203:
66:
823:. The test works via a point accumulation score which then gives an assessment of risk. The American Institute of Stress, for instance, regards a score of 300 or more as an "80% chance of health breakdown within the next 2 years". While there is good evidence that chronic stress can lead to ill health, there is not much evidence to support the ranking of stressful life events in this manner.
25:
127:
747:
866:
of the stress scale as a predictor of illness. The scale was given to 2,500 US sailors and they were asked to rate scores of 'life events' over the previous six months. Over the next six months, detailed records were kept of the sailors' health. There was a +0.118 correlation between stress scale
842:
examined the medical records of over 5,000 medical patients as a way to determine whether stressful events might cause illnesses. Patients were asked to tally a list of 43 life events based on a relative score. A positive
1331:
A modified scale has also been developed for non-adults. Similar to the adult scale, stress points for life events in the past year are added and compared to the rough estimate of how stress affects health.
874:
medical index assessing, the stress scale correlated with visits to medical dispensaries, and the H&R stress scale's scores also correlated independently with individuals dropping out of stressful
38:
1710:
777:
2160:
949:
The sum of the life change units of the applicable events in the past year of an individual's life gives a rough estimate of how stress affects health.
2047:
Woon, T.H.; Masuda, M.; Wagner, N.N.; Holmes, T.H. (1971). "The Social
Readjustment Rating Scale: A Cross-Cultural Study of Malaysians and Americans".
148:
135:
487:
2223:
714:
1744:
1683:
1977:
Komaroff AL, Masuda M, Holmes TH (1968). "The social readjustment rating scale: a comparative study of Negro, Mexican and white
Americans".
935:
75:
2129:
173:
108:
52:
44:
1934:
Rahe RH, Biersner RJ, Ryman DH, Arthur RJ (1972). "Psychosocial predictors of illness behavior and failure in stressful training".
770:
694:
689:
517:
2195:
Rahe RH et al. (2000). The stress and coping inventory: an educational and research instrument. Stress
Medicine 16: 199-208.
2218:
719:
286:
729:
642:
2012:
Masuda M, Holmes TH (1967). "The Social
Readjustment Rating Scale: a cross-cultural study of Japanese and Americans".
1896:
Rahe RH, Mahan JL, Arthur RJ (1970). "Prediction of near-future health change from subjects' preceding life changes".
763:
1688:
2198:
844:
233:
835:
140:
895:
684:
675:
597:
417:
298:
79:
308:
276:
867:
scores and illness, which was sufficient to support the hypothesis of a link between life events and illness.
2213:
918:
709:
607:
378:
343:
328:
323:
313:
262:
222:
724:
657:
547:
457:
412:
388:
363:
293:
281:
247:
1715:
1693:
875:
863:
850:
Their results were published as the Social
Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), known more commonly as the
704:
699:
617:
482:
447:
422:
318:
217:
212:
914:
The original scale, as well as its utility over time and differing circumstances, has faced scrutiny.
878:
training due to medical problems. The scale was also assessed against different populations within the
602:
527:
437:
272:
257:
532:
522:
507:
472:
467:
452:
432:
427:
303:
242:
1861:
Rahe RH, Arthur RJ (1978). "Life change and illness studies: past history and future directions".
839:
86:
2064:
1951:
871:
627:
572:
567:
502:
442:
403:
333:
2174:
2154:
2111:
2103:
2029:
1994:
1959:
1913:
1878:
1843:
1808:
1740:
816:
751:
552:
477:
383:
368:
252:
2095:
2056:
2021:
1986:
1943:
1905:
1870:
1835:
1798:
883:
797:
557:
512:
497:
492:
373:
348:
1705:
353:
2136:
1803:
1786:
891:
887:
1761:
2207:
2068:
2025:
1990:
1909:
1839:
879:
662:
622:
542:
537:
832:
647:
338:
90:
2099:
1874:
931:
562:
267:
202:
2060:
462:
358:
194:
2107:
854:. Subsequent validation has supported the links between stress and illness.
612:
2083:
1812:
126:
2115:
2033:
1998:
1963:
1917:
1847:
1882:
903:
637:
632:
592:
1955:
820:
2084:"Some problems in the measurement of stress and social readjustment"
1947:
1668:: Risk of illness is moderate. (reduced by 30% from the above risk)
1317:: Risk of illness is moderate (reduced by 30% from the above risk).
925:
Lack of differentiation between favorable versus adverse life events
1826:
Holmes TH, Rahe RH (1967). "The Social
Readjustment Rating Scale".
899:
847:
of 0.118 was found between their life events and their illnesses.
652:
120:
59:
18:
803:
2199:
Life, Change, and Stress (Holmes & Rahe) - The Neuron
1737:
800:
1929:
1927:
919:Journal of Human Stress (Behavioral Medicine)
862:Rahe carried out a study in 1970 testing the
771:
8:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1626:Becoming a full-fledged member of a church
1334:
951:
778:
764:
185:
89:. Please do not remove this message until
1802:
1791:The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
1466:Serious illness requiring hospitalization
1394:Jail sentence of parent for over one year
174:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1506:Breaking up with boyfriend or girlfriend
1498:Jail sentence of parent for over 30 days
151:of all important aspects of the article.
85:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1727:
1530:Becoming involved with drugs or alcohol
193:
2159:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2152:
1482:Not making an extracurricular activity
921:noted several limitations, including:
147:Please consider expanding the lead to
1684:Life-Events and Difficulties Schedule
1634:Decrease in arguments between parents
1602:Increased absence of parent from home
1546:Increase in arguments between parents
1458:Having a visible congenital deformity
1203:Change in working hours or conditions
7:
2049:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
1785:Salleh, Mohd Razali (October 2008).
1739:. New York: Guilford. p. 125.
1711:Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
1570:Change in parent's financial status
1434:Discovery of being an adopted child
1267:Change in number of family reunions
940:Lack of specificity in items listed
894:groups). The scale was also tested
819:life events that can contribute to
1642:Decrease in arguments with parents
1131:Change in responsibilities at work
928:Ambiguity of life events described
906:groups with American populations.
14:
1618:Addition of third adult to family
1043:Change in health of family member
34:This article has multiple issues.
1787:"Life event, stress and illness"
1766:The American Institute of Stress
1562:Outstanding personal achievement
1442:Marriage of parent to stepparent
1155:Outstanding personal achievement
1107:Change in frequency of arguments
1099:Change to different line of work
813:Social Readjustment Rating Scale
796:
745:
201:
125:
64:
23:
1762:"Holmes- Rahe Stress Inventory"
1650:Mother or father beginning work
1123:Foreclosure of mortgage or loan
139:may be too short to adequately
42:or discuss these issues on the
2224:Psychological tests and scales
2175:"Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale"
1610:Brother or sister leaving home
995:Death of a close family member
149:provide an accessible overview
1:
2100:10.1080/0097840X.1975.9939546
1875:10.1080/0097840X.1978.9934972
1586:Being a senior in high school
1578:Accepted at college of choice
1426:Unplanned pregnancy of sister
1418:Change in acceptance by peers
1402:Marital separation of parents
1378:Acquiring a visible deformity
488:Industrial and organizational
2026:10.1016/0022-3999(67)90012-8
1991:10.1016/0022-3999(68)90018-4
1910:10.1016/0022-3999(70)90008-5
1840:10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4
1594:Hospitalization of a sibling
1538:Birth of a brother or sister
1474:Failure of a grade in school
1410:Death of a brother or sister
1354:Unplanned pregnancy/abortion
852:Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale
792:Holmes and Rahe stress scale
643:Human factors and ergonomics
2082:Mechanic, D. (1975-09-01).
1490:Hospitalization of a parent
1243:Change in social activities
1235:Change in church activities
1187:Revision of personal habits
1179:Change in living conditions
1163:Spouse starts or stops work
91:conditions to do so are met
2240:
2061:10.1177/002202217100200407
1674:: Slight risk of illness.
1323:: Slight risk of illness.
1171:Beginning or end of school
1003:Personal injury or illness
934:dependent and independent
1735:Maris, Ronald W. (2019).
1259:Change in sleeping habits
1083:Change in financial state
418:Applied behavior analysis
1067:Gain a new family member
870:In conjunction with the
2088:Journal of Human Stress
1450:Death of a close friend
1275:Change in eating habits
1091:Death of a close friend
608:Behavioral neuroscience
263:Behavioral neuroscience
1689:Diathesis–stress model
1662:: At risk of illness.
1522:Suspension from school
1311:: At risk of illness.
1299:Minor violation of law
1251:Minor mortgage or loan
1027:Marital reconciliation
876:underwater demolitions
658:Psychology of religion
598:Behavioral engineering
282:Cognitive neuroscience
248:Affective neuroscience
1716:Psychoneuroimmunology
1694:CernySmith Assessment
1554:Loss of job by parent
1075:Business readjustment
811:), also known as the
752:Psychology portal
2219:Psychological stress
1760:Marksberry, Kellie.
1227:Change in recreation
1147:Trouble with in-laws
1211:Change in residence
1059:Sexual difficulties
1019:Dismissal from work
858:Supporting research
603:Behavioral genetics
518:Occupational health
258:Behavioral genetics
189:Part of a series on
78:of this article is
16:Psychological scale
1936:J Health Soc Behav
1370:Divorce of parents
1341:Life change Units
1139:Child leaving home
979:Marital separation
958:Life change units
815:, is a list of 43
720:Schools of thought
558:Sport and exercise
404:Applied psychology
1746:978-1-4625-3698-6
1657:
1656:
1514:Beginning to date
1386:Fathering a child
1306:
1305:
1219:Change in schools
1195:Trouble with boss
963:Death of a spouse
788:
787:
685:Counseling topics
628:Consumer behavior
369:Psycholinguistics
253:Affective science
184:
183:
176:
166:
165:
119:
118:
111:
57:
2231:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2135:. Archived from
2134:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1732:
1666:Score of 150-299
1335:
1315:Score of 150-299
952:
896:cross-culturally
810:
809:
806:
805:
802:
780:
773:
766:
750:
749:
748:
715:Research methods
374:Psychophysiology
234:Basic psychology
205:
186:
179:
172:
161:
158:
152:
129:
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
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2204:
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2192:
2190:Further reading
2187:
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2173:
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2168:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2130:"Archived copy"
2128:
2127:
2123:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2014:J Psychosom Res
2011:
2010:
2006:
1979:J Psychosom Res
1976:
1975:
1971:
1948:10.2307/2136831
1933:
1932:
1925:
1898:J Psychosom Res
1895:
1894:
1890:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1828:J Psychosom Res
1825:
1824:
1820:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1706:Allostatic load
1680:
1362:Getting married
1346:Death of parent
1329:
947:
912:
860:
829:
799:
795:
784:
746:
744:
737:
736:
735:
734:
710:Psychotherapies
678:
668:
667:
588:
580:
579:
578:
577:
406:
396:
395:
394:
393:
354:Neuropsychology
236:
180:
169:
168:
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162:
156:
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146:
134:This article's
130:
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98:
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84:
69:
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28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2237:
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2221:
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2214:Medical scales
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2205:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2166:
2121:
2074:
2055:(4): 373–386.
2039:
2004:
1969:
1923:
1888:
1853:
1818:
1777:
1752:
1745:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1672:Score < 150
1655:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1643:
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1638:
1635:
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1627:
1623:
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1459:
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1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1328:
1325:
1321:Score < 150
1304:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1272:
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1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:Major mortgage
1112:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1096:
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1088:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
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1064:
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1024:
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1020:
1016:
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1007:
1004:
1000:
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996:
992:
991:
988:
984:
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980:
976:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
960:
959:
956:
946:
943:
942:
941:
938:
929:
926:
917:An article in
911:
908:
892:White American
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510:
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455:
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430:
425:
420:
415:
409:
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407:
402:
401:
398:
397:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
299:Cross-cultural
296:
291:
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279:
270:
265:
260:
255:
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207:
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198:
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182:
181:
164:
163:
143:the key points
133:
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117:
116:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2236:
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2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
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2200:
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2193:
2189:
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2156:
2142:on 2014-08-01
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2027:
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2020:(2): 227–37.
2019:
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1996:
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1988:
1984:
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1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
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1915:
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1907:
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1889:
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1857:
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1810:
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1660:Score of 300+
1652:
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1644:
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1632:
1628:
1625:
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1521:
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1508:
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1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
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1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
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344:Mathematical
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36:Please help
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1797:(4): 9–18.
1338:Life event
955:Life event
932:Confounding
845:correlation
827:Development
690:Disciplines
563:Suicidology
458:Educational
413:Anomalistic
389:Theoretical
364:Personality
294:Comparative
277:Cognitivism
268:Behaviorism
2208:Categories
2146:2014-06-30
1771:2021-07-25
1722:References
1327:Non-adults
1035:Retirement
618:Competence
483:Humanistic
463:Ergonomics
448:Counseling
423:Assessment
359:Perception
319:Ecological
195:Psychology
76:neutrality
39:improve it
2179:prezi.com
2108:0097-840X
2069:145729382
1051:Pregnancy
936:variables
910:Criticism
904:Malaysian
831:In 1967,
817:stressful
613:Cognition
528:Political
438:Community
273:Cognitive
223:Subfields
157:July 2021
141:summarize
87:talk page
45:talk page
2155:cite web
1813:22589633
1700:Medical:
1678:See also
1283:Vacation
1011:Marriage
900:Japanese
864:validity
725:Timeline
638:Feelings
633:Emotions
593:Behavior
587:Concepts
548:Religion
533:Positive
523:Pastoral
508:Military
473:Forensic
468:Feminist
453:Critical
443:Consumer
433:Coaching
428:Clinical
304:Cultural
243:Abnormal
80:disputed
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1964:4648894
1956:2136831
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971:Divorce
888:Mexican
884:African
872:Cornell
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700:Outline
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568:Systems
503:Medical
334:Gestalt
218:History
213:Outline
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1952:JSTOR
676:Lists
513:Music
498:Media
493:Legal
349:Moral
2161:link
2112:PMID
2104:ISSN
2030:PMID
1995:PMID
1960:PMID
1914:PMID
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1809:PMID
1741:ISBN
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