. Although some historians, such as
351:
233:
2892:
2224:
2164:
2259:
1878:
1847:
1814:
1785:
1759:
1729:
1713:
1677:
1618:
1578:
1551:
1526:
1495:
658:
584:
564:
479:
1835:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300)
2806:
2766:
2219:
1669:
1522:
649:
560:
520:
420:
399:
195:
2900:
644:
Yesügei's death shattered the unity of his people, which included members of the Borjigin,
1743:
784:
699:
When Temüjin married Börte at around the age of fifteen, her parents gave Hö'elün a black
667:
463:
101:
587:
which announced the child's destiny, a legend which echoed that of the mythical ancestor
2913:
2887:
2169:
1806:
1718:
1691:
1640:
471:
3117:
2974:
2969:
2905:
2212:
2030:
1923:
1748:
1491:
824:
431:
386:
270:
71:
1659:
583:
motif which indicated the child would be a warrior. Others claimed that Hö'elün was
416:
2874:
2314:
2231:
2207:
2122:
2056:
1979:
1959:
1773:
1725:
799:
724:
708:
496:
475:
467:
347:
202:
2319:
1833:
1799:
3040:
2989:
2949:
2918:
2019:
632:
115:
3085:
2994:
2344:
2329:
2066:
1874:
1870:
1632:
624:
604:
576:
572:
552:
525:
513:
439:
323:
303:
274:
2954:
2944:
2309:
2289:
2284:
2243:
1839:
645:
459:
382:
295:
1789:
652:
ceremonies which followed a ruler's death and soon abandoned her camp. The
600:
319:
3080:
2299:
2159:
2041:
1673:
712:
620:
608:
588:
580:
533:
509:
503:
491:
455:
435:
330:—together, the two women managed his camp and provided him with advice.
327:
291:
51:
627:. While riding homewards alone, Yesügei requested a meal from a band of
3050:
3045:
3035:
3020:
2324:
2279:
2274:
2061:
2051:
1989:
739:. She may have accompanied him when he returned to the steppe in 1196.
704:
612:
596:
487:
334:
315:
307:
1863:
Familie und gesellschaftlicher: Transformationsprozess in der Mongolei
478:. She grew up to be an attractive woman, and her parents were able to
177:
174:
171:
155:
152:
149:
112:
109:
17:
3030:
3004:
2999:
2334:
2304:
2264:
2014:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1954:
771:
716:
628:
568:
537:
483:
443:
299:
1541:
1485:
3075:
3055:
2984:
2964:
2959:
2939:
2879:
2046:
2036:
1984:
741:
700:
684:
675:
592:
556:
415:
311:
543:
Hö'elün gave birth to her and Yesügei's first son at a place the
3025:
2979:
2339:
2269:
1892:
2854:
2365:
2087:
1934:
1896:
277:, better known as Genghis Khan. She played a major role in his
3065:
1828:
Ratchnevsky, Paul (1993). "Sigi Qutuqu (c. 1180–c. 1260)". In
678:
act was omitted from the official chronicles but not from the
532:. Yesügei had previously married another woman, usually named
494:
had noticed Hö'elün's beauty and good health—the 17th-century
1271:
1187:
2460:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
375:
Most of what is known of Hö'elün's life is derived from the
1867:
Family and Society: The Transformation Process in Mongolia
536:
by historians, who had already given birth to a son named
302:
aristocrat; she was captured shortly after her wedding by
501:
367:
361:
355:
241:
78:
2190:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1658:
May, Timothy (2018). "The Mongols outside Mongolia".
787:
207:
482:
for her to Chiledu, the brother of the chief of the
298:
tribe, Hö'elün was originally married to Chiledu, a
3013:
2932:
2865:
2794:
2743:
2592:
2569:
2522:
2447:
2392:
2385:
2252:
2198:
2110:
1998:
1945:
631:he encountered, relying on the steppe tradition of
201:
194:
189:
163:
141:
134:
100:
62:
34:
1798:
1747:
1717:
1593:
474:, with the Olkhonud living near the source of the
2185:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
2605:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
1637:Vol. 104: Biographies 1: Empresses and Consorts
827:, their name was later used for all the tribes.
757:
555:; this has been variously identified at either
430:. The Olkhonud lived in the far east, near the
89:
1487:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
623:, the daughter of an Onggirat chieftain named
1908:
1704:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
1607:The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography
1569:. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization.
1521:. Translated by Atwood, Christopher. London:
793:
169:
147:
8:
719:, his friend-turned-rival. According to the
1451:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1403:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1331:
1319:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1267:
1199:
1179:
1167:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1095:
1067:
1043:
1031:
1027:
1015:
1003:
987:
971:
955:
943:
939:
915:
895:
883:
847:
591:. Yesügei and Hö'elün had three more sons,
247:
2862:
2851:
2389:
2382:
2362:
2107:
2084:
1942:
1931:
1915:
1901:
1893:
1720:Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection
615:Münglig, and other children of the tribe.
186:
40:
31:
1567:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
1111:
1087:
1071:
840:
816:
2535:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
2494:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
1697:
1546:. Makers of the Muslim World. London:
1447:
1343:
1219:
1203:
1075:
1055:
927:
899:
871:
859:
611:, the seven sons of Yesügei's trusted
59:
27:Mother of Genghis Khan (fl. 1162–1210)
1431:
1215:
1107:
136:Transcription into Chinese characters
7:
2118:Administrative divisions and vassals
1275:
1243:
703:coat, which she let Temüjin give to
661:with one, or that the author of the
462:tribe. The Onggirat lived along the
1315:
1255:
1231:
1183:
1091:
991:
975:
959:
903:
442:lived between the Olkhonud and the
46:Statue of Hö'elün located near the
1463:
1272:Secret History, trans. Atwood 2023
1188:Secret History, trans. Atwood 2023
385:which retold the formation of the
366:in English, sometimes suffixed by
25:
3144:Yuan dynasty posthumous empresses
1801:Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy
1754:. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford:
1518:The Secret History of the Mongols
730:After Jamuqa defeated Temüjin at
412:Early life and initial marriages
333:Hö'elün married Münglig, an old
727:, was in fact raised by Börte.
360:has thus also been rendered as
689:Temüjin meeting with Toghrul (
464:Greater Khingan mountain range
237:
208:
170:
148:
90:
1:
3105:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
2802:Division of the Mongol Empire
1565:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
585:impregnated by a ray of light
424:
378:Secret History of the Mongols
306:, an important member of the
284:Secret History of the Mongols
3139:Women from the Mongol Empire
454:, Hö'elün was born into the
48:equestrian statue of her son
2052:Manghit / Mangudai
788:
770:One of Münglig's sons, the
502:
368:
362:
356:
242:
79:
3165:
2831:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
1797:Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991).
1666:Edinburgh University Press
1615:Berkshire Publishing Group
1592:Brose, Michael C. (2014).
1575:Cambridge University Press
269:) was a noblewoman of the
3102:
2861:
2850:
2646:(1223 / 1236–40)
2552:(1257 / 1284–88)
2381:
2361:
2175:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
2106:
2083:
1941:
1930:
1676:(inactive 5 April 2024).
1595:"Chinggis (Genghis) Khan"
1218:, § "The Young Temüjin";
1110:, § "The Young Temüjin";
794:
579:as he was born, an Asian
223:
219:
185:
130:
126:
107:
67:
58:
39:
1641:
1246:, pp. 120–121, 129.
143:Traditional Chinese
2128:Invasions and conquests
2047:Paiza / Gerege
1692:10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11
480:arrange a good marriage
165:Simplified Chinese
3134:Family of Genghis Khan
2785:(1260 / 1301)
2513:(1274 / 1281)
2180:Franco-Mongol alliance
1780:. Vol. I. Paris:
1540:Biran, Michal (2012).
1482:Atwood, Christopher P.
758:
753:
746:The kurultai of 1206 (
696:
447:
372:, which means "Lady".
346:There is no universal
281:, as described in the
1651:Twenty-Five Histories
1548:Oneworld Publications
798:) by the time of the
745:
688:
640:Matriarch and advisor
419:
381:, a mid-13th-century
2676:Serbia and Bulgaria
1877:. pp. 107–130.
1811:Blackwell Publishing
1782:Imprimerie nationale
1756:Blackwell Publishing
1674:10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68
1090:, pp. 289–291;
1074:, pp. 284–287;
737:Jin dynasty in China
603:, and one daughter,
3149:Mothers of emperors
3124:12th-century births
2923:Khagans of the Yuan
2652:Poland and Bohemia
2428:Khwarazmian Empire
2153:Society and economy
1869:] (in German).
1844:Harrassowitz Verlag
1830:de Rachewiltz, Igor
1778:Notes on Marco Polo
1647:New History of Yuan
930:, pp. 389–391.
886:, pp. xiv–xvi.
874:, pp. 492–493.
50:at Tsonjin Boldog,
2668:Holy Roman Empire
2123:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
1846:. pp. 75–94.
1668:. pp. 44–75.
1434:, pp. 44–45;
1422:, pp. 95, 98.
1374:, pp. 65–66;
1318:, pp. 29–30;
1270:, pp. 23–24;
1202:, pp. 22–23;
1150:, pp. 20–21;
1094:, pp. 67–68;
1070:, pp. 17–19;
1030:, pp. 45–46;
990:, pp. 46–47;
942:, pp. 14–15;
781:Igor de Rachewiltz
754:
697:
448:
273:and the mother of
86:Mongolian Cyrillic
3111:
3110:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2823:Kaidu–Kublai war
2815:Berke–Hulagu war
2807:Toluid Civil War
2588:
2587:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2160:House of Borjigin
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
1884:978-3-6431-4363-1
1820:978-06-31-16785-3
1765:978-0-631-17563-6
1735:978-0-3123-1444-6
1661:The Mongol Empire
1624:978-1-933782-66-9
1584:978-1-1086-3662-9
1557:978-1-78074-204-5
1532:978-0-2411-9791-2
1501:978-0-8160-4671-3
1438:, pp. 69–70.
1390:, pp. 66–67.
1378:, pp. 48–50.
1350:, pp. 76–77.
1322:, pp. 58–59.
1258:, pp. 25–26.
1206:, pp. 97–98.
1170:, pp. 50–51.
1138:, pp. 15–19.
1034:, pp. 15–16.
994:, pp. 21–22.
918:, pp. 44–45.
749:Jami' al-tawarikh
692:Jami' al-tawarikh
659:levirate marriage
565:Agin-Buryat Okrug
450:According to the
227:
226:
215:
214:
196:Standard Mandarin
122:
121:
16:(Redirected from
3156:
2909:
2896:
2893:Töregene Khatun
2883:
2863:
2852:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2580:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2514:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2413:
2405:
2390:
2383:
2363:
2325:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2315:Sarai Batu/Berke
2220:Chagatai Khanate
2108:
2085:
1943:
1932:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1857:
1824:
1805:. Translated by
1804:
1793:
1769:
1753:
1739:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1654:
1628:
1611:Great Barrington
1600:
1597:
1588:
1571:Great Barrington
1561:
1536:
1523:Penguin Classics
1512:
1510:
1508:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1452:Broadbridge 2018
1445:
1439:
1436:Broadbridge 2018
1429:
1423:
1420:Ratchnevsky 1991
1416:Broadbridge 2018
1413:
1407:
1404:Ratchnevsky 1991
1400:Broadbridge 2018
1397:
1391:
1388:Broadbridge 2018
1385:
1379:
1376:Ratchnevsky 1991
1372:Broadbridge 2018
1369:
1363:
1360:Broadbridge 2018
1357:
1351:
1348:Ratchnevsky 1993
1341:
1335:
1332:Broadbridge 2018
1329:
1323:
1320:Broadbridge 2018
1313:
1307:
1304:Broadbridge 2018
1301:
1295:
1292:Broadbridge 2018
1288:Ratchnevsky 1991
1285:
1279:
1268:Ratchnevsky 1991
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1213:
1207:
1200:Ratchnevsky 1991
1197:
1191:
1180:Ratchnevsky 1991
1177:
1171:
1168:Broadbridge 2018
1164:Ratchnevsky 1991
1161:
1155:
1152:Broadbridge 2018
1148:Ratchnevsky 1991
1145:
1139:
1136:Ratchnevsky 1991
1133:
1127:
1124:Ratchnevsky 1991
1121:
1115:
1105:
1099:
1096:Ratchnevsky 1991
1085:
1079:
1068:Ratchnevsky 1991
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1044:Broadbridge 2018
1041:
1035:
1032:Ratchnevsky 1991
1028:Broadbridge 2018
1025:
1019:
1016:Ratchnevsky 1991
1013:
1007:
1004:Broadbridge 2018
1001:
995:
988:Broadbridge 2018
985:
979:
972:Broadbridge 2018
969:
963:
956:Broadbridge 2018
953:
947:
944:Broadbridge 2018
940:Ratchnevsky 1991
937:
931:
925:
919:
916:Broadbridge 2018
913:
907:
896:Ratchnevsky 1991
893:
887:
884:Ratchnevsky 1991
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
850:, pp. x–xi.
848:Ratchnevsky 1991
845:
828:
821:
797:
796:
791:
761:
650:ancestor worship
567:, in modern-day
561:Khentii Province
521:bride kidnapping
519:The practice of
507:
470:, in modern-day
436:Borjigin Mongols
429:
426:
400:Jami al-tawarikh
371:
365:
359:
350:system used for
342:Name and sources
268:
267: 1162–1210
265:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
245:
239:
211:
210:
187:
181:
180:
159:
158:
108:Empress Xuanyi (
93:
92:
82:
77:
60:
44:
32:
21:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3090:
3009:
2928:
2907:
2894:
2881:
2857:
2838:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2790:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2628:Volga Bulgaria
2621:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2584:
2578:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2518:
2512:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2484:
2483:Southern China
2476:
2468:
2467:Northern China
2459:
2457:
2443:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2411:
2403:
2377:
2376:
2349:
2248:
2225:House of Ögedei
2194:
2165:House of Ögedei
2133:Destructiveness
2102:
2101:
2071:
2008:
1994:
1937:
1926:
1921:
1891:
1885:
1860:
1854:
1827:
1821:
1796:
1772:
1766:
1742:
1736:
1712:
1696:
1684:
1657:
1643:
1631:
1625:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1564:
1558:
1539:
1533:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:, p. 416;
1446:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1414:
1410:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:, p. 492;
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1286:
1282:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1214:
1210:
1198:
1194:
1178:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1106:
1102:
1086:
1082:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
986:
982:
970:
966:
954:
950:
938:
934:
926:
922:
914:
910:
902:, p. 456;
894:
890:
882:
878:
870:
866:
858:
854:
846:
842:
837:
832:
831:
822:
818:
813:
808:
785:posthumous name
752:, 15th century)
695:, 15th century)
668:hunter-gatherer
642:
563:or in southern
427:
414:
409:
344:
266:
259:
256:
253:
250:
102:Posthumous name
96:
75:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3162:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2906:Oghul Qaimish
2903:
2898:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2170:Mongol Armenia
2167:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1858:
1852:
1825:
1819:
1807:Thomas Haining
1794:
1770:
1764:
1740:
1734:
1710:
1682:
1655:
1629:
1623:
1589:
1583:
1562:
1556:
1537:
1531:
1513:
1500:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1456:
1440:
1424:
1418:, p. 69;
1408:
1402:, p. 69;
1392:
1380:
1364:
1352:
1336:
1324:
1308:
1296:
1290:, p. 31;
1280:
1278:, p. 129.
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1208:
1192:
1186:, p. 25;
1182:, p. 22;
1172:
1156:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1114:, p. 288.
1100:
1080:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1020:
1008:
996:
980:
974:, p. 47;
964:
958:, p. 45;
948:
932:
920:
908:
898:, p. 15;
888:
876:
864:
862:, p. 415.
852:
839:
838:
836:
833:
830:
829:
815:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
789:Empress Xuanyi
777:Secret History
764:Secret History
721:Secret History
680:Secret History
663:Secret History
654:Secret History
641:
638:
545:Secret History
530:Secret History
472:Inner Mongolia
452:Secret History
413:
410:
408:
405:
391:Secret History
343:
340:
290:Born into the
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
205:
199:
198:
192:
191:
190:Transcriptions
183:
182:
167:
161:
160:
145:
139:
138:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
105:
104:
98:
97:
95:
94:
83:
68:
65:
64:
56:
55:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3161:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3106:
3101:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Chagatai Khan
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:Latin Empire
2682:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2213:Northern Yuan
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:Imperial Seal
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2031:Pax Mongolica
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:Mongol Empire
1918:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1853:9783447033398
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:Pelliot, Paul
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1744:Morgan, David
1741:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1683:9780748642373
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:. Edinburgh:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1653:(in Chinese).
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1492:Facts on File
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1454:, p. 71.
1453:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1406:, p. 90.
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1362:, p. 65.
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1334:, p. 64.
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1306:, p. 58.
1305:
1300:
1297:
1294:, p. 57.
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1234:, p. 25.
1233:
1228:
1225:
1222:, p. 98.
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1154:, p. 49.
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1126:, p. 17.
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1098:, p. 17.
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1078:, p. 55.
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:, p. 97.
1057:
1052:
1049:
1046:, p. 46.
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1018:, p. 15.
1017:
1012:
1009:
1006:, p. 45.
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
984:
981:
978:, p. 20.
977:
973:
968:
965:
962:, p. 21.
961:
957:
952:
949:
946:, p. 45.
945:
941:
936:
933:
929:
924:
921:
917:
912:
909:
906:, p. 20.
905:
901:
897:
892:
889:
885:
880:
877:
873:
868:
865:
861:
856:
853:
849:
844:
841:
834:
826:
825:Mongol Empire
820:
817:
810:
805:
803:
801:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
768:
765:
760:
751:
750:
744:
740:
738:
733:
732:Dalan Balzhut
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
694:
693:
687:
683:
681:
677:
671:
669:
664:
660:
655:
651:
647:
639:
637:
634:
630:
626:
622:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:Delüün Boldog
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
517:
515:
511:
506:
505:
499:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:Khalkha River
473:
469:
466:south of the
465:
461:
457:
453:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:Khitan people
422:
418:
411:
406:
404:
402:
401:
396:
395:Rashid al-Din
392:
388:
387:Mongol Empire
384:
380:
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373:
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364:
358:
353:
349:
341:
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331:
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325:
321:
317:
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309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
285:
280:
279:rise to power
276:
272:
271:Mongol Empire
244:
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73:
72:Mongol script
70:
69:
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61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3129:1210s deaths
2875:Genghis Khan
2644:Kievan Rus'
2622:(1237–1300s)
2614:(1237–1300s)
2458:Western Xia
2420:Qara Khitai
2253:Major cities
2232:Golden Horde
2208:Yuan dynasty
2095:Organization
2029:
1980:Khong Tayiji
1866:
1862:
1834:
1800:
1777:
1749:
1726:Bantam Press
1719:
1660:
1646:
1606:
1603:Brown, Kerry
1566:
1543:Genghis Khan
1542:
1516:
1505:. Retrieved
1490:. New York:
1486:
1459:
1443:
1427:
1411:
1395:
1383:
1367:
1355:
1339:
1327:
1311:
1299:
1283:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1211:
1195:
1175:
1159:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1112:Pelliot 1959
1103:
1088:Pelliot 1959
1083:
1072:Pelliot 1959
1063:
1051:
1039:
1023:
1011:
999:
983:
967:
951:
935:
923:
911:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
819:
800:Yuan dynasty
776:
769:
763:
755:
747:
729:
725:Shigi Qutuqu
720:
698:
690:
679:
672:
662:
653:
643:
617:
544:
542:
529:
518:
497:Altan Tobchi
495:
468:Ergüne river
458:clan of the
451:
449:
398:
390:
376:
374:
348:romanisation
345:
332:
294:clan of the
289:
282:
229:
228:
203:Hanyu Pinyin
29:
2950:Sartaq Khan
2919:Kublai Khan
2914:Möngke Khan
2888:Ögedei Khan
2867:Great Khans
2833:(1314–1318)
2825:(1268–1301)
2777:(1260–1323)
2761:(1253–1256)
2744:Middle East
2638:(1238–1239)
2579:(1221–1327)
2438:(1219–1256)
2430:(1219–1221)
2412:(1264–1308)
2404:(1207-1308)
2270:Azov (Azaq)
1936:Terminology
1750:The Mongols
1466:, vol. 104.
1448:Atwood 2004
1344:Atwood 2004
1220:Atwood 2004
1204:Atwood 2004
1076:Morgan 1986
1056:Atwood 2004
928:Atwood 2004
900:Atwood 2004
872:Atwood 2004
860:Atwood 2004
633:hospitality
547:records as
512:clan named
428: 1207
257:Lady Ö’elün
243:Ö’elün Üjin
238:ᠥᠭᠡᠯᠦᠨ ᠦᠵᠢᠨ
80:Ö’elün Üjin
76:ᠥᠭᠡᠯᠦᠨ ᠦᠵᠢᠨ
3118:Categories
3086:Nogai Khan
2970:Özbeg Khan
2901:Güyük Khan
2795:Civil wars
2783:Palestine
2692:Lithuania
2612:Circassia
2345:Xacitarxan
2330:Soltaniyeh
2067:Darughachi
1875:LIT Verlag
1809:. Oxford:
1724:. London:
1633:Ke Shaomin
1432:Biran 2012
1274:, §76–78;
1216:Brose 2014
1190:, § 71–73.
1108:Brose 2014
806:References
625:Dei Sechen
581:folklorish
577:blood clot
553:Onon River
526:blood feud
91:Өэлүн Үжин
2955:Orda Khan
2945:Batu Khan
2809:(1260–64)
2753:(1241–43)
2751:Anatolia
2726:(1287–88)
2718:(1285–86)
2710:(1264–65)
2702:(1259–60)
2694:(1258–59)
2670:(1241–42)
2662:(1241–42)
2654:(1240–41)
2630:(1229–36)
2620:Chechnya
2560:(1300–02)
2524:Southeast
2503:(1253–56)
2485:(1235–79)
2477:(1231–60)
2469:(1211–34)
2422:(1216–18)
2410:Sakhalin
2370:Campaigns
2320:Saray-Jük
2310:Samarkand
2285:Karakorum
2244:Ilkhanate
2002:Political
1840:Wiesbaden
1714:Man, John
1700:cite book
1635:(1920). "
1276:Veit 2019
1244:Veit 2019
835:Citations
646:Tayichiud
407:Biography
383:epic poem
352:Mongolian
234:Mongolian
3081:Boroldai
3061:Khubilai
3041:Bo'orchu
3014:Military
2908:(regent)
2895:(regent)
2882:(regent)
2767:Baghdad
2716:Hungary
2660:Hungary
2603:Georgia
2550:Vietnam
2402:Siberia
2300:Maragheh
2200:Khanates
2148:Religion
2143:Military
2092:Politics
2042:Kurultai
2005:Military
1776:(1959).
1746:(1986).
1716:(2004).
1525:. 2023.
1484:(2004).
1316:May 2018
1256:May 2018
1232:May 2018
1184:May 2018
1092:Man 2004
992:May 2018
976:May 2018
960:May 2018
904:May 2018
759:kurultai
713:Keraites
613:retainer
609:Belgutei
589:Alan Gua
534:Sochigel
510:Borjigin
460:Onggirat
456:Olkhonud
438:such as
421:Mongolic
335:retainer
296:Onggirat
292:Olkhonud
52:Mongolia
3051:Boroqul
3046:Guo Kan
3036:Negudar
3021:Subutai
2921: (
2759:Alamut
2732:Serbia
2724:Poland
2708:Thrace
2700:Poland
2636:Alania
2501:Yunnan
2436:Persia
2394:Central
2373:Battles
2280:Bolghar
2275:Bukhara
2260:Almalik
2062:Kheshig
1990:Tarkhan
1871:Münster
1832:(ed.).
1790:1741887
1649:].
1605:(ed.).
1599:(ebook)
1507:2 March
1474:Sources
1464:Ke 1920
711:of the
705:Toghrul
605:Temülen
597:Hachiun
573:Temüjin
551:on the
514:Yesügei
508:of the
504:ba'atur
492:hawking
488:Mongols
440:Yesügei
423:tribes
357:Hö'elün
324:Temülen
316:Hachiun
308:Mongols
304:Yesügei
275:Temüjin
251:
230:Hö'elün
209:Hē'élún
35:Hö'elün
3031:Muqali
3005:Ghazan
3000:Arghun
2990:Hulegu
2880:Tolui
2856:People
2817:(1262)
2775:Syria
2769:(1258)
2734:(1291)
2686:(1242)
2678:(1242)
2594:Europe
2577:India
2558:Burma
2544:(1293)
2533:Burma
2511:Japan
2492:Tibet
2475:Korea
2335:Tabriz
2305:Qarshi
2265:Avarga
2111:Topics
2015:Jarlig
1975:Jinong
1970:Khanum
1965:Khatun
1955:Khagan
1947:Titles
1881:
1850:
1817:
1788:
1762:
1732:
1690:
1680:
1621:
1581:
1554:
1529:
1498:
772:shaman
717:Jamuqa
629:Tatars
601:Temüge
599:, and
569:Russia
538:Behter
484:Merkit
444:Merkit
363:Ö’elün
322:, and
320:Temüge
300:Merkit
18:Hoelun
3076:Kadan
3071:Bayan
3056:Jelme
2995:Abaqa
2985:Kebek
2965:Toqta
2960:Berke
2940:Jochi
2933:Khans
2570:South
2542:Java
2295:Majar
2237:Wings
2057:Tümen
2037:Yassa
2020:Örtöö
1985:Noyan
1865:[
1688:JSTOR
1645:[
1601:. In
811:Notes
701:sable
676:taboo
621:Börte
593:Qasar
557:Dadal
328:Börte
312:Qasar
63:Names
3026:Jebe
2980:Duwa
2449:East
2386:Asia
2340:Ukek
2290:Dadu
2098:Life
2025:Orda
1960:Khan
1879:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1786:OCLC
1760:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1706:link
1678:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1509:2022
1496:ISBN
795:宣懿皇后
709:khan
490:out
369:Üjin
248:lit.
3066:Aju
1670:doi
1642:新元史
1639:".
559:in
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