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558:: unlike the more developed areas facing the same shift, it is suggested they would struggle to adapt due to limited social resilience, and so crop and livestock in those places would leave what the authors have defined as a "safe climatic space". On a global scale, that results in 31% of crop and 34% of livestock production being outside of the safe climatic space.
237:
Biotemperature is based on the growing season length and temperature. It is measured as the mean of all annual temperatures, with all temperatures below freezing and above 30 °C adjusted to 0 °C, as most plants are dormant at these temperatures. Holdridge's system uses biotemperature first,
515:, as shifts in life zones happening in a matter of decades inherently result in unstable weather conditions compared to what that area had experienced throughout human history. Developed regions may be able to adjust to that, but those with fewer resources are less likely to do so.
725:
483:
On this map, a shift of 1 indicates that at the end of the century, the region had fully moved into a completely different
Holdridge zone type from where it had been historically. The extent of the shifts will be dependent on the severity of the
176:
zones too, but is less applicable to cold oceanic or cold arid climates where moisture becomes the predominant factor. The system has found a major use in assessing the potential changes in natural vegetation patterns due to
522:
Areas of the globe where agriculture would become more difficult perhaps to the point of leaving the conditions historically suitable for it, under low-emission and high-emission scenarios, by 2100.
265:(ET) is the raw sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to atmosphere. Evapotranspiration can never be greater than PET. The ratio, Precipitation/PET, is the
136:
Holdridge life zone classification scheme. Although conceived as three-dimensional by its originator, it is usually shown as a two-dimensional array of hexagons in a triangular frame.
297:
934:
284:. In the warmer regions, there are deserts with maximum PET but low rainfall that make the soil even drier, and rain forests with low PET and maximum rainfall causing
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in 1947, and updated in 1967. It is a relatively simple system based on few empirical data, giving objective criteria. A basic assumption of the system is that both
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While it was first designed for tropical and subtropical areas, the system now applies globally. The system has been shown to fit not just
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Harris SA (1973). "Comments on the
Application of the Holdridge System for Classification of World Life Zones as Applied to Costa Rica".
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fail to adapt to these changes, they would ultimately go extinct: the scale of future change also determines the extent of
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Many areas of the globe are expected to see substantial changes in their
Holdridge life zone type as the result of
242:'s life zones, and does not primarily consider elevation directly. The system is considered more appropriate for
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The coldest regions have not much evapotranspiration nor precipitation as there is not enough heat to
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858:"Climate change risks pushing one-third of global food production outside the safe climatic space"
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is a global bioclimatic scheme for the classification of land areas. It was first published by
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690:"The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping"
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In contrast, under the low-emissions SSP1-2.6 (a scenario compatible with the less ambitious
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output would experience very rapid shift in its
Holdridge Life Zones. This includes most of
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257:(PET) is the amount of water that would be evaporated and transpired if there were enough
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goals, 5% and 8% of crop and livestock production would leave that safe climatic space.
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Kummu, Matti; Heino, Matias; Taka, Maija; Varis, Olli; Viviroli, Daniel (21 May 2021).
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621:"About the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL)"
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For humanity, this phenomenon has particularly important implications for
671:"Possible Changes in Natural Vegetation Patterns Due to a Global Warming"
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Some research suggests that under the scenario of continually increasing
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Global bioclimatic scheme for the classification of land areas
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Scientific relationship between the 3 axes and 3 indicators
823:, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 473–484,
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All the classes defined within the system, as used by the
534:, the areas responsible for over half of the current
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available. Higher temperatures result in higher PET.
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Further indicators incorporated into the system are:
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International
Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
817:Parry, M. L.; Carter, T. R.; Konijn, N. T. (1988),
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8:
851:
849:
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673:. National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA).
288:systems to drain excess water into oceans.
238:rather than the temperate latitude bias of
935:Climate and weather classification systems
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156:can be mapped once the climate is known.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
475:Effects of climate change on agriculture
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802:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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7:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
820:The effects on Holdridge Life Zones
506:extinction risk from climate change
471:Effects of climate change on biomes
269:(AI), with an AI<0.2 indicating
208:ratio (PET) to mean total annual
25:
731:from the original on 27 May 2015
714:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x
677:from the original on 2009-10-16.
600:Trewartha climate classification
273:, and AI<0.5 indicating dry.
34:
619:US EPA, OA (January 29, 2013).
45:needs additional citations for
751:"potential_evapotranspiration"
1:
590:Köppen climate classification
882:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.017
255:Potential evapotranspiration
206:potential evapotranspiration
184:The three major axes of the
779:agron-www.agron.iastate.edu
390:Warm temperate moist forest
381:Warm temperate desert scrub
369:Cool temperate moist forest
142:Holdridge life zones system
951:
930:Geographic classifications
644:Arctic and Alpine Research
468:
408:Subtropical thorn woodland
396:Warm temperate rain forest
384:Warm temperate thorn scrub
375:Cool temperate rain forest
202:(mean annual, logarithmic)
393:Warm temperate wet forest
387:Warm temperate dry forest
372:Cool temperate wet forest
528:greenhouse gas emissions
439:Tropical very dry forest
417:Subtropical moist forest
405:Subtropical desert scrub
186:barycentric subdivisions
694:Journal of Biogeography
486:climate change scenario
436:Tropical thorn woodland
424:Subtropical rain forest
246:than Merriam's system.
755:esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu
550:, as well as parts of
523:
489:
421:Subtropical wet forest
412:Subtropical dry forest
168:vegetation zones, but
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69:"Holdridge life zones"
669:Leemans, Rik (1990).
575:Andrew Delmar Hopkins
521:
482:
448:Tropical moist forest
433:Tropical desert scrub
378:Warm temperate desert
316:Subpolar moist tundra
195:(annual, logarithmic)
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925:Sustainable building
920:Biogeographic realms
688:Lugo, A. E. (1999).
458:Tropical rain forest
322:Subpolar rain tundra
54:improve this article
874:2021OEart...4..720K
706:1999JBiog..26.1025L
453:Tropical wet forest
443:Tropical dry forest
319:Subpolar wet tundra
244:tropical vegetation
227:latitudinal regions
18:Holdridge life zone
631:on April 28, 2013.
552:sub-Saharan Africa
524:
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348:Boreal rain forest
280:much water, hence
263:Evapotranspiration
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830:978-94-009-2965-4
345:Boreal wet forest
232:altitudinal belts
154:climax vegetation
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627:. Archived from
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556:Central America
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363:Cool temperate
357:Cool temperate
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352:Cool temperate
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300:(IIASA), are:
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179:global warming
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282:polar deserts
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267:aridity index
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110:December 2021
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
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865:
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834:, retrieved
819:
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787:. Retrieved
783:the original
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769:
758:. Retrieved
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733:. Retrieved
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629:the original
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359:desert scrub
306:Polar desert
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
548:Middle East
530:, known as
513:agriculture
400:Subtropical
333:Boreal dry
200:temperature
172:zones, and
914:Categories
836:2022-03-23
789:2022-03-23
760:2022-03-23
606:References
544:South Asia
469:See also:
80:newspapers
862:One Earth
595:Life zone
585:Ecoregion
540:livestock
488:followed.
278:evaporate
223:provinces
900:34056573
798:cite web
726:Archived
722:11733879
675:Archived
569:See also
546:and the
532:SSP5-8.5
428:Tropical
221:humidity
166:tropical
152:and the
891:8158176
870:Bibcode
702:Bibcode
656:1550169
502:species
292:Classes
240:Merriam
94:scholar
898:
888:
827:
735:27 May
720:
654:
625:US EPA
498:biomes
430:desert
402:desert
365:steppe
354:desert
341:forest
329:desert
326:Boreal
312:tundra
174:boreal
160:Scheme
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
729:(PDF)
718:S2CID
652:JSTOR
580:Biome
335:scrub
286:river
259:water
188:are:
101:JSTOR
87:books
896:PMID
825:ISBN
804:link
737:2015
554:and
538:and
536:crop
473:and
150:soil
140:The
73:news
886:PMC
878:doi
710:doi
198:bio
56:by
916::
894:.
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844:^
800:}}
796:{{
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98:·
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84:·
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
