Foot-and-mouth disease - Knowledge (XXG)

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exposing susceptible cattle in 24-hour increments. It estimated the infectious period of the infected cattle to be 1.7 days, but showed the cattle were only infectious for a few hours before they developed fevers or classic FMD lesions. The authors also showed that the infectious period would have been estimated to be much higher (4.2 to 8.2 days) if detection of virus had been used as a substitute for infectiousness. A similar 2016 experiment using serotype A virus exposed susceptible pigs to infected pigs for 8 hour periods and found that pigs were able to spread disease for a full day before developing signs of disease. Analysis of this experimental data estimated the infectious period to be approximately 7 days. Again, the study showed that detection of virus was not an accurate substitution for infectiousness. An accurate understanding of the parameters of infectiousness is an important component of building epidemiological models which inform disease control strategies and policies.

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some of the animals. On the ethical side, one must also consider that FMD is a painful disease for the affected animals. The vesicles and blisters are painful in themselves, and restrict both eating and movement. Through ruptured blisters, the animal is also at risk from secondary bacterial infections. Production loss and vaccination in areas where the disease is endemic costs and estimated US$ 6.5 billion to 21 billion yearly, and controlling outbreaks in countries normally free of it costs and additional >US$ 1.5 billion per year. This cost is disproportionately borne by some of the poorest countries in the world. Controlling the virus with vaccines is difficult because there are multiple serotypes of the virus which require distinct vaccines. When an outbreak occurs, the virus must be analyzed before the correct vaccine can be identified. Research is ongoing to improve vaccination technology.

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similar to that of other RNA viruses. The most recent common ancestor appears to have evolved about 481 years ago (early 16th century). This ancestor then diverged into two clades which have given rise to the extant circulating Euro-Asiatic and South African. SAT 1 diverged first 397 years ago, followed by sequential divergence of serotype SAT 2 (396 years ago), A (147 years ago), O (121 years ago), Asia 1 (89 years ago), C (86 years ago), and SAT 3 (83 years ago). Bayesian skyline plot reveals a population expansion in the early 20th century that is followed by a rapid decline in population size from the late 20th century to the present day. Within each serotype, there was no apparent periodic, geographic, or host species influence on the evolution of global FMD viruses. At least seven genotypes of serotype Asia 1 are known.

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bilateral effort and eradicated the disease without building a wall. To prevent tension between ranchers and the veterinarians, public broadcasts over the radio and with speakers on trucks were used to inform Mexican ranchers why the U.S. veterinarians were working on their livestock. Ranchers who lost cattle due to being culled by the vets would receive financial compensation. However, the tension remained and resulted in clashes between local citizens and the military-protected U.S. veterinarians. These teams of veterinarians worked from outside the infection zone of the disease and worked their way to the heart of the epidemic. Over 60,000,000 injections were administered to livestock by the end of 1950.

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of aerosolized virus compared to infected cattle and sheep. Also, pigs are particularly vulnerable to infection through the oral route. It has been demonstrated experimentally that FMD can be spread to pigs when they eat commercial feed products contaminated by the FMD virus. Also, the virus can remain active for extended periods of time in certain feed ingredients, especially soybean meal. Feed biosecurity practices have become an important area of study since a 2013 outbreak of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) in the US, thought to be introduced through contaminated feed.

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this outbreak so serious was the amount of time between infection being present at the first outbreak locus, and when countermeasures were put into operation against the disease, such as transport bans and detergent washing of both vehicles and personnel entering livestock areas. The epidemic was probably caused by pigs that had been fed infected rubbish that had not been properly heat-sterilized. Further, the rubbish is believed to have contained remains of infected meat that had been illegally imported to Britain.

1661: 378:, or inanimate objects, typically fodder and motor vehicles. The clothes and skin of animal handlers such as farmers, standing water, and uncooked food scraps and feed supplements containing infected animal products can harbor the virus, as well. Cows can also catch FMD from the semen of infected bulls. Control measures include quarantine and destruction of both infected and healthy (uninfected) livestock, and export bans for meat and other animal products to countries not infected with the disease. 974: 289: 277: 58: 335:. In a neoteric subclinical infection, the virus remains in the pharynx and does not spread into the blood as it would in a clinical infection. Although animals with neoteric subclinical infections do not appear to have disease, they shed substantial amounts of virus in nasal secretions and saliva, so they are able to transmit the FMD virus to other animals. Neoteric subclinical infections often occur in vaccinated animals but can occur in unvaccinated animals as well. 161: 1111:

pre-meditated response to a known, assessed risk". FMD is usually nonfatal to adult animals. Pigs are capable of airborn transmission of the virus in one extreme case 250 km across the English Channel, although not usually more than 10 km. There are no known cases of cattle or sheep spreading the virus beyond 3 km. The 2007 outbreak was caught much earlier, and was able to be contained after culling only 1,578 animals.

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FMD to importing countries. A widespread preventive vaccination would also conceal the existence of the virus in a country. From there, it could potentially spread to countries without vaccine programs. Lastly, an animal infected shortly after being vaccinated can harbor and spread FMD without showing symptoms itself, hindering containment and culling of sick animals as a remedy.

1095:, England. All livestock were culled and a quarantine erected over the area. Two other suspected outbreaks have occurred since, although these seem now not to be related to FMD. The only reported case in 2010 was a false alarm from GIS Alex Baker, as proven false by the Florida Farm and Agricultural Department, and quarantine/slaughter of cattle and pigs was confirmed from 531:. The center, located 1.5 mi (2.4 km) off the coast of Long Island, New York, is the only place in the United States where scientists can conduct research and diagnostic work on highly contagious animal diseases such as FMD. Because of this limitation, US companies working on FMD usually use facilities in other countries where such diseases are endemic. 1127: 782:) in China, so information on FMD in China can be found online using those words as search terms. One can find online many provincial orders and regulations on FMD control antedating China's acknowledgment that the disease existed in China, for example Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 1991 regulation on preventing the spread of Disease No.5. 659:, was diagnosed with a strain of FMD that only infects swine. Mortality was high, nearing 100% in the infected herd. The cause of the epidemic was not determined, but the farm was near a port city known for its pig-smuggling industry and illegal slaughterhouses. Smuggled swine or contaminated meat are thus likely sources of the disease. 425:, Africa, and South America. Symptoms of FMD in humans include malaise, fever, vomiting, red ulcerative lesions (surface-eroding damaged spots) of the oral tissues, and sometimes vesicular lesions (small blisters) of the skin. According to a newspaper report, FMD killed two children in England in 1884, supposedly due to infected milk. 804:, Surrey. All livestock in the vicinity were culled on 4 August. A nationwide ban on the movement of cattle and pigs was imposed, with a 3-km (1.9-mi) protection zone placed around the outbreak sites and the nearby virus research and vaccine production establishments, together with a 10-km (6.2-mi) increased surveillance zone. 339:

become carriers following acute infections with or without symptoms. Both vaccinated and unvaccinated animals can become carriers. Transmission of the FMD virus from carriers to susceptible animals is considered very unlikely under natural conditions and has not been conclusively demonstrated in field studies.

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For the farmer, culling animals often results in financial devastation with no ability to honor existing contractual arrangements, thus facing the prospective loss of farm, equipment, and future earning potential. Farmers, especially in more traditional systems, may also have emotional attachments to

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was the most seriously affected area of the country, with 843 cases. By the time the disease was halted in October 2001, the crisis was estimated to have cost Britain £8 billion (equivalent to £17 billion in 2023) to the agricultural and support industries, and to the outdoor industry. What made

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Taiwan had previously been the major exporter of pork to Japan, and among the top 15 pork producers in the world in 1996. During the outbreak, over 3.8 million swine were destroyed at a cost of US$ 6.9 billion (equivalent to $ 13.1 billion in 2023). The Taiwanese pig industry was devastated as a

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Reasons cited for restricting export from countries using FMD vaccines include, probably most importantly, routine blood tests relying on antibodies cannot distinguish between an infected and a vaccinated animal, which severely hampers screening of animals used in export products, risking a spread of

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Subclinical (asymptomatic) infections can be classified as neoteric or persistent based on when they occur and whether the animal is infectious. Neoteric subclinical infections are acute infections, meaning they occur soon after an animal is exposed to the FMD virus (about 1 to 2 days) and last about

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Initially, 40,000 combined vaccine doses for the strains O-1, A-24, and Asia-1 were available and administered to zoo animals and valuable breeding hogs. At the end of March, half a million new doses for O-1 and Asia-1 were made available. On the May 3rd, 13 million doses of O-1 vaccine arrived, and

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recognizes countries to be in one of three disease states with regard to FMD: FMD present with or without vaccination, FMD-free with vaccination, and FMD-free without vaccination. Countries designated FMD-free without vaccination have the greatest access to export markets, so many developed nations,

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There is significant variation in both susceptibility to infection and ability to spread disease between different species, virus strains, and transmission routes. For example, cattle are far more vulnerable than pigs to infection with aerosolized virus, and infected pigs produce 30 times the amount

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However, in an experiment where virus was collected from the pharynx of carrier cattle and inserted in the pharynx of susceptible cattle, the susceptible cattle became infected and developed characteristic blisters in the mouth and on the feet. This supports the theory that while the likelihood of a

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The disease spread rapidly among swine herds in Taiwan, with 200–300 new farms being infected daily. Causes for this include the high swine density in the area, with up to 6,500 hogs per square mile, feeding of pigs with untreated garbage, and the farms' proximity to slaughterhouses. Other systemic

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Although the risk of transmission from an individual FMD carrier is considered to be very low, there are many carriers in FMD-endemic regions, possibly increasing the number of chances for carrier transmission to occur. Also, it can be difficult to determine if an asymptomatic infection is neoteric

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Because vaccinated animals can become carriers, the waiting period to prove FMD-freedom is longer when vaccination rather than slaughter is used as an outbreak-control strategy. As a result, many FMD-free countries are resistant to emergency vaccination in case of in outbreak out of concern for the

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that declines rapidly after two to three days, blisters inside the mouth that lead to excessive secretion of stringy or foamy saliva and to drooling, and blisters on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness. Adult animals may suffer weight loss from which they do not recover for several months,

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have been artificially infected, but they are not believed to contract the disease under natural conditions. Cattle, Asian and African buffalo, sheep, and goats can become carriers following an acute infection, meaning they are still infected with a small amount of virus but appear healthy. Animals

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officials started a mass cull of approximately 12%, or around three million in total, of the entire domestic pig population, and 107,000 of three million cattle of the country to halt the outbreak. According to the report based on complete 1D gene sequences, Korean serotype A virus was linked with

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Humans can be infected with FMD through contact with infected animals, but this is extremely rare. Some cases were caused by laboratory accidents. Because the virus that causes FMD is sensitive to stomach acid, it cannot spread to humans via consumption of infected meat, except in the mouth before

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in the spring and summer of 2001 was caused by the "Type O pan Asia" strain of the disease. This episode resulted in more than 2,000 cases of the disease in farms throughout the British countryside. More than six million sheep and cattle were killed in an eventually successful attempt to halt the

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On December 26, 1946, the United States and Mexico jointly declared that FMD had been found in Mexico. Initially, proposals from Texans were for an animal-proof wall, to prevent animals from crossing the border and spreading the disease, but the two countries eventually managed to cooperate in a

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Transmission of the FMD virus is possible before an animal has apparent signs of disease, a factor that increases the risk that significant spread of the virus has occurred before an outbreak is detected. A 2011 experiment measured transmission timing in cattle infected with serotype O virus by

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Of the seven serotypes of this virus, A, C, O, Asia 1, and SAT3 appear to be distinct lineages; SAT 1 and SAT 2 are unresolved clades. The mutation rate of the protein-encoding sequences of strains isolated between 1932 and 2007 has been estimated to be 1.46 × 10 substitutions/site/year, a rate

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Persistent subclinical infection (also referred to as a carrier state) occurs when an animal recovers from an acute infection but continues to have a small amount of replicating virus present in the pharynx. Cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats can all become carriers, but pigs cannot. Animals can

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reported a lame sow, which was later diagnosed with FMD. The source was believed to be remains of legally imported infected lamb from Argentina and Chile. The virus spread, and in total, 442,000 animals were slaughtered and the outbreak had an estimated cost of £370 million (equivalent to

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Great Britain's response to the 2001 outbreak of foot and mouth disease was a controversial policy of culling all animals within 3 km of an infected farm within 48 hours, leading to the slaughter of over 4 million animals. This was stated to be "a response to a desperate situation, not a

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Stenfeldt, C.; Pacheco, J. M.; Smoliga, G. R.; Bishop, E.; Pauszek, S. J.; Hartwig, E. J.; Rodriguez, L. L.; Arzt, J. (April 2016). "Detection of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus RNA and Capsid Protein in Lymphoid Tissues of Convalescent Pigs Does Not Indicate Existence of a Carrier State".

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Stenfeldt, C.; Pacheco, J. M.; Smoliga, G. R.; Bishop, E.; Pauszek, S. J.; Hartwig, E. J.; Rodriguez, L. L.; Arzt, J. (2014). "Detection of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus RNA and Capsid Protein in Lymphoid Tissues of Convalescent Pigs Does Not Indicate Existence of a Carrier State".

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of the host. The cell is then forced to manufacture thousands of copies of the virus, and eventually bursts, releasing the new particles in the blood. The virus is genetically highly variable, which limits the effectiveness of vaccination. The disease was first documented in 1870.

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rejected calls by opposition parties to close the border to travel from Indonesia. In addition, New Zealand authorities have banned travellers from Indonesia from bringing meat products, screened baggage from Indonesia, and installed floor mats. New Zealand Prime Minister

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showing signs of infection. FMD is endemic in pastoral regions of China from Heilongjiang Province in the northeast to Sichuan Province and the Tibetan Autonomous region in the southwest. Chinese domestic media reports often use a euphemism "Disease Number Five" (五号病

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led the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to issue a call for increased global surveillance. Japan veterinary authorities confirmed an outbreak of type O FMD virus, currently more common in Asian countries where FMD is endemic.

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or persistent in the field, as both would be apparently healthy animals that test positive for the FMD virus. This fact complicates disease control, as the two types of subclinical infections have significantly different risks of spreading disease.

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Just as humans may spread the disease by carrying the virus on their clothes and bodies, animals that are not susceptible to the disease may still aid in spreading it. This was the case in Canada in 1952, when an outbreak flared up again after

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carrier spreading FMD is quite low, it is not impossible. It is not fully understood why ruminants but not pigs can become carriers or why some animals develop persistent infection while others do not. Both are areas of ongoing study.

582:, in 1929. This outbreak originated in hogs that had eaten infected meat scraps from a tourist steamship that had stocked meat in Argentina. Over 3,600 animals were slaughtered and the disease was contained in less than a month. 670:(SVD) in Taiwan. The symptoms are indistinguishable from FMD, which may have led to previous misdiagnosing of FMD as SVD. Laboratory analysis was seldom used for diagnosis, and FMD may thus have gone unnoticed for some time. 510:

Many early vaccines used dead samples of the FMD virus to inoculate animals, but those early vaccines sometimes caused real outbreaks. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that a vaccine could be made using only a single key

1072:. Due to strict government policies on sale of livestock, disinfection of all persons leaving and entering farms, and the cancellation of large events likely to be attended by farmers, a potentially economically disastrous 4064: 515:

from the virus. The task was to produce enough quantities of the protein to be used in the vaccination. On June 18, 1981, the US government announced the creation of a vaccine targeted against FMD, the world's first

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both the March and May shipments were distributed free of charge. With a danger of vaccination crews spreading the disease, only trained farmers were allowed to administer the vaccine under veterinary supervision.

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In response to the Indonesian outbreak, Australian authorities began checking parcels and baggage from Indonesia and China. Disinfectant floormats were also installed at Australian airports to clean footwear. The

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On 4 August, the strain of the virus was identified as a "01 BFS67-like" virus, one linked to vaccines and not normally found in animals, and isolated in the 1967 outbreak. The same strain was used at the nearby

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and the OIE. This was the first time China has publicly admitted to having FMD. China is still reporting FMD outbreaks. In 2007, reports filed with the OIE documented new or ongoing outbreaks in the provinces of

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South Korea was hit by the rarer type A FMD in January, and then the type O infection in April. The most serious case of foot-and-mouth outbreak in South Korea's history started in November 2010 in pig farms in

677:. Carcasses were disposed of by burning and burial, but burning was avoided in water resource-protection areas. In April, industrial incinerators were running around the clock to dispose of the carcasses. 894:

those from Laos. Korean serotype O viruses were divided into three clades and were closely related to isolates from Japan, Thailand, the UK, France, Ireland, South Africa, and Singapore, as well as Laos.

568:. About 3,500 livestock herds were infected across the US, totaling over 170,000 cattle, sheep, and swine. The eradication came at a cost of US$ 4.5 million (equivalent to $ 137 million in 2023). 137:, since it is highly infectious and can be spread by infected animals comparatively easily through contact with contaminated farming equipment, vehicles, clothing, and feed, and by domestic and wild 3572: 243:(HFMDV), which is often confused for FMDV. Similarly, HFMDV is a viral infection belonging to the Picornaviridae family, but it is distinct from FMDV. HFMDV also affects cattle, sheep, and swine.) 774:), in an article "Breaking the Hoof and Mouth Disease Taboo", noted that FMD has long been covered up in China by referring to it that way. FMD is also called canker (口疮, literally "mouth ulcers" 651:

Taiwan had previous epidemics of FMD in 1913–14 and 1924–29, but had since been spared, and considered itself free of FMD as late as in the 1990s. On the 19th of March 1997, a sow at a farm in

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C. Stenfeldt; et al. (2014). "Detection of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus RNA and Capsid Protein in Lymphoid Tissues of Convalescent Pigs Does Not Indicate Existence of a Carrier State".

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FMD occurs throughout much of the world, and while some countries have been free of FMD for some time, its wide host range and rapid spread represent cause for international concern. After

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Stenfeldt, C.; Pacheco, J.M.; Rodriguez, L.L.; Arzt, J. (April 2014). "Infection dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs using two novel simulated-natural inoculation methods".

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result, and the export market was in ruins. In 2007, Taiwan was considered free of FMD, but was still conducting a vaccination program, which restricts the export of meat from Taiwan.

2939: 2865: 2124:"Molecular characterization of serotype Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Pakistan and Afghanistan; emergence of a new genetic Group and evidence for a novel recombinant virus" 1284:

Stenfeldt, C.; Pacheco, J.M.; Rodriguez, L.L.; Arzt, J. (2014). "Infection dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs using two novel simulated-natural inoculation methods".

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can be carriers for up to 1–2 years and are considered very unlikely to infect other animals, although laboratory evidence suggests that transmission from carriers is possible.

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Like other RNA viruses, the FMD virus continually evolves and mutates, thus one of the difficulties in vaccinating against it is the huge variation between, and even within,

1215:"The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease II: Viral Pathways in Swine, Small Ruminants, and Wildlife; Myotropism, Chronic Syndromes, and Molecular Virus-Host Interactions" 2430:

Stenfeldt, Carolina; Pacheco, Juan M.; Brito, Barbara P.; Moreno-Torres, Karla I.; Branan, Matt A.; Delgado, Amy H.; Rodriguez, Luis L.; Arzt, Jonathan (21 November 2016).

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The swine depopulation was a massive undertaking, with the military contributing substantial manpower. At peak capacity, 200,000 hogs per day were disposed of, mainly by

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Charleston, B.; Bankowski, B. M.; Gubbins, S.; Chase-Topping, M. E.; Schley, D.; Howey, R.; Barnett, P. V.; Gibson, D.; Juleff, N. D.; Woolhouse, M. E. J. (6 May 2011).

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Stenfeldt, Carolina; Eschbaumer, Michael; Rekant, Steven I.; Pacheco, Juan M.; Smoliga, George R.; Hartwig, Ethan J.; Rodriguez, Luis L.; Arzt, Jonathan (15 July 2016).

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Donaldson, A. I.; Alexandersen, S.; Sorensen, J. H.; Mikkelsen, T. (May 2001). "Relative risks of the uncontrollable (airborne) spread of FMD by different species".

3186:"Regulations of the Guangzi Zhuang Autonomous Region on the Prevention of the Spread of Disease Number 5 dated October 1991 as copied on the "Law Library" website" 2747: 3437: 3849: 1705:"Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Pigs; Identification of Oropharyngeal Tonsils as Sites of Primary and Sustained Viral Replication" 1321:"Early Events in the Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Pigs; Identification of Oropharyngeal Tonsils as Sites of Primary and Sustained Viral Replication" 1263: 4950: 3077: 2696: 820:, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) away, which is an American/French-owned BSL-4 vaccine manufacturing facility, and was identified as the likely source of infection. 5046: 560:

The US has had nine FMD outbreaks since it was first recognized on the northeastern coast in 1870; the most devastating happened in 1914. It originated from

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Arzt, Jonathan; Branan, Matthew A.; Delgado, Amy H.; Yadav, Shankar; Moreno-Torres, Karla I.; Tildesley, Michael J.; Stenfeldt, Carolina (December 2019).

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Yadav, Shankar; Stenfeldt, Carolina; Branan, Matthew A.; Moreno-Torres, Karla I.; Holmstrom, Lindsey K.; Delgado, Amy H.; Arzt, Jonathan (9 August 2019).

1674: 1609:"The early pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle after aerosol inoculation. Identification of the nasopharynx as the primary site of infection" 458: 5026: 4753: 3383: 4424: 4121: 3639: 3414: 2894: 950:

have expressed concern about the impact of foot and mouth disease on New Zealand's substantial cattle, sheep and pig populations as well as wildlife.

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Because FMD rarely infects humans, but spreads rapidly among animals, it is a much greater threat to the agriculture industry than to human health.

5036: 889:, and has since spread in the country rapidly. More than 100 cases of the disease have been confirmed in the country so far, and in January 2011, 524: 3504: 421:

the meat is swallowed. In the UK, the last confirmed human case occurred in 1966, and only a few other cases have been recorded in countries of

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Stenfeldt, Carolina; Pacheco, Juan M.; Singanallur, Nagendrakumar B.; Vosloo, Wilna; Rodriguez, Luis L.; Arzt, Jonathan (31 December 2019).

1764:"Morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of myocarditis in two pigs infected by foot-and mouth disease virus strains of serotypes O or A" 471:. No cross-protection has been seen between serotypes (a vaccine for one serotype will not protect against any others) and in addition, two 216:

may develop mild symptoms, but are resistant to the disease and do not pass it on to others of the same species. In laboratory experiments,

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In 2022, the disease was once again seen in cattle in Indonesia. Other countries are worried that it might spread to their countries soon.

1065: 3661: 3608: 3453:"Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A and O with emphasis on Korea isolates: temporal and spatial dynamics" 374:

The FMD virus can be transmitted in a number of ways, including close-contact, animal-to-animal spread, long-distance aerosol spread and

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due to the park containing deer; the park remained closed for three months. On 19 September 2007, a suspected case of FMD was found in

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These outbreaks caused a cull of all at-risk animals in the area surrounding Egham, including two farms near the famous four-star hotel

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in Japan in June after three cows tested positive. Some 270,000 cattle have been ordered slaughtered following the disease's outbreak.

3210: 2666: 1492:"Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease from Persistently Infected Carrier Cattle to Naive Cattle via Transfer of Oropharyngeal Fluid" 929:(DAWE) is the responsible body and has been monitoring the situation. DAWE has determined there is only a low risk and has stockpiled 922: 859: 3093: 2840:"High Steaks at the Border: When the United States and Mexico resolved their beef, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 240" 4996: 3715: 1438:"The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus" 1178:

Arzt, J.; Juleff, N.; Zhang, Z.; Rodriguez, L. L. (2011). "The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease I: Viral Pathways in Cattle".

528: 461: 3731: 5011: 4355: 3751: 905:, by then ongoing since at least December 2010. Efforts to control the outbreak were hampered by illicit sales of infected meat. 3640:"Latest swine news : FAO: Andean countries short of eradicating the foot-and-mouth disease – pig333, pig to pork community" 3160: 643: 4677: 3803:

Arzt, J; White, W. R.; Thomsen, B. V.; Brown, C. C. (2010). "Agricultural diseases on the move early in the third millennium".

4043: 3189: 3059: 1608: 1568: 5001: 4692: 3294: 2966: 2585: 831:, 19 km (12 mi) from the original outbreak, with a second case being confirmed on a nearby farm on 14 September. 4909: 1057: 240: 31: 4975: 1213:

Arzt, J.; Baxt, B.; Grubman, M. J.; Jackson, T.; Juleff, N.; Rhyan, J.; Rieder, E.; Waters, R.; Rodriguez, L. L. (2011).

503:, which have large beef-exporting industries, practise vaccination in some areas, but have other vaccination-free zones. 4921: 2755: 1145: 429: 360: 234: 3429: 3135: 2693:"Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Animal Health and Production - Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) - Questions and Answers" 4965: 4856: 4601: 4335: 3853: 2982: 1267: 809: 733: 663:

issues, such as lack of laboratory facilities, slow response, and initial lack of a vaccination program, contributed.

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including Canada, the United States, and the UK, work hard to maintain their current status. Some countries such as

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production can decline significantly. Though most animals eventually recover from FMD, the disease can lead to

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The incubation period for FMD virus has a range between one and 12 days. The disease is characterized by high

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Arzt, Jonathan; Belsham, Graham J.; Lohse, Louise; Bøtner, Anette; Stenfeldt, Carolina (12 September 2018).

1151: 1085: 667: 314:(inflammation of the heart muscle) and death, especially in newborn animals. Some infected ruminants remain 3869:"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?" 3406: 3012:"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease – What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?" 2890: 1660: 4350: 4316: 3690: 3545: 3136:"Breaking the Hoof and Mouth Disease Taboo – A Milestone in the March 5, 2010 issue of Nanfang Nongcunbao" 1157: 930: 579: 571:

A 1924 outbreak in California resulted not only in the slaughter of 109,000 farm animals, but also 22,000

173: 4145: 4817: 4782: 4705: 918: 123: 3573:"Indonesia foot and mouth outbreak among its livestock prompts New Zealand and Australia restrictions" 3500: 2717:

Correa Melo, E; López, A (2002). "Control of foot and mouth disease: The experience of the Americas".

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the virus and may be able to transmit it to others. Pigs cannot serve as asymptomatic carriers.

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for a month, and the cancellation of many sporting events and leisure activities, such as the

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8 to 14 days. Acute infections are characterized by a high degree of replicating virus in the

146: 72: 4627: 4616: 4397: 4238: 4091: 4083: 4024: 3896: 3880: 3812: 3464: 3330: 3031: 3023: 2551: 2512: 2502: 2453: 2443: 2402: 2394: 2291: 2281: 2242: 2199: 2143: 2135: 2094: 2086: 2020: 2010: 1966: 1956: 1937:"Virulence beneath the fleece; a tale of foot-and-mouth disease virus pathogenesis in sheep" 1909: 1871: 1861: 1822: 1785: 1775: 1734: 1724: 1631: 1623: 1513: 1503: 1459: 1449: 1399: 1391: 1350: 1340: 1293: 1226: 1187: 886: 801: 472: 3218: 985:, the disease was widely distributed throughout the world. In 1996, endemic areas included 4808: 4483: 4404: 4125: 4050: 3387: 3089: 3066: 2970: 1140: 737: 105: 2268:

Bowman, Andrew S; Krogwold, Roger A; Price, Todd; Davis, Matt; Moeller, Steven J (2015).

766:) rather than FMD in reports because of the sensitivity of the FMD issue. In March 2010, 408:

volume 8 part 1 in which he links saliva-covered locusts with the spread of the disease.

2498: 2390: 1952: 1720: 1336: 1088:

was designed by Parliament to provide the regulators with more powers to deal with FMD.

4766: 4737: 4710: 4687: 4500: 4263: 4176: 4096: 4071: 3901: 3868: 3430:"South Korea Reportedly Buries 1.4 Million Pigs Alive To Combat Foot And Mouth Disease" 3036: 3011: 2517: 2483:"Quantitative impacts of incubation phase transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus" 2482: 2458: 2431: 2407: 2374: 2296: 2269: 2148: 2123: 2099: 2074: 2025: 1998: 1971: 1936: 1876: 1849: 1790: 1763: 1739: 1704: 1678: 1518: 1491: 1464: 1437: 1404: 1379: 1355: 1320: 1132: 1069: 1046: 943: 700: 674: 347:

serious trade and economic implications of a prolonged period without FMD-free status.

259: 177: 134: 30:

This article is about the animal disease. For the distantly related human disease, see

3972: 3755: 2555: 2171:

Sellers, R.F. (1971). "Quantitative aspects of the spread of foot and mouth disease".

17: 4990: 4845: 4743: 4566: 4457: 4202: 3164: 2586:"Foot and Mouth Disease update: further temporary control zone established in Surrey" 2540:

Capella, Giovanni Luigi (20 October 2001). "Foot and mouth disease in human beings".

2357: 1231: 1214: 1191: 1061: 1030: 994: 835: 544: 484: 3884: 3832: 3486: 3027: 2571: 2219: 1653: 483:

must be highly specific to the strain involved. Vaccination only provides temporary

4895: 4727: 4650: 4640: 4587: 4547: 4538: 4386: 3185: 2783:. Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress. RS20890. Archived from 2432:"Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus during the Incubation Period in Pigs" 1586: 1380:"The Occurrence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Hedgehog under Natural Conditions" 1081: 982: 539: 395: 315: 1319:

Stenfeldt, Carolina; Pacheco, Juan M.; Rodriguez, Luis L.; Arzt, Jonathan (2014).

604:"High Steaks at the Border: When the United States and Mexico resolved their beef" 3983: 2986: 2963: 1961: 1850:"Parameterization of the Durations of Phases of Foot-And-Mouth Disease in Cattle" 1729: 1541: 1345: 4884: 3302: 2593: 1050: 1038: 970:

and found the collected fluid could still cause the disease in healthy animals.

898: 890: 873: 725:. During April and May, it spread to suburban Beijing, the northern province of 438: 433: 311: 251: 112: 3994: 2507: 2246: 1297: 1045:

countries have been recognized as disease-free, and countries belonging to the

4914: 4870: 4527: 4446: 4325: 4008: 3952: 3469: 3452: 2542: 2286: 2139: 2090: 1780: 1395: 1122: 631: 150: 3892: 3816: 3381:"UN agency warns of increased foot-and-mouth threats after outbreaks in Asia" 2448: 1866: 1627: 1508: 1454: 432:, occurs more frequently in humans, especially in young children; the cause, 4835: 4798: 4682: 4268: 4192: 3363: 3346: 3324:

Final report on potential breaches of biosecurity at the Pirbright site 2007

3239: 3139: 2398: 1073: 1034: 1006: 914: 902: 817: 717:

In April 2005, an Asia-1 strain of FMD appeared in the eastern provinces of

565: 500: 4087: 4036: 3910: 3824: 3614:(Report). Washington State Department of Health. March 2002. Archived from 3478: 3045: 2730: 2563: 2526: 2467: 2416: 2305: 2254: 2211: 2157: 2108: 2034: 1980: 1921: 1885: 1834: 1799: 1748: 1645: 1527: 1473: 1413: 1364: 1305: 1240: 1199: 4105: 2203: 4505: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4330: 4131:

The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD)

3732:"Calls for stricter border measures amid foot-and-mouth outbreak in Bali" 3350: 2015: 1018: 843: 754: 730: 718: 561: 479:

sequences that differ by as much as 30% for a given gene. This means FMD

468: 205: 201: 189: 138: 127: 3295:"Results of Foot and Mouth Disease Strain in Surrey, extension of zones" 436:

virus, is different from the FMD virus. Coxsackie viruses belong to the

4851: 4822: 4591: 4571: 4392: 4305: 4295: 4028: 2825: 2809: 2075:"Phylogenomics and molecular evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus" 2052: 1913: 1826: 1636: 1022: 1014: 1002: 750: 722: 705: 652: 647:

Pork export from Taiwan during 1995 to 1998 shows the devastating drop.

512: 480: 332: 225: 154: 142: 119: 115: 108: 3935: 1126: 4495: 4253: 4233: 3947: 1762:

Stenfeldt, C; Pacheco, JM; Borca, MV; Rodriguez, LL; Arzt, J (2014).

1092: 1042: 990: 882: 828: 813: 656: 606:, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 240, April 25, 2019, 496: 391: 375: 213: 169: 122:. The virus causes a high fever lasting two to six days, followed by 4115:

at OIE. WAHID Interface—OIE World Animal Health Information Database

2719:

Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)

921:

has offered its assistance but remains unconcerned, considering the

4180: 998: 972: 963: 869: 824: 746: 726: 548: 538: 456: 302: 247: 209: 197: 159: 2336: 2122:

Jamal, SM; Ferrari, G; Ahmed, S; Normann, P; Belsham, GJ (2011).

1064:

resulted in the slaughter of many animals, the postponing of the

564:, but its entry into the stockyards in Chicago turned it into an 4636: 4488: 3956: 3115:"WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database" 3078:

Jia Hepeng, China confirms bird flu and foot-and-mouth outbreaks

1026: 986: 913:

After being eradicated there in 1986, FMD was again detected in

823:

On 12 September, a new outbreak of the disease was confirmed in

572: 307: 306:

as well as swelling in the testicles of mature males, and cows'

217: 193: 181: 4149: 3519:"Media statement: Foot and mouth disease detected in Indonesia" 1999:"The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Carrier State Divergence in Cattle" 796:

An infection of FMD in the United Kingdom was confirmed by the

1010: 758: 491: 476: 387: 221: 185: 126:

inside the mouth and near the hoof that may rupture and cause

3752:"The UK Foot and Mouth Epidemic of 2001: A Research Resource" 2962:

US Department of Agriculture—Foreign Animal Report 1998, p41

977:

Distribution of seven pools of foot-and mouth disease viruses

4130: 1992: 1990: 1607:

Arzt, J.; Pacheco, J. M.; Rodriguez, L. L. (29 June 2010).

258:. Infection occurs when the virus particle is taken into a 239:. (Humans, particularly young children, can be affected by 51:

Hoof-and-mouth disease, Aphthae epizooticae, Apthous fever

901:

reported an outbreak affecting pigs in the region around

2776:

Segarra, Alejandro E.; Rawson, Jean M. (16 April 2001).

1436:

Stenfeldt, Carolina; Arzt, Jonathan (28 February 2020).

958:

The cause of FMD was first shown to be viral in 1897 by

3211:"Foot and Mouth Disease confirmed in cattle, in Surrey" 2359:

Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society

406:

Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society

2778:"Foot and Mouth Disease: A Threat to U.S. Agriculture" 2690:

Canadian Food Inspection Agency Q&A, question 20.

1485: 1483: 1009:

have not had an outbreak since 2001. In May 2014, the

868:

In April 2010, a report of three incursions of FMD in

3844: 3842: 3060:

Origin of the UK Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemic 2001

1041:

has never had a case of foot-and-mouth disease. Most

523:

The North American FMD Vaccine Bank is housed at the

3925: 3551:

Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment

3524:

Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment

740:. On 13 May, China reported the FMD outbreak to the 4943: 4893: 4868: 4833: 4806: 4797: 4764: 4725: 4625: 4614: 4580: 4536: 4455: 4444: 4413: 4368: 4314: 4292: 4222: 4211: 4200: 4191: 3929: 3364:"BBC NEWS – UK – Outbreak at second farm confirmed" 3090:"Foot-and-mouth Outbreaks Confirmed – china.org.cn" 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1279: 1277: 592: 527:'s Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at 157:of both infected and healthy (uninfected) animals. 71: 47: 42: 4113:Current status of Foot and Mouth Disease worldwide 3867:Knight-Jones, T. J. D.; Rushton, J. (2013-11-01). 798:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 141:. Its containment demands considerable efforts in 4055:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy 3852:. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Archived from 2940:"The Atlas of Economic Complexity by @HarvardCID" 2916:"The Atlas of Economic Complexity by @HarvardCID" 2866:"The Atlas of Economic Complexity by @HarvardCID" 1502:(5): e00365–18, /msphere/3/5/mSphere365–18.atom. 394:are thought to play a similar role in the former 4138:, National Invasive Species Information Center, 1546:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 3005: 3003: 846:, where a temporary control zone was set up by 666:A complicating factor is the endemic spread of 3704:Boden, Edward; Andrews, Anthony (2015-03-26). 1091:In August 2007, FMD was found at two farms in 4951:Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood 4161: 4065:2007 Outbreak Foot and Mouth Disease Timeline 3266:"Foot and mouth: new possible cases reported" 3163:. Ks.cn.yahoo.com. 2006-03-14. Archived from 2964:http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fadrep.pdf 2891:"CNN - Breaking News, Latest News and Videos" 2810:"Foot and Mouth Disease in Mexico, 1946-1951" 2322:Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages 864:2010–2011 South Korea foot-and-mouth outbreak 838:. These outbreaks also caused the closure of 428:Another viral disease with similar symptoms, 232:Humans are only extremely rarely infected by 8: 5032:History of agriculture in the United Kingdom 5017:Infectious diseases with eradication efforts 1703:Stenfeldt; et al. (September 3, 2014). 1567:Martinez-Salas E, Saiz M, Sobrino F (2008). 1378:McLauchlan, J. D.; Henderson, W. M. (1947). 1029:were "just one step away" from eradication; 4140:United States National Agricultural Library 3798: 3796: 3794: 3407:"Foot-and-Mouth Disease Roils Korean Farms" 3161:"Yahoo Question and Answers FMD in Chinese" 800:, on 3 August 2007, on farmland located in 792:2007 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak 695:2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak 626:1967 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth epidemic 4803: 4754:Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome 4622: 4452: 4219: 4208: 4197: 4188: 4168: 4154: 4146: 3926: 3501:"Pork Prices Rising with FMD Meat on Sale" 3405:Ramstad, Evan; Woo, Jaeyeon (2011-01-11). 1160:, an archaic disease of uncertain etiology 1080:, with just one case recorded in Proleek, 56: 39: 4095: 3900: 3468: 3035: 2642:"Foot and mouth 'killed people in 1800s'" 2516: 2506: 2457: 2447: 2406: 2295: 2285: 2147: 2098: 2024: 2014: 1970: 1960: 1875: 1865: 1789: 1779: 1738: 1728: 1635: 1575:. Caister Academic Press. pp. 1–38. 1517: 1507: 1463: 1453: 1403: 1354: 1344: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1230: 390:had carried off bones from dead animals. 4136:Species Profile - Foot and Mouth Disease 4070:Armstrong R, Davie J, Hedger RS (1967). 4053:12-part comprehensive overview from the 3010:Knight-Jones, T. J.; Rushton, J (2013). 642: 4425:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 2888:Foot-and-mouth virus: A global dilemma 2742: 2740: 1170: 525:United States Department of Agriculture 66:Ruptured oral blister in a diseased cow 3777:"The Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease" 3689:. DEFRA. 30 April 2007. Archived from 3687:"Disease factsheet: Newcastle disease" 3400: 3398: 3396: 2362:. Cape Town, : The Society. 1893. 1542:"Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)" 1037:have been free of FMD for many years. 589: 578:The US had its latest FMD outbreak in 282:Drooling due to foot-and-mouth disease 164:Ruptured blisters on the feet of a pig 3664:. Biosecurity.govt.nz. Archived from 2325:. Detselig Enterprises. p. 222. 133:FMD has very severe implications for 7: 4956:Post-vaccination follicular eruption 3754:. Fmd.brass.cf.ac.uk. Archived from 3092:. Russian.china.org.cn. 2006-01-17. 2173:Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Health 757:. This included reports of domestic 492:World Organisation for Animal Health 404:(1843–1925) published a note in the 5047:Biological anti-agriculture weapons 4017:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 3737:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3347:"'Pirbright link' to farm outbreak" 2667:"List of FMD free Member Countries" 1902:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 1815:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 1219:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 1180:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 200:. It has also been known to infect 27:Infectious disease affecting cattle 3240:"Further farms tested for disease" 2808:Dusenberry, William (1955-04-07). 2049:"Foot and Mouth Virus Information" 860:2010 Japan foot-and-mouth outbreak 25: 5027:Food safety in the European Union 3589:from the original on 27 July 2022 2983:"What is foot and mouth disease?" 1573:Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology 923:risk to the country's biosecurity 529:Plum Island Animal Disease Center 487:that lasts from months to years. 475:within a given serotype may have 462:Plum Island Animal Disease Center 4971:Viral-associated trichodysplasia 4356:Modified varicella-like syndrome 4179:, symptoms and signs related to 3650:from the original on 2014-07-14. 3507:from the original on 2011-03-24. 3440:from the original on 2011-01-19. 3417:from the original on 2017-07-09. 1659: 1232:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01236.x 1192:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01204.x 1125: 966:of an infected animal through a 598: 294:Infected hoof of the same heifer 287: 275: 4678:Epidermodysplasia verruciformis 4072:"Foot-and-mouth disease in man" 3885:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013 3192:from the original on 2011-09-29 3096:from the original on 2011-07-24 3028:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013 2897:from the original on 2008-01-10 2754:. 6 August 2009. Archived from 2699:from the original on 2007-10-12 2673:from the original on 2014-08-11 2436:Frontiers in Veterinary Science 1854:Frontiers in Veterinary Science 318:carriers, but they nonetheless 5037:Agricultural health and safety 4693:Verrucae palmares et plantares 3873:Preventive Veterinary Medicine 3016:Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2985:. Copus.org.uk. Archived from 2235:Research in Veterinary Science 2051:. Copus.org.uk. Archived from 1675:"Foot-and-Mouth Symptom Guide" 1569:"Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus" 1286:Research in Veterinary Science 118:, including domestic and wild 1: 4910:Hand, foot, and mouth disease 4405:Cytomegalic inclusion disease 3707:Black's Veterinary Dictionary 2640:Jeffery, Simon (2001-11-23). 2614:Jeffery, Simon (2001-11-23). 2556:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06444-3 630:In October 1967, a farmer in 241:hand, foot, and mouth disease 32:Hand, foot, and mouth disease 4922:Foot-and-mouth disease virus 3301:. 2007-08-04. Archived from 3264:Miles Goslett (2007-08-03). 3217:. 2007-08-03. Archived from 3138:. Xumuren.cn. Archived from 2592:. 2007-08-14. Archived from 1962:10.1371/journal.pone.0227061 1730:10.1371/journal.pone.0106859 1681:. 2007-08-04. Archived from 1346:10.1371/journal.pone.0106859 1146:Hand, foot and mouth disease 430:hand, foot and mouth disease 361:Foot-and-mouth disease virus 256:foot-and-mouth disease virus 235:foot-and-mouth disease virus 168:Susceptible animals include 4966:Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis 4857:Congenital rubella syndrome 4602:Molluscum contagiosum virus 3428:Wong, Curtis (2011-01-12). 3188:. Law-lib.com. 1991-10-24. 854:Japan and Korea (2010–2011) 810:Institute for Animal Health 699:The epidemic of FMD in the 5063: 4346:Disseminated herpes zoster 4284:Herpetic gingivostomatitis 2508:10.1038/s41598-019-39029-0 2247:10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.009 1298:10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.009 857: 789: 692: 635:£8 billion in 2023). 623: 358: 250:responsible for FMD is an 29: 4701: 4557:Bovine papular stomatitis 4187: 3470:10.1007/s00705-011-0921-3 3353:. Dated 12 September 2007 2969:February 2, 2007, at the 2844:Science History Institute 2287:10.1186/s12917-015-0348-2 2140:10.1007/s10059-011-0249-6 2091:10.1007/s10059-011-0249-6 1781:10.1186/s13028-014-0042-6 1396:10.1017/s0022172400014194 1058:a serious outbreak of FMD 946:and Biosecurity Minister 927:Department of Agriculture 742:World Health Organization 608:Science History Institute 597: 586:Mexico–U.S. border (1947) 556:United States (1870–1929) 402:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer 64: 55: 4997:Foot-and-mouth outbreaks 4976:Gianotti–Crosti syndrome 4777:Merkel cell polyomavirus 4663:Laryngeal papillomatosis 4249:Herpes simplex keratitis 3850:"Foot-and-Mouth Disease" 3817:10.1177/0300985809354350 3546:"Foot-and-mouth disease" 3329:(Report). Archived from 3272:. London. Archived from 2748:"Foot and Mouth Disease" 2616:"Foot and Mouth Disease" 2449:10.3389/fvets.2016.00105 1867:10.3389/fvets.2019.00263 1628:10.1177/0300985810372509 1509:10.1128/mSphere.00365-18 1455:10.3390/pathogens9030167 814:Merial Animal Health Ltd 5012:Sheep and goat diseases 4927:Boston exanthem disease 4597:Yaba monkey tumor virus 4279:Herpetiform esophagitis 4259:Neonatal herpes simplex 4009:FMD Myocarditis in Pigs 3411:The Wall Street Journal 2399:10.1126/science.1199884 2274:BMC Veterinary Research 1152:Swine vesicular disease 778:) or hoof jaundice (蹄癀 704:disease. The county of 668:swine vesicular disease 4351:Zoster-associated pain 4088:10.1136/bmj.4.5578.529 4044:Foot-and-Mouth Disease 3856:on September 11, 2007. 3609:Foot and Mouth Disease 1384:The Journal of Hygiene 1106:Ethical considerations 1086:Animal Health Act 2002 978: 648: 580:Montebello, California 552: 518:genetically engineered 464: 165: 94:hoof-and-mouth disease 86:Foot-and-mouth disease 43:Foot-and-mouth disease 18:Hoof-and-mouth disease 5002:Animal viral diseases 4783:Merkel cell carcinoma 4706:Bovine papillomavirus 2944:atlas.cid.harvard.edu 2920:atlas.cid.harvard.edu 2870:atlas.cid.harvard.edu 2319:Graves, Will (2007). 2204:10.1136/vr.148.19.602 1084:. As one result, the 1001:is disease-free, and 997:; as of August 2007, 976: 919:Australian government 897:On 10 February 2011, 786:United Kingdom (2007) 689:United Kingdom (2001) 646: 620:United Kingdom (1967) 542: 460: 326:Subclinical Infection 163: 145:, strict monitoring, 4880:Alphavirus infection 4744:Erythema infectiosum 4521:Progressive vaccinia 4511:Generalized vaccinia 4336:Herpes zoster oticus 3805:Veterinary Pathology 3583:Agence France-Presse 2814:Agricultural History 2725:(3): 695–8, 689–94. 2016:10.1128/JVI.00388-16 1616:Veterinary Pathology 104:and sometimes fatal 4381:Human herpesvirus 6 3434:The Huffington Post 3270:The Daily Telegraph 2499:2019NatSR...9.2707A 2391:2011Sci...332..726C 2003:Journal of Virology 1953:2019PLoSO..1427061S 1721:2014PLoSO...9j6859S 1337:2014PLoSO...9j6859S 1097:Miyazaki Prefecture 939:Albanese Government 933:since 2004 anyhow. 768:Southern Rural News 78:Veterinary medicine 4859:("German measles") 4673:Bowenoid papulosis 4244:Herpes gladiatorum 4124:2014-10-10 at the 4049:2013-05-20 at the 4029:10.1111/tbed.12235 3386:2017-07-01 at the 3065:2012-04-26 at the 2828:– via JSTOR. 2487:Scientific Reports 1914:10.1111/tbed.12235 1827:10.1111/tbed.12235 1056:However, in 2001, 979: 968:Chamberland filter 960:Friedrich Loeffler 840:Windsor Great Park 772:Nanfang Nongcunbao 649: 553: 465: 423:continental Europe 267:Signs and symptoms 166: 147:trade restrictions 4984: 4983: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4905:Coxsackie A virus 4885:Chikungunya fever 4793: 4792: 4749:Reticulocytopenia 4721: 4720: 4610: 4609: 4516:Eczema vaccinatum 4440: 4439: 4393:Exanthema subitum 4364: 4363: 4341:Ophthalmic zoster 4306:B virus infection 4274:Eczema herpeticum 4004: 4003: 3451:Yoon, SH (2011). 2385:(6030): 726–729. 2332:978-1-55059-332-7 2192:Veterinary Record 2128:Infect Genet Evol 2073:Yoon, SH (2011). 2009:(14): 6344–6364. 1582:978-1-904455-22-6 1049:have stopped FMD 962:. He passed the 917:in May 2022. The 734:autonomous region 613: 612: 83: 82: 37:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 5054: 5022:Health disasters 4804: 4630: 4623: 4617:Papillomaviridae 4453: 4430:Kaposi's sarcoma 4398:Roseola vaccinia 4319: 4299: 4254:Herpetic sycosis 4239:Herpetic whitlow 4227: 4220: 4209: 4198: 4189: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4147: 4109: 4099: 4082:(5578): 529–30. 4040: 3927: 3915: 3914: 3904: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3800: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3693:on 10 June 2007. 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3585:. 25 July 2022. 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3472: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3402: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3360: 3354: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3086: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3039: 3022:(3–4): 161–173. 3007: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2979: 2973: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2846:. April 25, 2019 2836: 2830: 2829: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2744: 2735: 2734: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2678: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2520: 2510: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2461: 2451: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2410: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2335:. Archived from 2316: 2310: 2309: 2299: 2289: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2151: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2102: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2028: 2018: 1994: 1985: 1984: 1974: 1964: 1947:(12): e0227061. 1932: 1926: 1925: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1879: 1869: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1793: 1783: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1742: 1732: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1639: 1622:(6): 1048–1063. 1613: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1585:. Archived from 1564: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1521: 1511: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1467: 1457: 1433: 1418: 1417: 1407: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1358: 1348: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1281: 1272: 1271: 1270:on June 5, 2008. 1266:. Archived from 1260: 1245: 1244: 1234: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1175: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1066:general election 909:Indonesia (2022) 887:Gyeongsangbuk-do 602: 601: 590: 416:Infecting humans 291: 279: 67: 60: 40: 21: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5007:Bovine diseases 4987: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4961:Lipschütz ulcer 4931: 4889: 4864: 4829: 4809:Paramyxoviridae 4789: 4760: 4717: 4697: 4626: 4606: 4576: 4552:Milker's nodule 4532: 4484:Monkeypox virus 4436: 4409: 4360: 4315: 4310: 4293: 4288: 4223: 4183: 4177:Skin infections 4174: 4126:Wayback Machine 4069: 4051:Wayback Machine 4013: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3938: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3848: 3847: 3840: 3802: 3801: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3779:. UK Parliament 3775: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3646:. 22 May 2014. 3638: 3637: 3633: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3557: 3555: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3530: 3528: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3404: 3403: 3394: 3388:Wayback Machine 3379: 3375: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3277: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3222: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3145: 3143: 3142:on July 7, 2011 3134: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3072: 3067:Wayback Machine 3057: 3053: 3009: 3008: 3001: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2971:Wayback Machine 2961: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2651: 2649: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2625: 2623: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2597: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2340: 2333: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2198:(19): 602–604. 2189: 2188: 2184: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2042: 1996: 1995: 1988: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1768:Acta Vet. Scand 1761: 1760: 1756: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1688: 1686: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1658: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1583: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1435: 1434: 1421: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1262: 1261: 1248: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1141:Animal virology 1131: 1124: 1121: 1108: 1076:was avoided in 993:, and parts of 956: 948:Damien O'Connor 925:to be low. The 911: 866: 858:Main articles: 856: 794: 788: 738:northwest China 715: 697: 691: 641: 628: 622: 599: 588: 558: 537: 490:Currently, the 455: 418: 372: 363: 357: 328: 299: 298: 297: 296: 295: 292: 284: 283: 280: 269: 65: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4989: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4901: 4899: 4896:Picornaviridae 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4841: 4839: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4814: 4812: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4772: 4770: 4767:Polyomaviridae 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4738:Parvovirus B19 4733: 4731: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4711:Equine sarcoid 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4688:Pigmented wart 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4668:Butcher's wart 4665: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4648: 4646:Heck's disease 4643: 4633: 4631: 4620: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4501:Vaccinia virus 4498: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4463: 4461: 4450: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4421: 4419: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4376: 4374: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4322: 4320: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4264:Genital herpes 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4234:Herpes simplex 4230: 4228: 4217: 4206: 4195: 4185: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4133: 4128: 4116: 4110: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4041: 4023:(2): 152–164. 4011: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3986: 3975: 3960: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930:Classification 3923: 3922:External links 3920: 3917: 3916: 3879:(3): 161–173. 3859: 3838: 3790: 3768: 3743: 3740:. 5 July 2022. 3723: 3716: 3710:. Bloomsbury. 3696: 3678: 3653: 3631: 3600: 3564: 3537: 3510: 3503:. 2011-03-22. 3492: 3463:(5): 817–826. 3443: 3420: 3392: 3390:UN News Centre 3373: 3355: 3339: 3336:on 2008-07-27. 3315: 3286: 3256: 3231: 3202: 3177: 3152: 3127: 3106: 3081: 3070: 3051: 2999: 2974: 2955: 2931: 2907: 2881: 2857: 2831: 2800: 2768: 2736: 2709: 2683: 2658: 2632: 2606: 2577: 2550:(9290): 1374. 2532: 2473: 2422: 2365: 2349: 2331: 2311: 2260: 2241:(2): 396–405. 2225: 2182: 2163: 2114: 2085:(5): 413–421. 2065: 2040: 1986: 1927: 1908:(2): 152–164. 1891: 1840: 1821:(2): 152–164. 1805: 1754: 1715:(9): e106859. 1695: 1679:Farmers Weekly 1666: 1599: 1581: 1559: 1533: 1479: 1419: 1390:(4): 474–479. 1370: 1331:(9): e106859. 1311: 1292:(2): 396–405. 1273: 1246: 1225:(4): 305–326. 1205: 1186:(4): 291–304. 1169: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1133:Viruses portal 1120: 1117: 1107: 1104: 1070:Isle of Man TT 1047:European Union 1013:informed that 955: 952: 944:Jacinda Ardern 910: 907: 855: 852: 790:Main article: 787: 784: 714: 711: 701:United Kingdom 693:Main article: 690: 687: 640: 637: 624:Main article: 621: 618: 611: 610: 595: 594: 593:External audio 587: 584: 557: 554: 536: 533: 454: 451: 444:Picornaviridae 417: 414: 371: 368: 359:Main article: 356: 353: 327: 324: 293: 286: 285: 281: 274: 273: 272: 271: 270: 268: 265: 135:animal farming 81: 80: 75: 69: 68: 62: 61: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5059: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4846:Rubella virus 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4836:Matonaviridae 4832: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4683:Verruca plana 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4331:Herpes zoster 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4203:Herpesviridae 4199: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3758:on 2011-05-15 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3719: 3717:9781408149553 3713: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3668:on 2010-12-29 3667: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3621:on 2007-07-10 3617: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3370:. 2007-09-14. 3369: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3305:on 2007-09-27 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3276:on 2008-03-21 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3221:on 2007-08-19 3220: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3167:on 2011-07-21 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2989:on 2007-06-20 2988: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2882: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2790:on 2013-09-27 2786: 2779: 2772: 2769: 2758:on 2009-10-01 2757: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2710: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2684: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2659: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2596:on 2007-09-27 2595: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2339:on 2009-08-02 2338: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2179:(6): 431–439. 2178: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134:(5): 413–21. 2133: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2066: 2055:on 2007-11-17 2054: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1696: 1685:on 2008-07-08 1684: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1600: 1589:on 2012-02-07 1588: 1584: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1209: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1174: 1171: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031:North America 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 995:South America 992: 988: 984: 975: 971: 969: 965: 961: 953: 951: 949: 945: 940: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 908: 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