796:
625:
266:
1539:
be listed only in the
Alternate book and the suffixes had to be part of the name. In the Canadian herd books, all –Alt and -Red animals were listed in the regular herd book in registration number order and were identified with an A in front of their numbers. The Alternates were separate in name only. The A in front of the registration number was discontinued in 1976 and the –Alt suffix was dropped in 1980, but –Red was continued. It did not bar the registration of animals whose hair turned from red to black.
1469:
955:
America) is characterised by large, loose-housing operations, TMR feeding, and relatively many employees. However, dairy farms in the northeast US and parts of Canada differ from the typical
American operation. There, many smaller family farms with either loose-housing or stanchion barns are found. These operations are quite similar to the European type, which is characterised by relatively small operations where each cow is fed and treated individually.
1244:
highest yields are achieved between the fifth and seventh lactations; if so, this is particularly so for
Friesians, with a greater lift for mature cows, and sustained over more lactations. However, production index only takes the first five lactations into account. British Friesian breeding has certainly not stood still, and through studied evaluation, substantial gains in yield have been achieved without the loss of type.
1492:(AI) unit in the US was a carrier of red coat colour. Although the AI unit reported the condition and advised breeders as to its mode of inheritance, almost a third of the breeding unit's Holstein inseminations that year were to that red-carrier bull. That year, American AI units had used 67 red-factor bulls that had sired 8250 registered progeny. In spite of this, any change to the colour marking rules was rejected.
1408:
1147:
142:
1485:
documented. A few stories of "reds" born to elite parents persist over time, as there is a tendency to credit the ancestor with the highest (closest) relationship to a red-carrier animal as the one that transmitted the trait, whereas sometimes it is the other parental line that has passed it on, even though the ancestor responsible may have entered the pedigree several generations earlier.
1208:
475:
43:
84:
1555:
checking with other breed associations and with the AI industry. In 1987, Holstein Canada and the
Canadian AI industry modified their coding procedures to distinguish between Black/Red and true red colour patterns for bulls. Holstein Canada dropped the suffix Red as a part of the name in 1990, but continued to carry it as part of the birth date and other codes field.
1386:
1378:
1564:
778:
1518:
Canada's number one red-carrier sire in the 1940s was A.B.C. Reflection
Sovereign. His sons and grandsons in the 1950s and '60s spread the red gene throughout Canada and increased its frequency in the United States. Three other big names siring Red and Whites in the United States were Rosafe Citation
865:
because of a contagious disease. He made a third importation in 1861. This was followed in 1867 by an importation for the Hon. Gerrit S. Miller, of
Peterboro, New York, made by his brother, Dudley Miller, who had been attending the noted agricultural school at Eldena (Königlich Preußische Staats- und
742:
For inclusion in the Pure (Holstein or
Friesian) herd book, a heifer or bull calf from a cow or heifer in Class B of the Supplementary Register and by a bull registered or dual registered in the Herd Book or the Supplementary Register, and containing 87.5% or more Holstein genes or Frisian genes will
1526:
It became obvious that AI was the primary way of finding out which bulls were red carriers. Prior to AI, few red-carrier sires were uncovered because their service was limited to one or a few herds. Such herds often had no carrier females, and there was only a 25% chance that a carrier bull mated to
1522:
Early on, there was criticism of the policy of the
Canadian AI units to remove bulls found to carry red. A number of superior bulls were slaughtered or exported. The studs were simply supporting the Canadian policy to prevent the intensification of the red recessive in the breed. The phrase "carries
1393:
The expression of red colour replacing the black in
Holsteins is a function of a recessive gene. Assuming the allele 'B' stands for the dominant black and 'b' for the recessive red, cattle with the paired genes 'BB', 'Bb', or 'bB' would be black and white, while 'bb' cattle would be red and white.
1215:
While interest in increasing production through indexing and lifetime profit scores had a huge increase in
Holstein bloodlines in the UK, proponents of the traditional British Friesian did not see things that way, and maintain these criteria do not reflect the true profitability or the production of
1132:
A huge controversy in the UK in January 2007 linked the cloning company Smiddiehill and Humphreston Farm owned by father-and-son team Michael and Oliver Eaton (also owners of the large, Birmingham-based stone product business, BS Eaton) with a calf that was cloned from a cow in Canada. Despite their
734:
Class A is for a typical representative of the Holstein or Friesian breed, as to type, size and constitution, with no obvious signs of crossbreeding, or be proved from its breeding records to contain between 50% and 74.9% Holstein genes or Friesian genes. If the breeding records show that one parent
687:
The pure Holstein Breed Society was started in 1946 in Great Britain, following the British Friesian Cattle Society. The breed was developed slowly up to the 1970s, after which there was an explosion in its popularity, and additional animals were imported. More recently, the two societies merged in
1538:
Canadian Red and Whites became eligible for registration in the herd book on July 1, 1969, through an alternate registry. Red and Whites were to be listed with the suffix –RED and Black and Whites with ineligible markings would be registered with the suffix –ALT. Both groups and their progeny would
1530:
In 1964, the Netherlands Herd Book Society indicated a breakdown of 71% Black and White Friesian and 28% Red and Whites. A herd book that accepted Red and Whites had already been established in the United States. A separate herd book for Canadian Red and Whites was then established, following which
1514:
Also, thousands of Holsteins were imported from Canada each year, and many were carriers. More than 14,000 Holsteins were exported to the United States in 1964 and again in 1965. This was at a time when both countries were debating the "red question". While the United States was trying to eliminate
1480:
in the US were imported between 1869 and 1885. A group of early breeders decreed that animals of any colour other than black and white would not be accepted in the herd book, and that the breed would be known as Holsteins. There were objections, saying that quality and not colour should be the aim,
1322:
The disposal of male black and white calves continues to receive media attention, and would appear to be a waste of a valuable resource. One of the great strengths of the British Friesian is the ability of the male calf to finish and grade satisfactorily, either in intensive systems, or as steers,
1306:
Friesian semen is once again being exported to countries with grass-based systems of milk production. The modern Friesian is pre-eminently a grazing animal, well able to sustain itself over many lactations, on both low-lying and upland grasslands, being developed by selective breeding over the last
465:
As a result, breeders have imported specialized dairy Holsteins from the United States to cross-breed them with European black-and-whites. Today, the term "Holstein" is used to describe North or South American stock and the use of that stock in Europe, particularly in Northern Europe. "Friesian" is
1546:
An American Breeders Service ad in the Canadian Holstein Journal in 1974 on Hanover-Hill Triple Threat mentioned one of several colour variants that were not true red. Its existence was undoubtedly common knowledge among breeders in both countries, but until that time, it had not been mentioned in
1318:
Although understanding the need to change the society's name to include the word Holstein in 1988, British Friesian enthusiasts are less than happy now that the word Friesian has been removed from the name. With the history of the breed spanning 100 years, the British Friesian cow is continuing to
1292:
No other Friesian cattle were imported until the official importation of 1914, which included several near descendants of the renowned dairy bull Ceres 4497 F.R.S. These cattle were successful in establishing the Friesian as an eminent, long-lived dairy breed in Britain. This role was continued in
938:
between 1984 and 1992 using 4293 Holstein lactation records from eight herds, 48% of cows were milked three times a day. The practice was responsible for an extra 17.3% milk, 12.3% fat, and 8.8% protein. Three-times-a-day milking has become a common practice in recent years. Twice-a-day milking is
659:
area, farmers imported continental cattle from the Netherlands and German territories on the Elbe. Low wrote, "Of the precise extent of these early importations we are imperfectly informed, but that they exercised a great influence on the native stock appears from this circumstance, that the breed
486:
patterns. On rare occasions, some have both black and red colouring with white. The red factor causes this unique colouring. 'Blue' is also a known colour. This colour is produced by white hairs mixed with the black hairs giving the cow a bluish tint. This colouring is also known as 'blue roan' in
1554:
Black/Reds were often discriminated against when sold and were barred from Red and White-sponsored shows. In 1984, Holstein Canada considered recoding B/R bulls that had always been coded simply as red carriers, a designation that was not acceptable to all buyers. The breed agreed to change after
1534:
The US Holstein-Friesian Association and its membership worked diligently from its early days until 1970 to eliminate the red trait from the registered population. However, once the door was open, red and whites began to appear in some of the more elite herds. The rush to get the best of Canadian
1302:
The Friesian enjoyed great expansion in the 1950s, through to the 80s, until the increased Holstein influence on the national herd in the 1990s ; a trend which is being questioned by some commercial dairy farmers in the harsh dairying climate that prevails today, with the need to exploit grazing
912:
The 2008 average actual production for all USA Holstein herds that were enrolled in production-testing programs and eligible for genetic evaluations was 23,022 pounds (10,443 kg) of milk, 840 pounds (380 kg) of butterfat, and 709 pounds (322 kg) of protein per year. Total lifetime
1243:
Friesians have also been disadvantaged through the comparison of their type to a Holstein base. A separate "index" be composed to greater has been suggested to reflect the aspects of maintenance for bodyweight, protein percentage, longevity, and calf value. National Milk Records figures suggest
1223:
This animal came to dominate the UK dairy cow population during these years, with exports of stock and semen to many countries throughout the world. Although the idea of "dual-purpose" animals has arguably become outmoded, the fact remains that the Friesian is eminently suitable for many farms,
954:
survey reported 29.2% of surveyed US dairy farms had adopted this system of feeding dairy cows. A 1991 Illinois dairy survey found 26% of Illinois dairy farmers used TMR rations with 300 kg more milk per cow compared to other feeding systems. The American type of operation (North and South
453:
Today, the breed is used for milk in the north of Europe, and for meat in the south of Europe. After 1945, European cattle breeding and dairy products became increasingly confined to certain regions due to the development of national infrastructure. This change led to the need to designate some
1542:
The US Holstein Association decided not to have a separate herd book for red and whites and off-color animals. The suffixes of –Red and –OC would be used, and numbering would be consecutive. The first red and white Holsteins were recorded with an R in front of their numbers. 212 males and 1191
1551:. The hair coat colour change became known as Black/Red and sometimes as Telstar/Red, since the condition appeared in calves sired by Roybrook Telstar. Telstar was the sire of Triple Threat, but nothing about this had hitherto been in print about Telstar, which was by then over 10 years old.
1484:
Only a small number of carriers were identified over the hundred-year span from the early importations until they were accepted into the Canadian and American herd books in 1969 and 1970, respectively. Most of the early accounts of red calves being born to black and white parents were never
1239:
Such extensive, low-cost systems may imply lower veterinary costs, through good fertility, resistance to lameness, and a tendency to higher protein percentage, and, therefore, higher milk price. An 800-kg Holstein has a higher daily maintenance energy requirement than the 650-kg Friesian.
615:
report on Dystopian Farming cited a 2004 study from the Journal of Dairy Science identified that between 96 and 98% of UK Holsteins were inbred to some degree, compared with around 50% in 1990. More generally the rate of inbreeding in the UK has risen significantly since 1990.
738:
Class B is for a calf by a bull registered or dual registered in the Herd Book or in the Supplementary Register and out of a foundation cow or heifer registered in Class A or B of the Supplementary Register and containing between 75% and 87.4% Holstein genes or Frisian genes.
1511:, the herd owner rarely did anything to remove the dam from his herd and only hoped she would not have another red calf. Many red calves, born in both countries prior to the 1970s, were quietly disposed of, with a view to preserving the acceptance of their elite pedigrees.
1307:
100 years. Some outstanding examples of the breed have 12 to 15 lactations to their credit, emphasising their inherent natural fecundity. In response to demand, protein percentages have been raised across the breed, and herd protein levels of 3.4% to 3.5% are not uncommon.
462:, and more than 60% of the cattle in Europe are found there as well. Today's European breeds, national derivatives of the Dutch Friesian, have become very different animals from those developed by breeders in the United States, who use Holsteins only for dairy production.
596:
land in the Netherlands is unsurpassed for the production of grass, cattle, and dairy products. Between the 13th and 16th centuries, the production of butter and cheese was enormous. Historic records describe heavy beef cattle, weighing from 2,600 to 3,000 pounds each.
1523:
the red factor" had to be included in the description, and excessive promotion of unproven red-factor bulls was discouraged. They later added the aim of permitting intelligent breeders to use any red-carrier sire that had an outstanding proof for production and type.
1133:
efforts to block the farm from view of the press, news cameras broadcast this as breaking news among many of the country's top news stations. Since then, this calf had been rumored to have been put down to protect the owners, the Eatons, from invasions of the press.
913:
productivity can be inferred from the average lifetime of US cows. This has been decreasing regularly in recent years and now stands at around 2.75 lactations, which when multiplied by average lactation yield above gives around 61,729 pounds (28,000 kg) of milk.
899:
In the late 19th century, there was enough interest among Friesian breeders to form associations to record pedigrees and maintain herd books. These associations merged in 1885, to found the Holstein-Friesian Association of America. In 1994, the name was changed to
942:
Higher cow potential (100% Holstein herds): European Friesian types traditionally had lower production performances than their North American Holstein counterparts. Despite Holstein influence over the last 50 years, a large genetic trace of these cattle is still
1219:
Friesian breeders say modern conditions in the UK, similar to the 1950s through to the 1980s, with low milk price and the need for extensive, low-cost systems for many farmers, may ultimately cause producers to re-examine the attributes of the British Friesian.
1227:
Proponents argue that Friesians last for more lactations through more robust conformation, thus spreading depreciation costs. An added advantage of income from the male calf exists, which can be placed into barley beef systems (finishing from 11 months) or
501:
should be bred by 11 to 14 months of age, when they weigh 317–340 kg (700–750 lb) or 55% of adult weight. Generally, breeders plan for Holstein heifers to calve for the first time between 21 and 24 months of age and 80% of adult body weight. The
1102:. The cloned calf was born 21 years and 5 months after Starbuck's own birth date and just under 2 years after his death (17 September 1998). The calf weighed 54.2 kg at birth and showed the same vital signs as calves produced from regular AI or ET.
1503:
individuals to improve milk production, red and white Holsteins came into the picture, since the red colour factor is the same for both breeds. The RWDCA had adopted an "open herd book" policy, and the Red and White Holstein became the major player.
823:
River valleys. They probably brought cattle with them from their native land and crossed them with cattle purchased in the colony. For many years afterwards, the cattle here were called Dutch cattle and were renowned for their milking qualities.
663:
Holstein-Friesians were found throughout the rich lowlands of the Netherlands, northwestern provinces of Germany, Belgium and northern France. The breed did not become established in Great Britain at the time, nor was it used in the islands of
1314:
feeds, by a happy coincidence, surplus male animals are highly regarded as producers of high quality, lean meat, whether crossed with a beef breed or not. Beef-cross heifers have long been sought after as ideal suckler cow replacements.
2562:
On the Domesticated Animals of the British Islands: Comprehending the Natural and Economical History of Species and Varieties; the Description of the Properties of External Form; and Observations on the Principles and Practice of
1252:
Friesians were imported into the east coast ports of England and Scotland, from the lush pastures of North Holland, during the 19th century until live cattle importations were stopped in 1892, as a precaution against endemic
494:
A healthy calf weighs 40 to 50 kg (75–110 lb) or more at birth. A mature Holstein cow typically weighs 680–770 kg (1500–1700 lb), and stands 145–165 cm (58–65 in) tall at the shoulder. Holstein
1323:
extensively. This latter system may become increasingly popular due to the prohibitive increase in grain prices. The robustness of the British Friesian and its suitability to grazing and forage systems is well known.
454:
animals for dairy production and others for beef production; previously, milk and beef had been produced from dual-purpose animals. Today, more than 80% of dairy production takes place north of the line between
1288:
noted 1,000 males and 6,000 females, the stock which originally formed the foundation of the breed in England and Scotland. Entry from then until 1921, when grading up was introduced, was by pedigree only.
1547:
print. Calves were born red and white and registered as such, but over the first six months of age turned black or mostly black with some reddish hairs down the backline, around the muzzle and at the
577:; these fought successfully in the various Roman wars. The Frisii bred the same strain of cattle unadulterated for 2,000 years, except from accidental circumstances. In 1282 AD, floods produced the
735:
is of a breed other than Holstein-Friesian, Holstein, or Friesian, then such parent must be a purebred animal fully registered in a herd book of a dairy breed society recognized by the Society.
1099:
728:
Holstein in this instance, and indeed in all modern discussion, refers to animals traced from North American bloodlines, while Friesian refers to indigenous European black and white cattle.
1365:
which makes them naturally hornless. The polled gene has historically had a very low gene frequency in the Holstein breed. However, with animal welfare concerns surrounding the practice of
916:
The current national Holstein milk production leader is Bur-Wall Buckeye Gigi EX-94 3E, which produced 74,650 pounds (33,860 kg) of milk in 365 days, completing her record in 2016.
1499:
breeders, who wanted a dairy registry for the cattle they had bred in prior years, including some red and white Holsteins. When Milking Shorthorn breeders were looking for potential
1710:
Fontanesi, L.; Scotti, E.; Russo, V. (15 September 2011). "Haplotype variability in the bovine MITF gene and association with piebaldism in Holstein and Simmental cattle breeds".
680:, breeders on the islands needed to restore their breeds, which had been severely reduced during the war, and imported almost 200 animals. Canadian breeders sent a gift of three
2615:
2128:
1886:
1844:
1618:
Knickers, an extremely large steer from Western Australia, which was making worldwide headlines in November 2018 for being too large to be processed at the local abattoirs.
717:
696:
Records on 1 April 2005 from Nomenclature for Units of Territorial Statistics level 1 show Holstein influence appearing in 61% of all 3.47 million dairy cattle in the UK:
2309:"The Genetic Genius of Darwin, Mendel and Hunt – Genetic Transmission and the Holstein Cow :: The Bullvine - The Dairy Information You Want To Know When You Need It"
1810:
1507:
The red trait was thus able to survive the attempts to eradicate it that came from all sides of the Holstein industry. It was inevitable that even when a red calf was
1859:
893:. Trina has traced back sixteen generations to one of the first cows imported into the United States. There are thirty generations of Trina Holstein offspring today.
546:
may have led to the foundation of the present Holstein-Friesian breed, as the cattle of these two tribes from then are described identically in historical records.
565:, and in Germany to the River Ems. The people were known for their care and breeding of cattle. The Frisii, preferring pastoral pursuits to warfare, paid a tax of
466:
used to describe animals of traditional European ancestry that are bred for both dairy and beef use. Crosses between the two are described as "Holstein-Friesian".
2526:
487:
some farm circles. They are famed for their high dairy production, averaging 22,530 pounds (10,220 kg) of milk per year. Of this milk, 858 pounds (3.7%) are
1299:
The 1950 importation has a lesser influence on the breed today than the previous importations, although various Adema sons were used successfully in some herds.
2610:
1964:
1260:
In 1909, though, the society was formed as the British Holstein Cattle Society, soon to be changed to British Holstein Friesian Society and, by 1918, to the
1693:
1678:
1543:
females were recorded in the initial group of red registrations. Red and Whites registered in the Canadian herd book numbered 281 in 1969 and 243 in 1970.
1296:
The 1936 importation from the Netherlands introduced a more dual-purpose type of animal, the Dutch having moved away from the Ceres line in the meantime.
1054:, b. 1970, was the first bull ever to have a milk transmission index of over 2,000 M and have a positive type index. "Wayne" had a very famous daughter,
608:
was not tolerated, and (distinct) families never arose, although differences in soil in different localities produced different sizes and variations.
2031:
2016 in America most dairy markets are non supplemented, the use of rBST in dairy cattle is in rapid decline since 2006. The patent owner of rBST is
1947:
1319:
prove her worth. The general robustness and proven fertility provide an ideal black and white cross for Holstein breeders seeking these attributes.
1273:
of 1900 referred to both the "exceptionally good" and "remarkably inferior" Dutch cattle. The Dutch cow was also considered to require more quality
2039:
1615:(2001-2014), Holstein bull whose semen has sold more than 2.4 million units worldwide and has been estimated to have sired over 500,000 offspring
927:: A study in February 1999 determined the "response to bST over a 305-day lactation equaled 894 kg of milk, 27 kg of fat, and 31 kg of protein".
759:
animals averaging 8,125 litres/year over an average of 3.43 lactations. By adding, lifetime production therefore stands at around 26,000 litres.
2353:
636:
Up to the 18th century, the British Isles imported Dutch cattle, using them as the basis of several breeds in England and Scotland. The eminent
1527:
a carrier female would produce a red calf. If a red and white calf were dropped, it was often concealed and quietly removed from the herd.
795:
2308:
1568:
2575:
839:. A settler described them thus, "the cows were of the size of oxen, their colors clear black and white in large patches; very handsome".
624:
2481:
2461:
939:
the most common milking schedule of dairy cattle. In Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, milking at 10- to 14-hour intervals is common.
874:, where this breed was highly regarded. These two importations, by Hon. William A. Russell, of Lawrence, Mass., and three animals from
1531:
Red and Whites became acceptable to the major Canadian (export) markets. The sales ring began to establish interest in the new breed.
1429:
1168:
586:
159:
56:
2143:
1593:
Pawnee Farm Arlinda Chief, a bull with great genes for milk production; however, he also introduced a lethal gene into the population
1455:
1293:
the 1922 importation from South Africa through Terling Marthus and Terling Collona, which were also near descendants of Ceres 4497.
1194:
243:
225:
123:
70:
2217:
1681:. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 2023.
2230:
1495:
The Red and White Dairy Cattle Association (RWDCA) began registry procedures in 1964 in the United States. Its first members were
878:, imported by Gen. William S. Tilton of the National Military Asylum, Togus, Maine, formed the nucleus of the Holstein Herd Book.
2290:
1874:
542:. Historical records suggest these cattle were black, and the Friesian cattle at this time were "pure white and light coloured".
2200:
827:
The first recorded imports were more than 100 years later, consisting of six cows and two bulls. These were sent in 1795 by the
206:
2511:
2435:
2408:
1284:
notably had flourished, as a valuable export trade developed for traditional British breeds of cattle. At the end of 1912, the
1098:. The clone is a result of the combined efforts of CIAQ, L'Alliance Boviteq Inc, and the Faculté de médecine vétérinaire de l'
442:, a demand for milk developed in North America and South America, and dairy breeders in those regions at first imported their
178:
2099:
1433:
1172:
1029:
931:
estimates a figure of about 1.5 million of 9 million dairy cows are being treated with rBST, or about 17% of cows nationally.
589:, now part of North Holland; the eastern occupied the present provinces of Friesland and Groningen, also in the Netherlands.
163:
1901:
1856:
716:
The above statistics are for all dairy animals possessing passports at the time of the survey, i.e. including young stock.
854:. No records were kept of the descendants of these cattle. Their blood was mingled and lost in that of the native cattle.
652:. The finest dairy cattle in England...", of Holderness in 1840 still retained the distinct traces of their Dutch origin.
185:
105:
94:
2605:
1519:
R, Roeland Reflection Sovereign, and Chambric A.B.C. The red trait was readily available in Canadian Holstein genetics.
2536:
1310:
Whilst the British Friesian is first and foremost a dairy breed, giving high lifetime yields of quality milk from home-
1236:. Very respectable grades can be obtained, commensurate with beef breeds, thereby providing extra income for the farm.
637:
1535:
breeding even prior to the opening of the herd book brought red calves to many dairymen who had never even seen one.
1418:
1261:
1157:
983:
conformation, and feet and leg conformation, but his daughters lacked strength and depth. His descendants included:
1824:
1648:
1028:, the great production bull of the 80s, known also for good udders, feet and legs. A present-day genetic disorder,
836:
192:
1437:
1422:
1176:
1161:
152:
2394:
1690:
681:
31:
2061:
1995:
1476:
Earlier 13th-century records show cattle of "broken" colours entered the Netherlands from Central Europe. Most
1073:
Brachyspina syndrome (BS) is a rare monogenic autosomal recessive hereditary disorder identified in this breed.
994:, was another top-notch bull. He sired over 70,000 Holstein cattle, with descendants numbering over 5 million;
901:
801:
447:
265:
482:
Holsteins have distinctive markings, usually black and white or red and white in colour, typically exhibiting
174:
1606:
1489:
896:
After about 8,800 Holsteins had been imported, a cattle disease broke out in Europe and importation ceased.
2496:
857:
The first permanent introduction of this breed was due to the perseverance of Hon. Winthrop W. Chenery, of
731:
Criteria for inclusion in the Supplementary Register (i.e. not purebred) of the Holstein UK herd book are:
2600:
1944:
1311:
1254:
858:
101:
62:
2159:
Fang, Lingzhao; Li, Yanhua; Zhang, Yi; Sun, Dongxiao; Liu, Lin; Zhang, Yuan; Zhang, Shengli (July 2013).
1567:
President William Howard Taft's cow, Pauline, in front of the Navy Building, which is known today as the
2057:"Effects on Production of Milking Three Times Daily on First Lactation Holsteins and Jerseys in Florida"
846:. About the year 1825, another importation was made by Herman Le Roy, a part of which was sent into the
843:
700:
Holstein-Friesian (Friesian with more than 12.5% and less than 87.5% of Holstein blood): 1,765,000 (51%)
673:
400:
2036:
1919:
1269:
861:. The animals of his first two importations, and their offspring, were destroyed by the government in
811:
Black and white cattle from Europe were introduced into the US from 1621 to 1664. The eastern part of
2361:
1906:
1780:
1596:
Belle Sarcastic, "unofficial mascot" of Michigan State University Archives and Historical Collections
828:
562:
777:
2466:
2277:
1602:(1997-2013), the first red Holstein bull whose semen has sold more than one million units worldwide
1366:
924:
600:
The breeders had the goal of producing as much milk and beef as possible from the same animal. The
1515:
the red trait, the Canadian imports simply counterbalanced the US effort to reduce its incidence.
919:
The considerable advantage, compared to the UK, for example, can be explained by several factors:
2116:
947:
601:
581:, a formed body of water that had the effect of separating the cattle breeders of the modern day
416:
1468:
964:
The golden age of Friesian breeding occurred during the last 50 years, greatly helped lately by
199:
2182:
2080:
2014:
1735:
1727:
1627:
1496:
885:
in the early 20th century, begun by "Trina Redstone Marvel" (or "Old Trina") and continued at
2483:
Knickers the steer, one of the world's biggest steers, avoids the abattoir thanks to his size
2326:
2172:
2070:
2004:
1719:
1548:
1477:
1359:
1355:
928:
527:
2147:
2140:
2075:
2056:
2043:
2009:
1990:
1951:
1931:
1863:
1697:
1612:
1281:
1095:
969:
965:
886:
612:
423:
worldwide, and is found in more than 160 countries. It is known by many names, among them
1257:
on the Continent. They were so few in number, they were not included in the 1908 census.
850:
valley. The rest were kept near New York City. Still later, an importation was made into
2383:
2260:
1277:
and need more looking after than some English cattle that could easily be out-wintered.
676:. Their laws prohibited using imports from the continent for breeding purposes. After
2238:
1587:
991:
832:
812:
2294:
1954:(PPT file). Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA
1767:
842:
In 1810, a bull and two cows were imported by the Hon. William Jarvis for his farm at
2594:
2204:
1723:
1581:
862:
847:
820:
816:
554:
543:
450:) had been imported, Europe stopped exporting dairy animals due to disease problems.
420:
412:
306:
950:(TMR) feeding systems: TMR systems continue to expand in use on dairy farms. A 1993
2531:
784:
677:
539:
404:
2527:"Pink Floyd: Atom Heart Mother – The 20 best album covers ever – Pictures – Music"
2103:
815:(modern day New York and Connecticut), where many Dutch farmers settled along the
709:
Holstein-Friesian cross (any of the above crossed with other breeds): 101,000 (3%)
497:
1106:
is derived from frozen fibroblast cells, recovered one month before the death of
1599:
1575:
1500:
1407:
1358:
was identified in the United States in 1889. Polled Holsteins have the dominant
1146:
890:
875:
535:
141:
1945:
Historical examination of culling of dairy cows from herds in the United States
660:
formed by the mixture became familiarly known as the Dutch or Holstein breed".
17:
2462:"A Breeder Apart: Farmers Say Goodbye to the Bull Who Sired 500,000 Offspring"
1691:
CIV, France, a tradition of animal husbandry. Animal husbandry and environment
1622:
1207:
867:
656:
641:
605:
574:
474:
2177:
2160:
1731:
998:
was named Bull of the Century by Holstein International Association in 1999.
2161:"Identification of brachyspina syndrome carriers in Chinese Holstein cattle"
1285:
752:
649:
578:
558:
519:
503:
488:
443:
439:
271:
2186:
2018:
1989:
Bauman, D. E.; Everett, R. W.; Weiland, W. H. & Collier, R. J. (1999).
1877:. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). 25 March 2008
1739:
2084:
1385:
881:
The Trina Holstein breed was established by the Merrill farming family in
851:
756:
669:
640:
recorded, "the Dutch breed was especially established in the district of
582:
455:
1020:, b. 1963, sired daughters with similar stature and dairy traits as the
2037:
rBST Use Among U.S. Dairy Farmers: A Comparative Analysis from 6 States
1609:
and mated 100,187 times and whose semen was shipped all over the world.
1508:
1087:
935:
871:
570:
483:
1991:"Production Responses to Bovine Somatotropin in Northeast Dairy Herds"
1965:"Gigi The Cow Broke The Milk Production Record. Is That Bad For Cows?"
2032:
1756:
Holstein Association USA, The World's Largest Dairy Breed Association
1274:
1233:
1229:
665:
645:
593:
550:
523:
459:
408:
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and that the cattle should be called "Dutch" rather than Holsteins.
968:
techniques, which permitted a huge multiplication of bulls entering
934:
Greater use of three-times-per-day milking: In a study performed in
1857:
Most common breeds of cattle in GB (NUTS 1 areas) on 01 April 2005
1562:
1467:
1384:
1377:
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1206:
1050:, b. 1967, was the highest milk production bull of the 1970s, and
980:
882:
629:
623:
531:
515:
473:
831:, which then owned large tracts in New York, to their agent, Mr.
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taken on to finish at two years, on a cheap system of grass and
787:, who would later go on to establish the Trina line of Holsteins
604:, breeding and feeding have been carried out with huge success.
30:
This article is about the breed of cattle. For other uses, see
2585:
1755:
1653:
1401:
1140:
751:
The breed currently averages 7,655 litres/year throughout 3.2
549:
The portion of the country bordering on the North Sea, called
135:
77:
36:
2055:
Campos, MS; Wilcox, CJ; Head, HH; Webb, DW; Hayen, J (1994).
1902:"Wilsondale Farm celebrates 50 years with friends and family"
1825:"Dystopian Farm: The UK dairy industry & its technofixes"
367:
originally a dual-purpose breed, used for both dairy and beef
1224:
particularly where grazing is a main feature of the system.
446:
from the Netherlands. However, after about 8,800 Friesians (
2117:
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Changing to a TMR Feeding System
743:
be eligible to have its entry registered in the Herd Book.
566:
706:
Holstein (more than 87.5% of Holstein blood): 254,000 (7%)
703:
Friesian (more than 87.5% Friesian blood): 1,079,000 (31%)
2513:
Australia's Biggest Cow Is Literally Too Fat to Be Killed
1770:. Ansi.okstate.edu (2000-02-23). Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
1014:. He was unsurpassed at the time for type and production.
2580:
870:
und Eldena; the latter today a locality of the former),
720:
lists just over 2 million adult dairy cattle in the UK.
569:
hides and ox horns to the Roman government, whereas the
1605:
Osborndale Ivanhoe (1952-1970), Holstein bull owned by
1369:, the interest in polled genetics is growing rapidly.
2576:
Ontario Plaques – Holstein Friesian Cattle in Ontario
104:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1813:. Chla.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
1113:
The Semex Alliance also cloned other bulls, such as
1024:, but with higher production. He also notably sired
361:
353:
345:
331:
317:
312:
302:
294:
286:
278:
166:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2436:"Osborndale Ivanhoe Lies A-Mold'ring in the Grave"
2354:"One prize bull caused 500,000 miscarried calves"
2119:. Wcds.afns.ualberta.ca. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
1840:
1838:
2237:. British Friesian Breeders Club. Archived from
1806:
1804:
1802:
674:their own special cattle named after the islands
518:migrated with their cattle to the shores of the
1679:Transboundary breed: Holstein (black and white)
2165:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
514:Near 100 BC, a displaced group of people from
979:, b. 1952, brought stature, angularity, good
8:
2616:Cattle breeds originating in the Netherlands
2460:Peters, Mark; Brat, Ilan (14 January 2015).
585:into two groups. The western group occupied
258:
2278:livestock equipment for the profitable farm
1934:. Holsteinusa.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
1758:. Holsteinusa.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
1436:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1175:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2384:"Belle Sarcastic — MSU's Famous Dairy Cow"
1943:H. Duane Norman, E. Hare, and J.R. Wright
1700:. Civ-viande.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
1649:"Gateway to dairy production and products"
1326:Compared to the Holsteins, the Friesians:
264:
257:
2391:MSU Archives & Historical Collections
2176:
2074:
2008:
1920:"Mike Wilson of Wilsondale Farm Obituary"
1811:Core Historical Literature of Agriculture
1456:Learn how and when to remove this message
1195:Learn how and when to remove this message
419:. It is the dominant breed in industrial
349:black and white pied; also red and white.
244:Learn how and when to remove this message
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
2565:, Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans.
2291:"Red and White Dairy Cattle Association"
2280:. AgSelect.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
1621:Lulubelle III, featured on the cover of
1584:, US president William Howard Taft's cow
506:period is about nine and a half months.
411:, stretching from the Dutch province of
100:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1781:"History of dairy cow breeds: Holstein"
1640:
1345:Have higher fat and protein percentages
573:furnished soldiers and officers to the
553:, was situated within the provinces of
1897:
1895:
1674:
1672:
1280:In an era of agricultural depression,
2327:"President Taft's Cow, Pauline Wayne"
1845:A Brief history of the Holstein Breed
1768:Breeds of Livestock – Holstein Cattle
7:
2611:Cattle breeds originating in Germany
1751:
1749:
1569:Eisenhower Executive Office Building
1434:adding citations to reliable sources
1173:adding citations to reliable sources
164:adding citations to reliable sources
1333:Calve more often in their lifetimes
1006:being used on one of the best ever
684:bulls to help establish the breed.
491:and 719 pounds (3.1%) are protein.
2581:World Holstein-Friesian Federation
2501:. New York Times, 28 November 2018
1094:, was born on 7 September 2000 in
648:; northward through the plains of
25:
2076:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77011-9
2010:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75511-6
1823:Watch, Corporate (14 June 2022).
866:landwirthschaftliche Akademie zu
357:horned, mainly dehorned as calves
52:This article has multiple issues.
1724:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02242.x
1578:, Fidel Castro's cow (1972–1985)
1406:
1145:
923:Use of milk production hormone,
794:
776:
712:Other dairy breeds: 278,000 (7%)
282:Holstein cattle, Friesian cattle
140:
82:
41:
1262:British Friesian Cattle Society
783:"Trina", pictured in 1910 with
688:1999 to establish Holstein UK.
526:tribe, occupying the island of
151:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
2480:Jacqueline Lynch, Tyne Logan:
2352:Fell, Andy (18 October 2016).
2218:RED AND WHITE HOLSTEIN HISTORY
1922:– Cowsmopolitan, June 15, 2021
1211:A British Friesian cow grazing
1030:complex vertebral malformation
1:
2498:Wow, That Steer Is Really Big
2141:Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation
1932:History of the Holstein Breed
1058:y, that was dam of the great
1002:was the result of a cross of
990:, b. 1965, often abbreviated
988:Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation
2434:Eddy, Roger (1 April 1970).
1339:Provide valuable male calves
1048:Whittier Farms Apollo Rocket
972:of elite, bull-mother cows.
628:A bull in Llandeilo Graban,
2486:. ABC News, 29 October 2018
2409:"Rotbuntbulle Kian ist tot"
2129:Management of the dairy cow
2102:. Dairy Biz. Archived from
1875:National statistics reports
644:, on the north side of the
2632:
1303:potential to the fullest.
29:
2395:Michigan State University
1090:of the famous CIAQR sire
371:
366:
324:680–770 kg (1500–1700 lb)
263:
32:Holstein (disambiguation)
2586:Holstein Association USA
2516:. Vice, 28 November 2018
2231:"Increase in Popularity"
2178:10.1177/1040638713488387
2146:October 6, 2007, at the
2062:Journal of Dairy Science
1996:Journal of Dairy Science
1862:January 2, 2007, at the
1472:A red and white Holstein
1052:Wayne Spring Fond Apollo
902:Holstein Association USA
802:Holstein Association USA
384:Bos (primigenius) taurus
2331:Presidential Pet Museum
1607:Frances Osborne Kellogg
1490:artificial insemination
1373:Red and white Holsteins
1336:Need fewer replacements
1137:British Friesian cattle
438:With the growth of the
415:to the German state of
2042:March 8, 2008, at the
1590:, a prize-winning bull
1571:
1488:In 1952, a sire in an
1473:
1390:
1389:A red and white heifer
1382:
1381:A red and white heifer
1342:Have lower cell counts
1255:foot and mouth disease
1212:
1100:Université de Montréal
1044:Hilltop Apollo Ivanhoe
859:Belmont, Massachusetts
633:
496:
479:
448:black pied German cows
403:or group of breeds of
2235:Britishfriesian.co.uk
2098:Armstrong, Dennis V.
1566:
1471:
1388:
1380:
1330:Calve more frequently
1210:
1038:Penstate Ivanhoe Star
1034:Carlin-M Ivanhoe Bell
1032:, has been traced to
1026:Carlin-M Ivanhoe Bell
1018:Penstate Ivanhoe Star
1012:Round Oak Ivanhoe Eve
844:Wethersfield, Vermont
655:Further north in the
627:
477:
470:Breed characteristics
338:145–165 cm (58–65 in)
27:Breed of dairy cattle
2265:Penn State Extension
2207:on 7 September 2008.
1907:Lewiston Sun Journal
1430:improve this section
1169:improve this section
1092:Hanoverhill Starbuck
1004:Tidy Burke Elevation
829:Holland Land Company
399:is an international
290:Netherlands, Germany
160:improve this article
93:factual accuracy is
2606:Dairy cattle breeds
2539:on 13 December 2013
2467:Wall Street Journal
2313:www.thebullvine.com
2131:. www.delaval.co.uk
2106:on 7 February 2008.
2100:"Milking Frequency"
1119:Canyon-Breeze Allen
1046:, b. 1960, sire of
407:. It originated in
260:
175:"Holstein Friesian"
2560:Low, David (1845)
2297:on 27 August 2018.
2241:on 18 October 2015
1950:2011-10-27 at the
1787:. 26 December 2014
1696:2013-04-12 at the
1572:
1474:
1391:
1383:
1216:the Friesian cow.
1213:
1123:Ladino-Park Talent
977:Osborndale Ivanhoe
948:total mixed ration
634:
480:
417:Schleswig-Holstein
2003:(12): 2564–2573.
1628:Atom Heart Mother
1559:Notable Holsteins
1497:Milking Shorthorn
1466:
1465:
1458:
1270:Livestock Journal
1205:
1204:
1197:
1067:Genetic anomalies
478:A Holstein heifer
397:Holstein Friesian
393:
392:
287:Country of origin
259:Holstein Friesian
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16:(Redirected from
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2535:. Archived from
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2364:on 5 August 2021
2360:. Archived from
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2293:. Archived from
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2203:. Archived from
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1478:foundation stock
1461:
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1447:
1441:
1410:
1402:
1350:Polled Holsteins
1200:
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1189:
1186:
1180:
1149:
1141:
1127:Braedale Goldwyn
1115:Hartline Titanic
1075:
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1060:To-Mar Blackstar
952:Hoard's Dairyman
929:Monsanto Company
798:
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106:reliably sourced
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2148:Wayback Machine
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2044:Wayback Machine
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1952:Wayback Machine
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1910:, June 19, 2011
1900:
1893:
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1864:Wayback Machine
1855:
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1829:Corporate Watch
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1712:Animal Genetics
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1698:Wayback Machine
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1356:polled Holstein
1352:
1282:breed societies
1250:
1201:
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1166:
1150:
1139:
1096:Saint-Hyacinthe
1081:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1056:To-Mar Wayne Ha
975:Friesian bull,
970:progeny testing
966:embryo transfer
962:
946:Greater use of
925:recombinant bST
910:
887:Wilsondale Farm
809:
808:
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789:
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613:Corporate Watch
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433:Black and White
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91:This article's
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83:
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28:
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18:Holstein cattle
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2570:External links
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2518:
2510:Gavin Butler:
2503:
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2473:
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2426:
2415:. 28 June 2013
2400:
2375:
2344:
2333:. 22 July 2013
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2171:(4): 508–510.
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1718:(3): 250–256.
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1588:RORA Elevation
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1084:Starbuck (2)II
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992:RORA Elevation
961:
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876:East Friesland
833:John Lincklaen
813:New Netherland
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587:West Friesland
530:, between the
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555:North Holland
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544:Crossbreeding
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149:This article
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2541:. Retrieved
2537:the original
2532:Virgin Media
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2443:. Retrieved
2439:
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2413:topagrar.com
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2390:
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2366:. Retrieved
2362:the original
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2330:
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2295:the original
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2239:the original
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2093:
2069:(3): 770–3.
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1972:. Retrieved
1968:
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1789:. Retrieved
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1428:Please help
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1167:Please help
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804:headquarters
785:Karl Merrill
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678:World War II
662:
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635:
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405:dairy cattle
396:
394:
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295:Distribution
255:
240:
222:
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196:
189:
182:
170:
158:Please help
153:verification
150:
120:
111:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2445:9 September
2419:19 December
1576:Ubre Blanca
1501:outcrossing
1104:Starbuck II
1010:daughters,
891:Gray, Maine
354:Horn status
279:Other names
2595:Categories
2245:3 November
2201:"Starbuck"
1636:References
1623:Pink Floyd
1354:The first
1062:, b. 1983.
908:Production
868:Greifswald
753:lactations
747:Production
724:Definition
642:Holderness
606:Inbreeding
575:Roman army
216:March 2023
186:newspapers
114:March 2023
57:improve it
2543:26 August
1974:10 August
1732:1365-2052
1656:(fao.org)
1417:does not
1367:dehorning
1286:herd book
1156:does not
1000:Elevation
996:Elevation
837:Cazenovia
650:Yorkshire
638:David Low
602:selection
592:The rich
579:Zuiderzee
563:Groningen
559:Friesland
522:near the
520:North Sea
504:gestation
489:butterfat
444:livestock
440:New World
298:Worldwide
272:Yorkshire
270:A cow in
102:talk page
63:talk page
2563:Breeding
2358:Futurity
2337:29 April
2187:23674463
2144:Archived
2040:Archived
2019:10629802
1948:Archived
1887:Bye-Laws
1860:Archived
1740:22486495
1694:Archived
1613:Toystory
1446:May 2018
1312:produced
1185:May 2013
1108:Starbuck
1022:Ivanhoes
960:Genetics
943:present.
852:Delaware
757:pedigree
682:yearling
670:Guernsey
583:Frisians
456:Bordeaux
429:Friesian
425:Holstein
95:disputed
2440:Esquire
2368:7 April
2261:"Dairy"
2085:8169285
1969:NPR.org
1661:20 July
1438:removed
1423:sources
1398:History
1248:History
1177:removed
1162:sources
1079:Cloning
1008:Ivanhoe
936:Florida
872:Prussia
768:History
692:Numbers
571:Batavii
528:Batavia
510:History
498:heifers
484:piebald
200:scholar
2185:
2083:
2033:Elanco
2017:
1791:8 June
1738:
1730:
1509:culled
1360:polled
1275:fodder
1234:silage
1230:steers
1125:, and
821:Mohawk
817:Hudson
668:or of
666:Jersey
646:Humber
594:polder
561:, and
551:Frisia
538:, and
524:Frisii
460:Venice
409:Frisia
377:Cattle
332:Height
318:Weight
313:Traits
202:
195:
188:
181:
173:
2387:(PDF)
2035:supp
1631:album
1088:clone
981:udder
883:Maine
755:with
718:DEFRA
630:Powys
532:Rhine
516:Hesse
401:breed
362:Notes
207:JSTOR
193:books
2545:2024
2447:2020
2421:2014
2370:2021
2339:2024
2247:2011
2183:PMID
2081:PMID
2015:PMID
1976:2017
1793:2023
1736:PMID
1728:ISSN
1663:2020
1600:Kian
1549:poll
1421:any
1419:cite
1363:gene
1267:The
1160:any
1158:cite
1036:and
819:and
657:Tees
540:Waal
536:Maas
458:and
431:and
395:The
346:Coat
179:news
2173:doi
2071:doi
2005:doi
1720:doi
1654:FAO
1625:'s
1432:by
1171:by
889:in
835:of
303:Use
162:by
2597::
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2438:.
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2181:.
2169:25
2167:.
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2079:.
2067:77
2065:.
2059:.
2013:.
2001:82
1999:.
1993:.
1967:.
1904:-
1894:^
1837:^
1827:.
1801:^
1783:.
1748:^
1734:.
1726:.
1716:43
1714:.
1671:^
1651:.
1264:.
1129:.
1121:,
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1110:.
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904:.
611:A
567:ox
557:,
534:,
435:.
427:,
66:.
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2007::
1978:.
1831:.
1795:.
1742:.
1722::
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1444:(
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1426:.
1198:)
1192:(
1187:)
1183:(
1179:.
1165:.
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241:(
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204:·
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127:)
121:(
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112:(
108:.
98:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
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