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27:
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28:
474:'s influence. In 1880 the lighthouse service installed a new light atop a metal pole in a protective cage. The oil lantern was lowered by pulleys for service. At the turn of the century, a steel tower was built for the light and in 1907 the present structure was erected. Named the Holland Harbor South Pierhead Lighthouse, it has a gabled roof that reflects the Dutch influence in the area. The lighthouse, popularly referred to as "Big Red," was automated in 1932. When the
462:
38:
404:
2428:
1212:
444:
for help. The channel was surveyed in 1849, but was not successfully opened due to inadequate appropriations. Frustrated, the Dutch settlers dug the channel themselves. On July 1, 1859, the small steamboat Huron put into port. Here, in 1886, the government established the harbor's first lifesaving
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2008:
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Public access to Big Red is restricted due to the fact one must cross private property to see the lighthouse up close. The best vantage points that are accessible to the general public are from across the channel at
1973:
2528:
478:
recommended that it be abandoned in 1970, citizens circulated petitions to rescue it. The
Holland Harbor Lighthouse Historical Commission was then organized to preserve and restore this landmark.
470:
The first lighthouse built at this location was a small, square wooden structure erected in 1872, after the U.S. Congress, appropriated $ 4,000 to the project. This was in large part due to
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2018:
2003:
1989:
1966:
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The lighthouse is on the south side of the channel. There are two modern lights marking the ends of the breakwaters that extend out into the Lake
Michigan beyond the lighthouse.
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69:
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station. By 1899 the channel had been relocated and harbor work completed. This spurred business and resort expansion. In 1900 over 1,095
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623:
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519:
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announced that the
Holland Harbor Light would be protected, making it the 12th Michigan lighthouse to have such status.
62:
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440:) as a harbor. However, the lake's outlet to Lake Michigan was blocked by sandbars and silt. Van Raalte appealed to
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55:
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1031:
760:
Great Lakes
Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses
441:
1867:
1802:
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finally recommended construction of the first light at
Holland Harbor. It was thereupon approved by the
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243:
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234:
207:
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1958:
1822:
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1641:
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1191:
1036:
433:
160:
1807:
1726:
1671:
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1353:
1281:
1196:
1171:
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1307:
1226:
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1046:
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748:
740:
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717:
702:
694:
679:
672:
657:
649:
603:
475:
461:
387:
304:
231:
16 nmi (30 km; 18 mi) (white), 14 nmi (26 km; 16 mi) (red)
1480:
1374:
1276:
1271:
1176:
37:
1857:
1505:
1450:
1141:
471:
828:
1711:
1026:
964:
403:
333:
2492:
487:
437:
418:
383:
379:
172:
National
Register of Historic Places listed place, Michigan state historic site
1616:
429:
220:
844:
1946:
921:
805:
84:
71:
1211:
450:
446:
971:
922:"Lighthouses of the United States: Michigan's Western Lower Peninsula"
454:
2519:
Lighthouses on the
National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
737:
Lighthouses & Keepers: U. S. Lighthouse
Service and Its Legacy
460:
413:
After decades of local requests that went unanswered, in 1870 the
402:
829:"U. S. Coast Guard Aids to Navigation: A Historical Bibliography"
539:
2534:
National
Register of Historic Places in Ottawa County, Michigan
1962:
975:
407:
U.S. Coast Guard
Archive Photo of Holland Harbor Pierhead Light
963:. United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from
961:"Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Michigan"
823:, (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1945).
669:
The Northern Lights: Lighthouses of the Upper Great Lakes.
851:. Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University.
847:
Beacons Shining in the Night: The Lighthouses of Michigan
857:
Michigan Lighthouses: An Aerial Photographic Perspective
800:
Seeing the Light: Lighthouses on the western Great Lakes
915:
Detroit News, Interactive map on Michigan lighthouses.
624:
Department of the Interior announces protected status.
839:(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1957).
762:, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998)
714:
The Lighthouse Encyclopedia, The Definitive Reference
563:
Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, Holland Harbor Light.
465:
U.S. Coast Guard Archive Photo of original Lighthouse
937:
Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, Holland Harbor Light
777:, (Berrien Center, Michigan: Penrod/Hiawatha, 1998)
436:
was attracted by the potential of using Black Lake (
2529:
Buildings and structures in Ottawa County, Michigan
2435:
1996:
1926:
1785:
1609:
1413:
1367:
1336:
1295:
1219:
1019:
600:"Wobser, David, boatnerd.com, Holland Harbor Light"
352:
344:
339:
326:
318:
310:
300:
242:
227:
215:
200:
192:
187:
168:
153:
145:
137:
129:
121:
113:
105:
100:
61:
51:
644:Crompton, Samuel Willard & Michael J. Rhein,
482:Except for its color, it is a virtual twin of the
879:Legends of Light: A Michigan Lighthouse Portfolio
859:, (East Lansing, Michigan: John L. Wagner, 1998)
1990:National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
1913:Vidal Shoals Channel Range Front and Rear Lights
739:(Annapolis: U. S. Naval Institute Press, 1997).
831:. United States Coast Guard Historian's Office.
814:Lighthouses and Lightships of the United States
671:Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995.
1974:
987:
8:
428:When seeking a location for himself and his
22:
930:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
693:(Globe Pequot, September 1, 1998, 1st Ed.)
424:Text of the Michigan Historic Site marker:
1981:
1967:
1959:
1918:Windmill Point Range Front and Rear Lights
1747:St. Clair Flats Front and Rear Range Light
994:
980:
972:
896:Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006)
667:Hyde, Charles K., and Ann and John Mahan.
250:
233:
206:
174:
159:
36:
21:
1359:Rouleau Point Range Front and Rear Lights
716:(Globe Pequot, January 1, 2004, 1st ed.)
432:emigrant followers in 1847, the Reverend
281:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1833:Grassy Island South Channel Range Lights
1828:Grassy Island North Channel Range Lights
1013:List of lighthouses in the United States
495:United States Department of the Interior
386:, and which gives access to the city of
378:at the entrance of a channel connecting
1942:List of lifesaving stations in Michigan
816:, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1933).
531:
579:Historic Ottawa Beach Pumphouse Museum
540:"National Register Information System"
1843:Grosse Ile South Channel Range Lights
1838:Grosse Ile North Channel Range Lights
1318:Round Island Light (St. Mary's River)
640:Bibliography on Michigan lighthouses.
16:Lighthouse in Michigan, United States
7:
1162:Presque Isle Harbor Breakwater Light
894:Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia
892:Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia,
545:National Register of Historic Places
23:Holland Harbor Light a/k/a "Big Red"
1466:Grand Haven South Pierhead Entrance
945:Light List, Volume VII, Great Lakes
1908:St. Mary's River Lower Range Front
14:
2473:Properties of religious function
2426:
2419:
1471:Grand Haven South Pierhead Inner
1349:Keweenaw Waterway Upper Entrance
1344:Keweenaw Waterway Lower Entrance
1210:
1147:Ontonagon Harbor West Breakwater
881:(Ann Arbor Media Group, 2006).
689:Jones, Ray & Bruce Roberts,
646:The Ultimate Book of Lighthouses
520:Lighthouses in the United States
26:
2539:1872 establishments in Michigan
1767:Tri-Centennial Light of Detroit
837:Historically Famous Lighthouses
1898:Sand Beach North Entrance East
1848:Harwood Point East Range Front
1077:Grand Island Harbor Rear Range
415:United States Lighthouse Board
328:
1:
2509:Lighthouses completed in 1907
2499:Lighthouses completed in 1872
2458:Michigan State Historic Sites
1949:, Musselman Island lighthouse
1772:William Livingstone Memorial
290:Michigan State Historic Site
204:15 m (49 ft)
2468:National Historic Landmarks
1637:Cheboygan River Front Range
1586:St. Joseph North Pier Outer
1581:St. Joseph North Pier Inner
1152:Portage River (Jacobsville)
819:United States Coast Guard,
2555:
1461:Grand Haven North Pierhead
1237:Manistique East Breakwater
1117:Marquette Breakwater Outer
2417:
1323:Six Mile Point Range Rear
1208:
1182:Sand Point Light (Baraga)
1087:Grand Marais Range Lights
1072:Grand Island East Channel
1057:Eagle Harbor Range Lights
1042:Copper Harbor Front Range
1009:
953:United States Coast Guard
486:on the Wisconsin side of
360:
327:NRHP reference
296:
287:
278:
273:Holland Harbor Lighthouse
271:
267:
263:
259:
183:
47:
35:
2514:Houses completed in 1907
2504:Houses completed in 1872
1786:Historical (lost) lights
1737:Saginaw River Rear Range
1551:Pentwater South Pierhead
1546:Pentwater North Pierhead
1337:Portage River/Ship Canal
1328:Winter Point Range Front
1220:Southern Upper Peninsula
1020:Northern Upper Peninsula
926:The Lighthouse Directory
1793:Au Sable North Pierhead
1707:Peche Island Rear Range
1610:Eastern Lower Peninsula
1414:Western Lower Peninsula
1003:Lighthouses in Michigan
775:Lighthouses of Michigan
484:Kewaunee Pierhead Light
376:Park Township, Michigan
85:42.772694°N 86.212417°W
56:Ottawa County, Michigan
466:
408:
1863:Mama Juda Range Front
1456:Frankfort South Range
1446:Charlevoix South Pier
550:National Park Service
464:
406:
90:42.772694; -86.212417
1888:North Manitou Island
1576:South Manitou Island
1526:Mission Point (1933)
1421:Beaver Island Harbor
1395:Round Island Passage
1132:Munising Front Range
1127:Mendota (Bete Grise)
691:American Lighthouses
472:Senator Thomas Ferry
368:Holland Harbor Light
353:Designated MSHS
42:Holland Harbor Light
1657:Fourteen Foot Shoal
1541:North Manitou Shoal
1531:Muskegon Breakwater
1368:Straits of Mackinac
1137:Munising Rear Range
1067:Fourteen Mile Point
812:Putnam, George R.,
141:42 feet (13 m)
81: /
32:
2448:Historic districts
1873:Middle Lake George
1762:Thunder Bay Island
1717:Pointe aux Barques
1496:Little Sable Point
1426:Beaver Island Head
1385:Old Mackinac Point
1197:Thunder Bay Island
1082:Grand Island North
835:U.S. Coast Guard,
821:Aids to Navigation
508:Holland State Park
467:
409:
314:less than one acre
2524:Holland, Michigan
2486:
2485:
1956:
1955:
1813:Ecorse Range Rear
1682:Mariners Memorial
1511:Manistee Pierhead
1400:St. Helena Island
1303:Frying Pan Island
1287:St. Martin Island
1252:Minneapolis Shoal
1187:St. Martin Island
887:978-1-58726-251-7
855:Wagner, John L.,
783:978-0-942618-78-5
758:Oleszewski, Wes,
753:978-1-55750-638-2
730:978-0-7627-2735-3
707:978-0-7627-0324-1
662:978-1-59223-102-7
476:U. S. Coast Guard
388:Holland, Michigan
364:
363:
340:Significant dates
305:Holland, Michigan
2546:
2478:Railway stations
2430:
2429:
2423:
2422:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1702:Old Presque Isle
1697:New Presque Isle
1652:Forty Mile Point
1622:Caseville Harbor
1566:South Fox Island
1516:Manning Memorial
1296:St. Mary's River
1257:Naubinway Island
1214:
1122:Marquette Harbor
996:
989:
982:
973:
968:
956:
950:
933:
852:
843:Wagner, John L.
832:
827:Price, Scott T.
809:
804:. Archived from
626:
621:
615:
614:
612:
611:
602:. Archived from
596:
590:
589:
587:
586:
575:"The Lighthouse"
571:
565:
560:
554:
553:
536:
457:used the harbor.
434:A. C. Van Raalte
374:, is located in
356:January 16, 1976
330:
255:
254:
248:Alt WR 10s
238:
237:
211:
210:
179:
178:
164:
163:
96:
95:
93:
92:
91:
86:
82:
79:
78:
77:
74:
40:
33:
31:
30:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2415:
1997:Lists by county
1992:
1987:
1957:
1952:
1922:
1853:Kalamazoo River
1781:
1692:Miller Memorial
1605:
1501:Little Traverse
1431:Big Sable Point
1409:
1363:
1332:
1291:
1262:Peninsula Point
1215:
1206:
1202:Whitefish Point
1015:
1005:
1000:
959:
948:
942:
920:Rowlett, Russ.
919:
911:
906:
842:
826:
796:Pepper, Terry.
795:
735:Noble, Dennis,
635:
633:Further reading
630:
629:
622:
618:
609:
607:
598:
597:
593:
584:
582:
573:
572:
568:
561:
557:
552:. July 9, 2010.
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205:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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2413:
2408:
2407:
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2331:
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2318:
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2305:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:Grand Traverse
2134:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1777:Windmill Point
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:Sturgeon Point
1749:
1744:
1742:Spectacle Reef
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Lake St. Clair
1674:
1669:
1667:Gravelly Shoal
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1632:Cheboygan Crib
1629:
1627:Charity Island
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1491:Ile Aux Galets
1488:
1486:Holland Harbor
1483:
1478:
1476:Grand Traverse
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:McGulpin Point
1377:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Point Iroquois
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:Poverty Island
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:Menominee Pier
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Lansing Shoals
1229:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:Passage Island
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:Manitou Island
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:Granite Island
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:
998:
991:
984:
976:
970:
969:
967:on 2017-05-01.
957:
951:. Light List.
940:
934:
917:
910:
909:External links
907:
905:
904:
890:
875:
853:
840:
833:
824:
817:
810:
808:on 2008-01-30.
793:
773:Penrod, John,
771:
756:
733:
710:
687:
665:
642:
636:
634:
631:
628:
627:
616:
591:
581:. 17 June 2013
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
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1995:
1991:
1984:
1979:
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1972:
1970:
1965:
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1961:
1948:
1945:
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1868:Manistee Main
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1823:Grassy Island
1821:
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1803:Clinton River
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1687:Middle Island
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1642:Detroit River
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1536:Muskegon Pier
1534:
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1524:
1522:
1521:Mission Point
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1198:
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1192:Stannard Rock
1190:
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1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
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1038:
1037:Copper Harbor
1035:
1033:
1032:Big Bay Point
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
997:
992:
990:
985:
983:
978:
977:
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947:
946:
941:
938:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
913:
912:
908:
903:
902:1-55046-399-3
899:
895:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
872:9781880311011
869:
866:
865:1-880311-01-1
862:
858:
854:
850:
848:
841:
838:
834:
830:
825:
822:
818:
815:
811:
807:
803:
801:
794:
791:
790:9781893624238
787:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
768:0-932212-98-0
765:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
745:1-55750-638-8
742:
738:
734:
731:
727:
723:
722:0-7627-2735-7
719:
715:
711:
708:
704:
700:
699:0-7627-0324-5
696:
692:
688:
685:
684:9780814325544
681:
678:
677:0-8143-2554-8
674:
670:
666:
663:
659:
655:
654:1-59223-102-0
651:
647:
643:
641:
638:
637:
632:
625:
620:
617:
606:on 2008-09-07
605:
601:
595:
592:
580:
576:
570:
567:
564:
559:
556:
551:
547:
546:
541:
535:
532:
525:
521:
518:
517:
513:
511:
509:
501:Accessibility
500:
498:
496:
493:In 2007, the
491:
489:
488:Lake Michigan
485:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
438:Lake Macatawa
435:
431:
427:
426:
425:
422:
420:
419:U.S. Congress
416:
405:
396:
394:
391:
389:
385:
384:Lake Macatawa
381:
380:Lake Michigan
377:
373:
369:
359:
355:
351:
348:July 20, 1978
347:
345:Added to NRHP
343:
338:
335:
332:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
282:
277:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
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245:
241:
236:
230:
226:
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218:
214:
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203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
182:
177:
171:
167:
162:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
94:
66:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
29:
2344:Presque Isle
1935:
1727:Port Sanilac
1672:Harbor Beach
1647:Fort Gratiot
1561:Portage Lake
1556:Point Betsie
1485:
1390:Round Island
1354:Portage Lake
1282:Squaw Island
1172:Rock of Ages
1102:Huron Island
1052:Eagle Harbor
965:the original
944:
925:
893:
878:
877:Wargin, Ed,
856:
846:
836:
820:
813:
806:the original
799:
774:
759:
736:
713:
690:
668:
645:
619:
608:. Retrieved
604:the original
594:
583:. Retrieved
578:
569:
558:
543:
534:
504:
492:
481:
423:
412:
392:
371:
367:
365:
301:Nearest city
221:Fresnel lens
219:Sixth order
201:Focal height
122:Construction
76:86°12′44.7″W
73:42°46′21.7″N
2436:Other lists
2364:Schoolcraft
2294:Montmorency
1903:Squaw Point
1893:Saginaw Bay
1883:New Buffalo
1878:Monroe Pier
1757:Tawas Point
1732:Saginaw Bay
1722:Port Austin
1601:White Shoal
1596:White River
1591:Waugoshance
1571:South Haven
1436:Cedar River
1308:Pipe Island
1242:Martin Reef
1227:DeTour Reef
1167:Rock Harbor
1107:Isle Royale
1062:Eagle River
1047:Crisp Point
712:Jones, Ray,
370:, known as
106:Constructed
88: /
63:Coordinates
2493:Categories
2379:St. Joseph
2369:Shiawassee
2230:Livingston
2074:Charlevoix
1947:Wixom Lake
1934:Lightship
1798:Belle Isle
1481:Grays Reef
1441:Charlevoix
1375:Bois Blanc
1277:Seul Choix
1272:Sand Point
1177:Sand Hills
610:2008-06-18
585:2021-07-29
526:References
114:Foundation
19:Lighthouse
2394:Washtenaw
2389:Van Buren
2374:St. Clair
2349:Roscommon
2321:Ontonagon
2280:Missaukee
2270:Menominee
2255:Marquette
2192:Kalamazoo
2147:Hillsdale
2109:Dickinson
2079:Cheboygan
1858:Mama Juda
1818:Gibraltar
1662:Gibraltar
1506:Ludington
1451:Frankfort
1142:Ontonagon
1097:Gull Rock
447:schooners
223:(removed)
193:First lit
157:red
130:Automated
2462:listings
2298:Muskegon
2290:Montcalm
2250:Manistee
2240:Mackinac
2220:Leelanau
2205:Keweenaw
2196:Kalkaska
2182:Isabella
2152:Houghton
2099:Crawford
2084:Chippewa
1712:Poe Reef
1027:Au Sable
514:See also
451:steamers
442:Congress
334:78001509
169:Heritage
154:Markings
52:Location
2443:Bridges
2411:Wexford
2404:Detroit
2384:Tuscola
2359:Sanilac
2354:Saginaw
2325:Osceola
2308:Oakland
2303:Newaygo
2275:Midland
2265:Mecosta
2225:Lenawee
2187:Jackson
2142:Gratiot
2132:Gogebic
2128:Gladwin
2124:Genesee
2094:Clinton
2064:Calhoun
2054:Berrien
2014:Allegan
1927:Related
1405:Wawatam
648:(2002)
397:History
372:Big Red
2453:Houses
2339:Ottawa
2334:Otsego
2329:Oscoda
2317:Ogemaw
2313:Oceana
2285:Monroe
2245:Macomb
2215:Lapeer
2162:Ingham
2059:Branch
2049:Benzie
2034:Baraga
2029:Arenac
2024:Antrim
2019:Alpena
2004:Alcona
1808:Ecorse
1617:Alpena
1011:Main:
900:
885:
870:
863:
788:
781:
766:
751:
743:
728:
720:
705:
697:
682:
675:
660:
652:
455:barges
149:Square
138:Height
2399:Wayne
2260:Mason
2172:Iosco
2167:Ionia
2157:Huron
2119:Emmet
2114:Eaton
2104:Delta
2089:Clare
2039:Barry
2009:Alger
1936:Huron
949:(PDF)
430:Dutch
382:with
319:Built
228:Range
188:Light
146:Shape
101:Tower
25:
2235:Luce
2210:Lake
2200:Kent
2177:Iron
2069:Cass
898:ISBN
883:ISBN
868:ISBN
861:ISBN
786:ISBN
779:ISBN
764:ISBN
749:ISBN
741:ISBN
726:ISBN
718:ISBN
703:ISBN
695:ISBN
680:ISBN
673:ISBN
658:ISBN
650:ISBN
453:and
366:The
322:1907
311:Area
216:Lens
196:1872
133:1970
125:Wood
117:Pier
109:1872
2044:Bay
510:.
329:No.
2495::
928:.
924:.
747:;
724:;
701:;
656:;
577:.
548:.
542:.
490:.
449:,
421:.
390:.
2464:)
2460:(
1982:e
1975:t
1968:v
995:e
988:t
981:v
955:.
939:,
932:.
889:.
874:.
849:"
845:"
802:"
798:"
792:.
770:.
755:.
732:.
709:.
686:.
664:.
613:.
588:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
