475:, has argued instead that the Holiness Code (H) was the appendage, and the Priestly Code (P) the original. This view also identifies passages outside the traditional area of H, specifically in Exodus and Numbers, as belonging to the Holiness Code rather than P, such as the order to sound a trumpet on certain dates. In consequence, this view sees the author of H as the editor of P, rather than the reverse, in particular as P is able to be read coherently even when devoid of H. Nevertheless, the presence of what appears to be a clear ending to H (specifically Leviticus 26, which would be expected to have been moved), such as to be after Leviticus 27, if H were the addition, rather than the original, has presented some problems for such revising of the theory.
778:, lists a series of disparate laws, and then closes with a set of promises for obeying the law, and curses for failing to do so. While some of the laws appear more developed than Deuteronomy, for example, the law concerning weights and measures is more detailed, the majority show less development, and the implication of multiple sanctuaries implied by the Holiness Code's laws, concerning altar ceremonies, is usually understood to imply a date prior to the banning of sanctuaries outside the temple at Jerusalem. A similar comparison with the Covenant Code implies that the date of the Holiness Code is between that of the Covenant Code, and that of the Deuteronomic Code, highly suitable for the position it finds itself within the Torah.
763:. Ezekiel dwells repeatedly on offences which the Holiness Code condemns, and spends little time concerned with those outside it (e.g. Leviticus 18:8β17 in comparison with Ezekiel 22:10β11), and several extensive lists of such parallels exist. There is also a great similarity between Ezekiel's writing and the hortatory elements, particularly the conclusion, of the Holiness Code. These strong similarities have led many critical scholars to question whether Ezekiel was the author of the code, or at least the collector, and it remains an open question whether the Holiness Code influenced Ezekiel, or Ezekiel influenced the Holiness Code.
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concerning various sexual activities, which are prohibited "lest the land vomit you out". These prohibitions include sexual relations with one's mother, step-mother, sister, step-sister, sister-in-law, aunt, granddaughter, daughter-in-law, with a woman as well as her daughter, with a ritually unclean woman, with the wife of a neighbor, with another man, or with an animal; and the sacrifice of children to Molech (numerated just prior to Lev.18:22. These prohibitions are listed in
Leviticus 18, and again in chapter 20, both times with the warning "lest the land vomit you out."
267:
According to
Leviticus 1 through 16, Israel's priests are designated as holy: a holy class within Israel, singled out, dedicated to the service of God and demarcated by rules that apply only to them. Israelites may aspire to holiness, but itβs not assumed. However, in the Holiness Code, we have texts that come closer to the idea that Israel itself is holy by virtue of the fact that God has set Israel apart from the nations to himself, to belong to him, just as he set apart the seventh day to himself to belong with him.
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655:. For this reason, several scholars view the five sections preceding between each of these passages as deriving from originally separate documents. In particular, the two segments containing the sexual prohibitions, Leviticus 17:2β18:26 and Leviticus 20:1β22:33, are seen as being based on essentially the same law code, with Leviticus 20:1β22:33 regarded as the later version of the two.
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232:, believe the Holiness Code to be a later addition to the Priestly source. This source is often abbreviated as "H". A date generally accepted by the proponents of the four-source hypothesis is sometime in the seventh century BC, when it presumably originated among the priests in the Temple in Jerusalem.
781:
In the documentary hypothesis, the
Priestly source is a work which, after its initial edition, suffered under the hand of several later, less skilled, editors, who each variously inserted documents, added additional laws, or expanded on the laws already present. Thus the original narrative, and the
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were part of the
Holiness code (H), which was later added to the Priestly source. He pointed to similarities in content, such as the focus on purification in Numbers 5:1β4, chapter 19 and 31:19β24, as well as in linguistics in Numbers 10:9, 27:17, 31:6,19 and Exodus 40:15, all of which had been
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This theme, and the exhortation, "you shall be holy, for I the Lord your God am holy," they find their fullest expression in the block of text; Leviticus 17 through 26 that's referred to as the
Holiness Code. There's an important difference between Leviticus 1 through 16 and the Holiness Code.
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The
Holiness Code is a collection of many laws concerning several subjects. Critical scholarship therefore regards it as being generally a work constructed by the collecting together of a series of earlier collections of laws. One of the most noticeable elements of the work is a large section
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in 1877. Critical biblical scholars have regarded it as a distinct unit and have noted that the style is noticeably different from the main body of
Leviticus. Unlike the remainder of Leviticus, the many laws of the Holiness Code are expressed very closely packed together, and very briefly.
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The section concerning continual bread and oil is, in critical scholarship, viewed as part of the description of the structure of the tabernacle, and vestments, present at the end of Exodus, which has accidentally become inserted at this point due to scribal error. The case law example of
491:' descendants was being challenged. Sarah Shectman (2009) agreed with Knohl and other scholars that Numbers 25:6β18 is to be identified as an H text, and argued that traditional interpretations of verse 25:6 as an act of sexual transgression were incorrect. In fact,
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It is also alleged by critical scholarship that several additional laws, written with a style unlike that of the
Holiness Code but like that of the remainder of Leviticus, were inserted into the body of the text by the Priestly source. These alleged additions are:
342:. However, other scholars generally believed it to have been an originally separate legal code (referred to as "H") which the Priestly source edited and chose to embed into their writing after. Some such editing is simply the addition of phrases such as
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By 1955, scholars agreed that the
Holiness Code consisted of at least Leviticus 17β26, but some twenty passages outside of it were also identified as H, including Leviticus 11 (verses 1f. and 25β40 being contested), Numbers 15:34β41 and Exodus 31:13f..
449:. Whether these represent alterations to the law over time, lawmaking by the writer of the political faction supported by the Priestly source, or simply details present but not originally thought worth mentioning, is a matter of some debate.
662:(Ethical Decalogue), although presenting a more detailed and expanded version, leading critical scholars to conclude it represents a much later version of that decalogue. Notably, it contains the commandment popularly referred to as
503:, also called the 'Tent of the Congregation', an act which in previous episodes in the Book of Numbers (also probably authored by H) had also caused Yahweh to cast a plague on the Israelites, or to threaten doing so.
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legal code within it, became surrounded by an extensive body of legal, and ritual, elements, as well as numerical, genealogical, and geographic, data. The underlying narrative, in the hypothesis, is based on
255:, and Leviticus 26 strongly resembles the conclusion of a law code, despite the presence of further laws afterward, such as at Leviticus 27, giving the Holiness Code the appearance of a single distinct unit.
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previously identified with the
Holiness School (HS) by other scholars. Some linguistic and theological features also distinguish Numbers 31 from the Priestly Torah (PT) text, such as the
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were not guilty of sexual transgressions at all; sex with a foreigner is never even considered a capital offence by the Holiness code (H). Rather, they had come too close to the holy
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is believed to be the work of one of the later editions of the Priestly source, in which several other case law examples were added, such as that concerning the daughters of
651:, passages at Leviticus 18:26, 19:37, 22:31β33, 24:22, and 25:55, which have the appearance of once standing at the end of independent laws or collections of laws as
895:, there is debate about how much of this passage can be applicable today since the Levitical priesthood and animal sacrifice ended in AD 70, with the destruction of
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The Holiness Code is believed to have been written as a form to avoid sexual deviations, sexually transmittable diseases and other forms of physical illness for the
262:
discusses a difference between the Holiness Code and the rest of Leviticus: in the Holiness Code, Israel itself is regarded as holy, not just the priestly class:
487:, which is mentioned several times by HS but never by PT. Some scholars think that the text of Numbers 25:6β18 was written at a time when the priestly line of
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is usually translated as "holy", but originally meant "set apart", with "special", "clean/pure", "whole" and "perfect" as associated meanings. The term
911:. Orthodox Jews continue many of the practices, but they generally regard precepts not in current practice as being in only temporary abeyance until a
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Most critical scholars and religious commentaries regard the Holiness Code as bearing strong resemblance, in several places, to the writing of
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36). The remainder of the alleged additions arguably deform the laws from the manner they would otherwise have, to the laws supported by the
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designed to put the code into the context of the remainder of a code being given by God, as is the case for the remainder of Leviticus.
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conclusion, to form the Holiness Code. Two of which contain a list of sexual prohibitions, and one of which was a development of the
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People and Land in the Holiness Code: An Exegetical Study of the Ideational Framework of the Law in Leviticus 17-26
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903:. Many in these groups see references to sexuality therein and as being reiterated for emphasis elsewhere in the
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The order to make trespass offerings after sexual involvement with an engaged slavewoman (Leviticus 19:20β22)
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The prohibition against an anointed high priest uncovering his head or rending his clothes (Leviticus 21:10)
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Texts in the books of Exodus and Numbers which have so far been identified as H texts by scholars include:
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1412:Β«The Relevance of Ezekiel and the Samaritans for Pentateuchal Composition: Converging Lines of EvidenceΒ»
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1382:
Olyan, S. M. (2005). Exodus 31:12-17: The Sabbath According to H, or the Sabbath According to P and H?
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1213:"Lecture 9 β The Priestly Legacy: Cult and Sacrifice, Purity and Holiness in Leviticus and Numbers"
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The Holiness Code also uses a noticeably different choice of vocabulary, repeating phrases such as
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1344:"Numbers 31. War against the Midianites: Judgment for Past Sin, Foretaste of a Future Conquest"
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And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them,
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Order to release Israelite slaves at the year of jubilee (Leviticus 25:40, 25:42, 25:44β46)
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224:, the Holiness Code represents an earlier text that was edited and incorporated into the
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Furthermore, Leviticus 22:11β21 parallels Leviticus 17, and there are, according to
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By this reckoning, there are thus at least five earlier law collections which were
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While Leviticus 18 presents them as a simple list, Leviticus 20 presents them in a
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Israel Knohl (1995) argued that Numbers 25:6β18 and the entire chapter of
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The prohibition against consuming the naturally dead (Leviticus 17:15β16)
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1350:. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 176β180.
760:
600: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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306: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
30:
For the Holiness Standards upheld by many Methodist denominations, see
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The Sanctuary of Silence: The Priestly Torah and the Holiness School
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The Sanctuary of Silence: The Priestly Torah and the Holiness School
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Rules concerning redeeming property (Leviticus 25:23 and 25:26β34)
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Rules concerning redeeming people (Leviticus 25:48β52, and 25:54)
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1311:
Women in the Pentateuch: A Feminist and Source-critical Analysis
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Gerechtigheid en recht: Bijbelse kernbegrippen juridisch belicht
658:
Chapter 19, which ends in a colophon, has a similarity with the
644:. Leviticus 20 also presents the list in a more verbose manner.
419:
The order for a trumpet sounding on Yom Kippur (Leviticus 25:9b)
1444:
1043:(in Dutch). Utrecht: Uitgeverij KokBoekencentrum. p. 149.
774:. Like these, it opens with a law regulating ceremonies at the
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The Holiness Code has a similarity of structure with both the
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275:
36:
175:. It is so called due to its highly repeated use of the word
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chapters 17β26, and sometimes passages in other books of the
147:, which contains the oldest known copy of the Holiness Code.
208:(literally "Holiness Law"; the word 'code' therefore means
228:
and the Torah as a whole, although some scholars, such as
410:
The order for continual bread and oil (Leviticus 24:1β9)
334:
Initially, the Holiness Code was considered part of the
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This is the thing which Yahweh has commanded, saying ...
1314:. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press. p. 158β166.
467:
More recent critical scholarship, particularly that of
416:
concerning a blasphemer (Leviticus 24:10β15a and 24:23)
1265:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 96β98.
876:. Some of its teachings are still in practice in the
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1114:Zeitschrift fΓΌr die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
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381:priests who are blemished (Leviticus 21:21β22)
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359:Leviticus 11 (verses 1f. and 25β40 contested)
8:
1418:. Penn State University Press. pp. 226-244.
516:Exodus 31:12β17 (verses 16 and 17 contested)
1416:Exploring the Composition of the Pentateuch
836:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
727:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1190:. Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 126.
1188:A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament
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1109:"Some problems of the holiness code"
834:adding citations to reliable sources
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304:adding citations to reliable sources
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272:Identification of Holiness texts
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1121:(1). Walter de Gruyter: 26β40.
585:needs additional citations for
291:needs additional citations for
249:I am Yahweh, who makes you holy
52:needs additional citations for
1384:Journal of Biblical Literature
1:
1761:Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll
1107:Elliott-Binns, L. E. (1955).
677:together, with an additional
664:love thy neighbour as thyself
453:H texts in Exodus and Numbers
145:Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll
1011:Names of God in Christianity
1005:by Jews and Christians. See
886:Biblical law in Christianity
459:Numbers 31 Β§ Authorship
1813:
1161:. Eisenbrauns. p. 3.
540:Numbers 25:6β18, see also
456:
29:
1342:Olson, Dennis T. (2012).
1127:10.1515/zatw.1955.67.1.26
394:feast of unleavened bread
1397:English Standard Version
1308:Shectman, Sarah (2009).
798:Modern view of Leviticus
510:Exodus 20:11 (contested)
463:Numbers 31 Β§ Motive
204:was first coined as the
27:Leviticus chapters 17β26
1007:Names of God in Judaism
542:Numbers 31 Β§ Authorship
212:) by German theologian
1797:Documentary hypothesis
1259:Knohl, Israel (2007).
907:; for example, in the
384:The order to keep the
340:documentary hypothesis
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222:documentary hypothesis
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1684:High Priest of Israel
1155:Israel Knohl (2007).
1037:Post, J.J.H. (2019).
909:Epistle to the Romans
264:
142:
1432:10.5325/j.ctv1c5cshm
1071:Jan Joosten (1996).
893:Mainline Protestants
880:church, however see
830:improve this section
721:improve this section
594:improve this article
407:(Leviticus 23:23β44)
396:(Leviticus 23:1β10a)
354:H texts in Leviticus
300:improve this article
61:improve this article
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546:Numbers 31 Β§ Motive
1185:Coogan, Michael D.
634:chiastic structure
399:The order to keep
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1792:Book of Leviticus
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1472:Book of Leviticus
1424:978-1-64602-067-6
1395:Leviticus 18:28,
1221:. Yale University
1218:Open Yale Courses
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135:
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49:
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26:
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14:
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1730:Holiness code
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1409:
1408:Bergsma, John
1404:
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1371:
1359:
1357:9780664238827
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1321:9781906055721
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1128:
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1120:
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1084:90-04-10557-3
1080:
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1052:
1050:9789043532259
1046:
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1033:
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1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
988:Yahweh's name
984:
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956:
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942:
937:
934:
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888:for details.
887:
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820:
815:This section
813:
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803:
797:
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779:
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773:
769:
768:Covenant Code
764:
762:
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726:
722:
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715:
711:
706:This section
704:
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583:This section
581:
577:
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560:
558:
555:
553:Numbers 27:17
552:
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543:
539:
536:
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530:
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522:Numbers 5:1β4
521:
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498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
476:
474:
473:Jacob Milgrom
470:
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460:
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450:
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447:Priestly Code
444:
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289:This section
287:
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210:criminal code
207:
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202:Holiness Code
199:
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182:
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174:
170:
167:, especially
166:
162:
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153:Holiness code
146:
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131:
128:
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109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: β
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Holiness Code
1729:
1415:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1361:. Retrieved
1347:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1310:
1276:. Retrieved
1261:
1223:. Retrieved
1216:
1203:
1187:
1157:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1118:
1112:
1073:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1039:
1002:
998:
991:
983:
959:Leviticus 19
955:Leviticus 18
913:Third Temple
890:
882:Leviticus 18
867:
852:
846:January 2022
843:
828:Please help
816:
780:
765:
758:
743:
737:January 2022
734:
719:Please help
707:
672:
663:
657:
646:
631:
627:
612:
606:January 2022
603:
592:Please help
587:verification
584:
528:Numbers 10:9
525:Numbers 8:19
519:Exodus 40:15
513:Exodus 20:18
505:
485:wrath of God
477:
469:Israel Knohl
466:
431:
362:
348:
343:
333:
318:
312:January 2022
309:
298:Please help
293:verification
290:
265:
257:
252:
248:
244:
236:
234:
230:Israel Knohl
219:
205:
201:
197:
193:
187:
176:
159:to refer to
152:
150:
143:Part of the
123:
117:January 2022
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1754:Manuscripts
1617:Mount Sinai
1581:Acharei Mot
878:evangelical
566:Composition
245:I am Yahweh
155:is used in
1786:Categories
1714:Tabernacle
1601:Bechukotai
1410:. (2020).
1021:References
874:Proselytes
557:Numbers 31
537:Numbers 19
501:Tabernacle
480:Numbers 31
457:See also:
439:Zelophehad
401:Yom Kippur
258:Professor
165:Pentateuch
87:newspapers
1479:Leviticus
1225:7 January
1140:8 January
1135:170576204
1077:. BRILL.
1056:8 January
897:Jerusalem
817:does not
708:does not
679:hortatory
653:colophons
642:execution
435:blasphemy
241:, am holy
161:Leviticus
1723:Analysis
1586:Kedoshim
1548:Parashah
1363:14 March
1327:14 March
1278:14 March
1211:(2006).
919:See also
770:and the
675:redacted
489:Phinehas
414:Case law
390:passover
1699:Jubilee
1648:Ithamar
1643:Eleazar
1576:Metzora
1566:Shemini
1556:Vayikra
1348:Numbers
899:by the
838:removed
823:sources
761:Ezekiel
729:removed
714:sources
443:Numbers
386:sabbath
379:Aaronic
169:Numbers
101:scholar
1709:Shmita
1689:Israel
1674:Azazel
1626:People
1610:Places
1571:Tazria
1422:
1354:
1318:
1269:
1194:
1165:
1133:
1081:
1047:
999:Adonai
901:Romans
891:Among
471:, and
461:, and
405:Sukkot
403:, and
392:, and
247:; and
239:Yahweh
198:Kadash
194:kadash
181:Hebrew
173:Exodus
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1771:4Q120
1766:4Q119
1740:Sifra
1704:Orlah
1667:Terms
1658:Nadab
1653:Moses
1638:Abihu
1633:Aaron
1596:Behar
1538:26β27
1528:21β24
1506:14β15
1501:12β13
1131:S2CID
1001:) or
992:the L
975:Notes
969:Q-D-Ε
905:Bible
776:altar
666:(the
497:Kozbi
493:Zimri
189:qΙαΈΕΕ‘
108:JSTOR
94:books
1591:Emor
1561:Tzav
1496:9β11
1420:ISBN
1365:2021
1352:ISBN
1329:2021
1316:ISBN
1280:2021
1267:ISBN
1227:2022
1192:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1142:2022
1079:ISBN
1058:2022
1045:ISBN
1009:and
957:and
884:and
821:any
819:cite
712:any
710:cite
544:and
495:and
185:Χ§ΧΧΧ©
177:holy
171:and
151:The
80:news
1523:β20
1491:6β8
1486:1β5
1428:doi
1123:doi
1003:God
994:ORD
832:by
723:by
670:).
640:to
596:by
302:by
237:I,
196:).
192:or
63:by
1788::
1533:25
1520:19
1515:18
1511:16
1426:.
1414:.
1373:^
1346:.
1288:^
1235:^
1215:.
1177:^
1129:.
1119:67
1117:.
1111:.
1093:^
1029:^
784:JE
685:.
388:,
243:;
183::
1513:β
1464:e
1457:t
1450:v
1434:.
1430::
1367:.
1331:.
1282:.
1229:.
1198:.
1171:.
1144:.
1125::
1087:.
1060:.
1013:.
997:(
859:)
853:(
848:)
844:(
840:.
826:.
750:)
744:(
739:)
735:(
731:.
717:.
619:)
613:(
608:)
604:(
590:.
441:(
325:)
319:(
314:)
310:(
296:.
179:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:Β·
98:Β·
91:Β·
84:Β·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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