773:
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191:. The initial motivation for defining homology groups was the observation that two shapes can be distinguished by examining their holes. For instance, a circle is not a disk because the circle has a hole through it while the disk is solid, and the ordinary sphere is not a circle because the sphere encloses a two-dimensional hole while the circle encloses a one-dimensional hole. Because a hole is immaterial, it is not immediately obvious how to define one or distinguish it from others.
890:
737:
1468:
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338:
633:, which had also provided inspiration for previous verses of the song. Under the headline "The holes in our roads", the brief stated: "There are 4,000 holes in the road in Blackburn, Lancashire, or one twenty-sixth of a hole per person, according to a council survey. If Blackburn is typical, there are two million holes in Britain's roads and 300,000 in London". Holes have also been described as
553:, because the ground region is entirely surrounded by the figure. For a region to be perceived as a visual hole three factors are important: depth factors indicating that the enclosed region lies behind; grouping between the enclosed region and the surround; and figural factors (for example symmetry, convexity, or familiarity) that lead to the perception of a figure rather than a hole.
688:
278:
47:
536:
layer coating the circuit can cause the circuit to fail. Therefore, "o avoid pinholes that might protrude through the entire thickness of the dielectric layer, it is a common practice to screen several layers of dielectric with drying and firing after each screening", thereby preventing the pinholes
668:
umans are commonly said to have “a God-shaped hole” in our souls. If you are a religious person, you can explain the hole by saying that God put it there in order to make it easier for us to receive Him. If you are a naturalist or an atheist, you believe the God-shaped hole is in our minds, not our
244:
is pervasively described as a hole, a location that, when brought together with ordinary matter to fill the hole, results in both the hole and the matter cancelling each-other out. This is analogous to patching a pothole with asphalt, or filling a bubble below the surface of water with an equal
301:
Animal bodies tend to contain specialized holes which serve various biological functions, such as the intake of oxygen or food, the excretion of waste, and the intake or expulsion of other fluids for reproductive purposes. In some simple animals, a single hole serves all of these purposes. The
659:
Holes can also be referenced metaphorically as existing in non-tangible things. For example, a person who provides an account of an event that lacks important details can be said to have "holes in their story", and a fictional work with unexplained narrative elements can be said to have
808:
772:
160:
385:
to a specified depth without breaking through to the other side of the workpiece. A through hole is a hole that is made to go completely through the material of an object. In other words, a through hole is a hole that goes all the way through something.
748:
92:
Holes can occur for a number of reasons, including natural processes and intentional actions by humans or animals. Holes in the ground that are made intentionally, such as holes made while searching for food, for replanting trees, or
850:
445:
in blind holes: Ingersoll
Cutting Tools of Rockford, Illinois, and Tooling Systems of Houston, Texas, who introduced the Thread Mill in 1977, a device that milled large internal threads in the blind holes of oil well
545:
It has been noted that holes occupy an unusual ontological position in philosophy, as people tend to refer to them as tangible and countable objects, when in fact they are the absence of something in another object.
712:
chart in
Unicode 7.0, and was part of Emoji 1.0, published in 2015. As pictorial representations for emoji are platform-dependent, Emojipedia shows images of the hole symbol as depicted on various platforms.
831:
418:, where the workpiece is rotated, and a pointed cutting tool is fed into the workpiece at the same rate as the pitch of the internal thread. Single-pointing inside a blind hole, like
556:
There is a debate on whether holes are special and whether they are perceived as having their own shape. They may be special in some cases, but not in the ownership of the contours.
151:, with a true vertical drill-depth of more than 7.5 miles (12 kilometers), which is only a fraction of the nearly 4,000 mile (6,400 kilometer) distance to the center of the Earth.
637:
because they can only exist as aspects of another object. The psychological concept of a hole as a physical object is taken to its logical extreme in the fictional concept of a
796:
760:
422:
inside one, is inherently more challenging than doing so in a through hole. This was especially true in the era when manual machining was the only method of control. Today,
960:
65:. Holes occur through natural and artificial processes, and may be useful for various purposes, or may represent a problem needing to be addressed in many fields of
889:
563:. Researchers hypothesize that this is the result of a biological revulsion that associates trypophobic shapes with danger or disease, and may therefore have an
397:
hole is that it is not possible to see through it. It may also refer to any feature that is taken to a specific depth, more specifically referring to internally
1492:
724:
664:. A person who has suffered loss is often referred to as having a "hole in their heart". The concept of a "God-shaped hole" occurs in religious discourse:
401:
hole (tapped holes). Not considering the drill point, the depth of the blind hole, conventionally, may be slightly deeper than that of the threaded depth.
597:
736:
784:
1057:
1072:
709:
499:. Similar holes made by other means are also often called pinholes. Pinholes may be intentionally made for various reasons. For example, in
116:
Holes can occur in a wide variety of materials, and at a wide range of scales. The smallest holes observable by humans include pinholes and
73:(such as a hole in the ground), or may pass completely through that surface (such as a hole created by a hole puncher in a piece of paper).
1550:
1210:
1141:
1041:
1490:
Le, An T. D.; Cole, Geoff G.; Wilkins, Arnold J. (2015-01-30). "Assessment of trypophobia and an analysis of its visual precipitation".
1338:
1617:
1180:
232:
disconnected. In layman's terms, it is exactly the number of "holes" the surface has, when represented as a submanifold in 3-space.
450:. Today many CNC milling machines can run such a thread milling cycle (see a video of such a cut in the "External links" section).
187:, and homology was originally a rigorous mathematical method for defining and categorizing holes in a mathematical object called a
390:
used for through holes are generally tapered since it will tap faster and the chips will be released when the tap exits the hole.
269:
are made; without holes, current could not flow, and transistors turn on and off by enabling or disabling the creation of holes.
1475: by Juan Carlos MartĂnez-Aguay, Renzo C. Lanfranco, Marcelo Arancibia, Elisa SepĂşlveda and Eva Madrid available under the
550:
1309:
469:
to pads on the opposite side either by manual assembly (hand placement) or by the use of automated insertion mount machines.
873:
1062:
310:. If there are two holes, the second hole forms later. The blastopore can arise at the top or the bottom of the embryo.
198:: these are invariants of a topological space that, when non-trivial (one also says in this case that the space is not
167:, the doughnut and the coffee cup are considered to fall into the same mathematical "genus" because each has one hole.
1202:
430:
645:
and characterized as a "hole" that a person can carry with them, keep things in, and enter themselves as needed.
442:
415:
559:
Some people have an aversion to the sight of irregular patterns or clusters of small holes, a condition called
525:
In many fields, pinholes are a harmful side effect of manufacturing processes. For example, in the assembly of
206:
that cannot be contracted to a point. The term of hole is often used informally when discussing these objects.
1415:
MartĂnez-Aguayo, Juan Carlos; Lanfranco, Renzo C.; Arancibia, Marcelo; SepĂşlveda, Elisa; Madrid, Eva (2018).
1355:
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148:
137:
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176:
81:
38:
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462:
179:, which is a general way of associating certain algebraic objects to other mathematical objects such as
31:
575:
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210:
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makes these tasks less stressful, but nevertheless still more challenging than with through holes.
1517:
1394:
1033:
864:
458:
217:
184:
164:
1277:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
1417:"Trypophobia: What Do We Know So Far? A Case Report and Comprehensive Review of the Literature"
522:
packaging have been used to control the atmosphere and relative humidity within the packaging.
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souls. You then look for reasons that the concept of God might have evolved in our species.
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in general) as holes. Holes provide one of the two primary forms of conduction in a
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159:
1505:
1271:
Casati, Roberto; Varzi, Achille (2018-12-18). "Holes". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
337:
140:, an astronomical object which can be billions of times more massive than Earth's
224:
representing the maximum number of cuttings along non-intersecting closed simple
69:. Depending on the material and the placement, a hole may be an indentation in a
1301:
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117:
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66:
341:
Hole types in engineering: blind (left), through (middle), interrupted (right).
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241:
1442:
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with a helical shape, has been described as a portable hole. When it forms a
1098:
Munkres, James R. Topology. Vol. 2. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2000.
687:
661:
466:
350:
250:
1513:
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is a small hole, usually made by pressing a thin, pointed object such as a
302:
formation of holes is a significant event in the development of an animal:
46:
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1172:
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507:
294:
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229:
203:
202:), detect the presence of "holes" in the sense that the space contains a
133:
110:
94:
1618:"plot hole | Definition of plot hole in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
705:
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588:
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519:
318:
221:
106:
98:
70:
821:
showing component lead holes (gold-plated) with through-hole plating (
790:
Simulated view of a black hole in front of the Large
Magellanic Cloud.
587:
An example of the use of holes in popular culture can be found in the
930:
841:
500:
492:
374:
290:
102:
97:
made for securing an object, are usually made through the process of
17:
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in the correct helical path for a given thread, milling the thread.
1382:
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Helical interpolation, where the workpiece remains stationary and
378:
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225:
209:
For surfaces a notion closer to the intuitive meaning exists: the
158:
80:
59:
45:
1113:"A tale of two holes – Creature Cast – Learn Science at Scitable"
441:
At least two U.S. tool manufacturers have manufactured tools for
245:
amount of water to cancel it out. The most direct example is the
125:
1699:
1065:: Lectures on Topological Methods in Combinatorics and Geometry
549:
In the study of visual perception, a hole is a special case of
1369:
Bertamini M (2006). "Who owns the contour of a visual hole?".
708:
symbol for HOLE, U+1F573, was approved in 2014 as part of the
613:
Now they know how many holes it takes to fill the Albert Hall.
488:
249:; a fairly general theoretical description is provided by the
141:
1133:
Life - As a Matter of Fat: The
Emerging Science of Lipidomics
1013:
Euler's Gem: The
Polyhedron Formula and the Birth of Topology
175:, holes are examined in a number of ways. One of these is in
1288:
Lewis, DK, Lewis, SR (1970). "Holes: With
Stephanie Lewis".
136:
is missing. The largest phenomenon described as a hole is a
88:
holes between a pair of postage stamps from a coil of stamps
802:
First image of a black hole by the Event
Horizon Telescope.
754:
Trees visible through a large hole in a tree trunk in Laos.
404:
There are three accepted methods of threading blind holes:
58:
is an opening in or through a particular medium, usually a
778:
Sock with a hole in it, through which the foot is visible.
461:
on the components that are inserted into holes drilled in
1571:"Photographic impressions of Beatle songs by Art Kane",
329:
and form a hole through which water molecules can pass.
306:
All animals start out in development with one hole, the
120:, but the smallest phenomenon described as a hole is an
101:. Unintentional holes in an object are often a sign of
742:
Hole in a
Eucalyptus tree used as a nest by Lorikeets.
1266:
1264:
1256:
1067:(2nd ed.). Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
988:"What's At The Bottom Of The Deepest Hole On Earth?"
899:, used to make holes in paper and similar materials.
629:news brief from the same 17 January edition of the
1194:
1165:Electronic Packaging: Solder Mounting Technologies
1243:Processing Effects on Safety and Quality of Foods
1169:Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology
510:to select certain rays of light. This is used in
1660:"Unicode: Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs"
491:through an easily penetrated material such as a
453:One use of through holes in electronics is with
666:
603:
304:
730:Hole in the ground dug by a fox as its burrow.
861:Well, if you knows of a better 'ole, go to it
183:. Homology groups were originally defined in
8:
1493:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
652:, as in the case of the Japanese concept of
607:Four thousand holes in Blackburn Lancashire.
1603:David Zeb Cook, Jean Rabe, Warren Spector,
1535:Milosevic, Irena; McCabe, Randi E. (2015).
1106:
1104:
1605:Dungeon Master Guide for the AD&D Game
1587:"Far & Near: The holes in our roads".
1538:Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear
677:
648:In art holes are sometimes referred to as
147:The deepest hole on Earth is the man-made
1647:Why Do We Care about Literary Characters?
1450:
1432:
1029:Intuitive Concepts in Elementary Topology
766:Hole in a cloud over Karawanks, Slovenia.
457:, a mounting scheme involving the use of
1593:. No. 21994. 1967-01-17. p. 7.
1032:. Dover Books on Mathematics. Courier /
1274:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1193:Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winfield (1989).
952:
840:precisely carved into the surface of a
720:
680:
609:And though the holes were rather small,
1577:, Vol. 65, No. 12 (1968-09-20), p. 67.
1292:. Australasian Journal of Philosophy.
1016:, Princeton University (2008), p. 254.
514:to form an image without the use of a
710:Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
598:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
7:
1254:James J. Licari, Leonard R. Enlow,
265:, that is, the material from which
27:Opening in the surface of an object
373:). A blind hole is a hole that is
25:
1471: This article incorporates
1466:
888:
872:
849:
830:
807:
795:
783:
771:
759:
747:
735:
723:
686:
228:without rendering the resultant
1167:in K. H. Buschow et al (eds.),
1026:Arnold, Bradford Henry (2013).
844:can facilitate a desired sound.
698:symbol for HOLE, U+1F573 ( đź•ł )
605:I read the news today, oh boy:
113:can damage human settlements.
1:
1506:10.1080/17470218.2015.1013970
1290:Philosophical Papers Volume I
1063:Using the Borsuk-Ulam Theorem
412:, especially with bottom taps
1079:Written in cooperation with
571:In culture and as a metaphor
124:, which is a position in an
1302:10.1093/0195032047.003.0001
1201:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
611:They had to count them all,
1742:
1356:"A hole full of surprises"
1203:Cambridge University Press
1130:Mouritsen, Ole G. (2005).
1111:Dunn, Casey (2009-11-06).
537:from becoming continuous.
476:
431:Computer Numerical Control
327:cellular bilayer membranes
50:A hole through a dead tree
36:
29:
1226:What is a Pinhole Camera?
1136:. Springer. p. 186.
595:", from their 1967 album
541:Philosophy and psychology
325:, it can embed itself in
194:Another is the notion of
1434:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00015
495:or a very thin layer of
37:Not to be confused with
1421:Frontiers in Psychiatry
1354:Abrahams, Marc (2005).
823:Through-hole technology
455:through-hole technology
149:Kola Superdeep Borehole
138:supermassive black hole
1241:Enrique Ortega-Rivas,
1197:The art of electronics
671:
615:
591:lyric from the song, "
584:
463:printed circuit boards
416:Single-point threading
342:
312:
298:
168:
89:
51:
911:Annulus (mathematics)
819:printed circuit board
635:ontological parasites
578:
393:The etymology of the
340:
280:
162:
84:
49:
32:Hole (disambiguation)
1545:. pp. 401–402.
1327:Orientation and Form
916:Depression (geology)
625:, and inspired by a
30:For other uses, see
1680:"Emoji Version 1.0"
1622:Oxford Dictionaries
897:handheld hole punch
293:, is an underwater
1700:"Emojipedia: Hole"
1325:Rock, Irv (1973).
1034:Dover Publications
865:Bruce Bairnsfather
643:role-playing games
585:
583:in a road surface.
529:, pinholes in the
448:blowout preventers
357:, a hole may be a
343:
299:
185:algebraic topology
181:topological spaces
169:
165:geometric topology
90:
52:
1645:Blakey Vermeule,
1500:(11): 2304–2322.
1085:GĂĽnter M. Ziegler
1074:978-3-540-00362-5
702:
701:
641:, exemplified in
617:The reference to
593:A Day in the Life
333:Blind and through
16:(Redirected from
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1624:. Archived from
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1559:
1552:978-1-61069576-3
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1217:
1216:
1212:978-0-52137095-0
1200:
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1184:
1183:, pp. 2708–2709.
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1143:978-3-54023248-3
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961:"The hole story"
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479:Pinhole (optics)
213:of a connected,
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1607:(1995), p. 235.
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1258:(2008), p. 162.
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1245:(2010), p. 280.
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621:was written by
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512:pinhole cameras
481:
475:
365:(also called a
335:
283:Great Blue Hole
275:
253:, which treats
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35:
28:
23:
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12:
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5:
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1649:(2010), p. 10.
1638:
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1590:The Daily Mail
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1527:
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1404:
1377:(7): 883–894.
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1340:978-0125912501
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1331:Academic Press
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1234:
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1185:
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1117:www.nature.com
1100:
1091:
1089:, Section 4.3.
1081:Anders Björner
1073:
1058:Matoušek, JiĹ™Ă
1049:
1042:
1036:. p. 58.
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879:A hole in the
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650:negative space
627:Far & Near
572:
569:
542:
539:
518:. Pinholes on
477:Main article:
474:
471:
443:thread milling
439:
438:
435:milling cutter
433:(CNC) moves a
427:
413:
371:clearance hole
334:
331:
287:Ambergris Caye
274:
271:
263:semi-conductor
259:anti-particles
237:
234:
196:homotopy group
156:
155:In mathematics
153:
130:atomic lattice
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26:
24:
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13:
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3:
2:
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1703:. Retrieved
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1630:. Retrieved
1626:the original
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1008:Richeson, D.
1003:
992:. Retrieved
990:. 2016-03-11
982:
971:. Retrieved
969:. 2016-06-11
964:
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921:Law of holes
860:
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565:evolutionary
558:
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506:are used as
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363:through hole
362:
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315:Gramicidin A
313:
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300:
240:In physics,
239:
208:
193:
170:
146:
118:perforations
115:
91:
55:
53:
43:
1296:: 206–212.
941:Trypophobia
881:Berlin Wall
838:Sound holes
623:John Lennon
619:4,000 holes
561:trypophobia
347:engineering
319:polypeptide
267:transistors
200:k-connected
173:mathematics
86:Perforation
67:engineering
1705:2018-08-20
1685:2018-08-20
1665:2018-08-20
1632:2017-09-07
1558:2017-10-25
1371:Perception
1311:0195032047
1230:pinhole.cz
1152:1156049123
994:2016-08-17
973:2017-02-11
947:References
817:view of a
681:Hole Emoji
662:plot holes
631:Daily Mail
531:dielectric
465:(PCB) and
359:blind hole
308:blastopore
273:In biology
242:antimatter
236:In physics
215:orientable
1477:CC BY 4.0
1443:1664-0640
534:insulator
508:apertures
367:thru-hole
351:machining
255:positrons
251:Dirac sea
132:where an
111:sinkholes
95:postholes
1720:Category
1543:ABC-CLIO
1522:42086559
1514:25635930
1479:license.
1461:29479321
1391:16970198
1173:Elsevier
1060:(2007).
905:See also
859:cartoon
815:Close-up
581:potholes
579:Shallow
504:pinholes
473:Pinholes
467:soldered
399:threaded
295:sinkhole
230:manifold
189:manifold
177:homology
134:electron
107:Potholes
1452:5811467
1399:8073234
1175:, 2001
883:, 2019.
867:, 1915.
717:Gallery
706:Unicode
696:Unicode
674:Unicode
589:Beatles
567:basis.
520:produce
485:pinhole
410:tapping
379:drilled
355:tooling
222:integer
218:surface
99:digging
71:surface
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931:Tunnel
842:guitar
501:optics
493:fabric
420:boring
383:milled
375:reamed
361:or a
353:, and
291:Belize
226:curves
220:is an
204:sphere
103:damage
1726:Holes
1518:S2CID
1395:S2CID
926:Sinus
497:metal
459:leads
395:blind
381:, or
323:dimer
285:near
211:genus
77:Types
60:solid
39:Whole
18:Holes
1574:LIFE
1547:ISBN
1510:PMID
1473:text
1457:PMID
1439:ISSN
1387:PMID
1335:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1148:OCLC
1138:ISBN
1083:and
1069:ISBN
1038:ISBN
704:The
516:lens
388:Taps
317:, a
281:The
257:(or
126:atom
109:and
63:body
56:hole
1502:doi
1447:PMC
1429:doi
1379:doi
1298:doi
863:by
489:pin
424:CNC
369:or
345:In
171:In
163:In
142:sun
128:or
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654:Ma
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20:)
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