74:
33:
176:
438:
The conditions of the sound change were long debated, since there was a seemingly random distribution of affected and unaffected words. At first, dependence on word accent was assumed, parallel to
831:
729:
prosody develop diphthongal glides which are then "hardened" into stops or fricatives, a phenomenon commonly called "klusilspring" ("stop shifting") or "klusilparasit" ("stop parasite").
793:
995:
856:
435:
The process is brought about by the fact that vowels (or semivowels) in the syllable margin are invariably transformed into consonantal articulations.
197:
184:
835:
691:
Faroese shows a similar development, where some Old Norse long vowels developed into diphthongs, which then hardened into stops, e.g. Old Norse
1532:
91:
46:
967:
233:
215:
157:
60:
988:
138:
1917:
110:
95:
2811:
117:
2841:
2011:
1973:
1958:
1285:
675:'look') do not exhibit this change. If true, this would prevent Holtzmann's law from being used as an example of early
2945:
2821:
2681:
2031:
1990:
1980:
981:
446:, which when lost, triggered lengthening as if the semivowels were vowels, and forced them into the syllable margin.
1197:
124:
442:. One currently accepted solution, first proposed by Smith (1941), postulates dependency on the presence of a PIE
84:
2538:
2816:
2770:
2765:
2689:
2299:
2283:
2162:
2021:
392:
2597:
106:
2755:
2699:
2694:
2614:
2287:
2237:
1995:
1537:
1355:
1039:
1027:
428:
416:
52:
2760:
2242:
2208:
1826:
1642:
1502:
1342:
1237:
2918:
2882:
2150:
2143:
2095:
1865:
1836:
1805:
1768:
1693:
1542:
1450:
1363:
1224:
1186:
336:
2383:
1258:
648:
2887:
2867:
2836:
2709:
2569:
2543:
2444:
2315:
2133:
1725:
1552:
1514:
1509:
1383:
1330:
1088:
2940:
2826:
2373:
2218:
2062:
2016:
1950:
1703:
1465:
1350:
1263:
1061:
639:) hold that Holtzmann's Law represents two separate and independent sound changes, one applying to
636:
941:
KuryĆšowicz, J. "The
Germanic Verschärfung." Language 43, no. 2 (1967): 445–51. doi:10.2307/411544.
2872:
2724:
2714:
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2100:
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1963:
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1004:
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679:
unity, in which context it is often cited. Voyles's explanations of the changes do not involve
131:
2846:
2645:
2561:
2554:
2509:
2453:
2213:
2203:
2186:
2181:
2085:
1847:
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716:
712:
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2592:
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2223:
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2138:
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2040:
1912:
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1460:
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1048:
680:
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443:
285:
797:
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2624:
2531:
2514:
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2487:
2196:
2105:
2090:
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1897:
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1831:
1818:
1798:
1784:
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1524:
1455:
1445:
1437:
1217:
720:
640:
257:
2791:
439:
2912:
2806:
2786:
2738:
2630:
2504:
2174:
1941:
1880:
1659:
1616:
1573:
1490:
1485:
1374:
1324:
1175:
1126:
1081:
1074:
794:"Proto-Indo-European Phonology: Chapter 4: Lengthened /W/ And /Y/ In the GMC. Dialects"
743:
368:
340:
250:
427:, and division of the diphthong and remaining semivowel into two separate segments in
2934:
2877:
2862:
2704:
2460:
2411:
2228:
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2080:
2026:
1985:
1923:
1870:
1754:
1681:
1111:
898:
17:
2731:
2155:
2119:
2052:
1875:
1698:
1671:
1654:
1598:
1557:
1139:
1118:
707:. This phenomenon is commonly called "Faroese Verschärfung" or by the Faroese term
676:
2378:
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2548:
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2393:
2339:
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1929:
1890:
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652:
73:
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1733:
1403:
1104:
309:
914:
2574:
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2322:
1968:
1885:
1666:
1621:
1593:
1419:
644:
424:
365:
316:
253:
2398:
449:
According to
Lehmann (1955), the lengthening occurs in the contexts of PIE
2363:
1711:
2404:
2000:
1902:
725:
659:
on the
Naesbjaerg bracteate of the 5th century) and an early loan into
713:
the fronting of vowels that subsequently takes place in these contexts
1707:
973:
953:
What's all the fuss about 16 words? A new approach to
Holtzmann's law
1625:
960:
Holtzmann's law: getting to the hart of the
Germanic verscharfung
791:(1955), chapter 4: 'Lengthened /w/ and /y/ in the Gmc. Dialects'
620:
2667:
2281:
1025:
977:
647:, rather than being a common innovation. This is supported by
313:
169:
67:
26:
538:
One instance where a laryngeal was never present is PIE *
260:
in 1838. It is also known by its traditional German name
423:
vocalization of the first semivowel, its addition to a
193:
552:
544:
494:
475:
467:
459:
451:
408:
399:
384:
375:
353:
344:
329:
321:
2855:
2779:
2748:
2680:
2612:
2470:
2351:
2307:
2298:
2118:
2061:
1949:
1940:
1845:
1817:
1776:
1767:
1742:
1724:
1635:
1607:
1581:
1572:
1523:
1436:
1411:
1402:
1341:
1236:
1185:
1160:
1151:
1047:
1038:
948:, Indogermanische Forschungen 108, (2003), 258–266.
98:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
284:). A similar sound law which has affected modern
932:Germanic Reflexes of Indo-European -Hy- and -Hw-
715:. Another similar change occurs in a number of
711:("sharpening"), which, however, also refers to
593:
687:Similar developments in later Nordic languages
989:
584:
578:
572:
566:
294:in Faroese itself, is also known as "Faroese
289:
8:
955:Göttinger Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 1.
610:
295:
262:
946:The problematic Holtzmann's Law in Germanic
885:The Sounds and Phonemes of Wulfila's Gothic
558:shifted into the syllable margin, giving:
269:
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2677:
2664:
2304:
2295:
2278:
1946:
1773:
1578:
1408:
1157:
1044:
1035:
1022:
996:
982:
974:
763:Consonantal Structure and Prevocalization
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
874:(San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1992), 25–6.
754:
899:"Verschärfung in Old Norse and Gothic"
855:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
848:
7:
96:adding citations to reliable sources
1558:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
2917:Languages between parentheses are
25:
723:, where high vowels carrying the
42:This article has multiple issues.
962:, University of Calgary thesis,
174:
72:
31:
887:, The Hague: Mouton (1973), 87.
83:needs additional citations for
50:or discuss these issues on the
2921:of the language on their left.
1:
2812:Germanic substrate hypothesis
897:Petersen, Hjalmar P. (2002).
789:Proto-Indo-European Phonology
542:'egg', but after the loss of
504:'trustworthy, faithful' →:
2842:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
1533:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
776:The Verschärfung in Germanic
2822:High German consonant shift
778:, Language 17 (1941), 93–9.
765:(John Benjamins, 2010), 91.
304:Description and occurrences
2962:
1360:Westlauwers–Terschellings
1013:According to contemporary
903:Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi
671:'mirror', Old High German
553:
545:
495:
476:
468:
460:
452:
360:, which had two outcomes:
330:
322:
2904:
2676:
2663:
2585:
2539:Southern Schleswig Danish
2294:
2277:
1034:
1021:
1011:
2817:West Germanic gemination
2771:Ancient Belgian language
2766:Germanic parent language
2710:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
1832:Austrian Standard German
500:→ early Proto-Germanic *
485:is any short vowel, and
188:may need to be rewritten
621:
606:with diphthongization:
594:
585:
579:
573:
567:
410:
401:
386:
377:
355:
346:
2878:Preterite-present verb
2761:Proto-Germanic grammar
2715:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
1827:German Standard German
1503:East Frisian Low Saxon
872:Early Germanic Grammar
774:Henry Lee Smith, Jr.,
667:'picture', cf. Gothic
651:'s observation that a
611:
296:
290:
263:
2883:Grammatischer Wechsel
1866:Namibian Black German
1837:Swiss Standard German
1806:Early New High German
1364:Mainland West Frisian
1225:Harlingerland Frisian
635:Some linguists (e.g.
308:The law involves the
2888:Indo-European ablaut
2868:Germanic strong verb
2837:Germanic spirant law
1974:Southeast Limburgish
1470:Gelders-Overijssels
1099:Irish Middle English
1089:Early Modern English
787:Winfred P. Lehmann,
530:, Old High German gi
256:originally noted by
92:improve this article
18:Holtzmann's Law
2856:Synchronic features
2827:Germanic a-mutation
2780:Diachronic features
2130:in the broad sense
2063:East Central German
2017:Lorraine Franconian
1991:Transylvanian Saxon
1951:West Central German
1726:East Low Franconian
1636:West Low Franconian
930:William M. Austin,
883:James W. Marchand,
761:Natalie Operstein,
489:is any laryngeal).
2946:Germanic languages
2873:Germanic weak verb
2682:Language subgroups
2032:Pennsylvania Dutch
1981:Moselle Franconian
1959:Central Franconian
1792:Middle High German
1543:Central Pomeranian
1498:Northern Low Saxon
1211:Wangerooge Frisian
1005:Germanic languages
870:Joseph B. Voyles,
739:Northwest Germanic
492:For example, PIE *
312:, or doubling, of
2928:
2927:
2913:extinct languages
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2847:Great Vowel Shift
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2608:
2607:
2454:Greenlandic Norse
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2204:Southern Bavarian
2187:Northern Bavarian
2163:Highest Alemannic
2114:
2113:
1848:standard variants
1763:
1762:
1609:Standard variants
1568:
1567:
1427:Middle Low German
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1198:Saterland Frisian
649:James W. Marchand
631:Alternative views
571:: Crimean Gothic
244:
243:
236:
226:
225:
218:
198:lead layout guide
168:
167:
160:
142:
107:"Holtzmann's law"
65:
16:(Redirected from
2953:
2705:Elbe (Irminonic)
2678:
2665:
2593:Mainland Gutnish
2483:Swedish dialects
2445:Middle Icelandic
2419:Middle Norwegian
2308:Historical forms
2305:
2296:
2279:
2238:South Franconian
2224:Hutterite German
2192:Central Bavarian
2012:Rhine Franconian
1947:
1777:Historical forms
1774:
1689:Surinamese Dutch
1582:Historical forms
1579:
1412:Historical forms
1409:
1161:Historical forms
1158:
1045:
1036:
1023:
998:
991:
984:
975:
938:(1958), 203–211.
919:
918:
894:
888:
881:
875:
868:
862:
860:
854:
846:
844:
843:
834:. Archived from
817:The plurals OHG
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
796:. Archived from
785:
779:
772:
766:
759:
681:laryngeal theory
624:
614:
597:
588:
582:
576:
570:
562:with hardening:
556:
555:
548:
547:
498:
497:
479:
478:
471:
470:
463:
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454:
413:
404:
389:
380:
358:
349:
333:
332:
325:
324:
299:
293:
283:
280:
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274:
271:
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239:
232:
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214:
210:
207:
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194:improve the lead
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100:
76:
68:
57:
35:
34:
27:
21:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2892:
2851:
2832:Germanic umlaut
2797:Holtzmann's law
2775:
2744:
2672:
2651:
2604:
2581:
2515:South Jutlandic
2500:Danish dialects
2466:
2347:
2290:
2261:
2243:East Franconian
2197:Viennese German
2110:
2091:Silesian German
2057:
2046:Central Hessian
1936:
1861:Namibian German
1850:
1841:
1819:Standard German
1813:
1799:New High German
1785:Old High German
1759:
1738:
1720:
1631:
1603:
1564:
1548:East Pomeranian
1538:Brandenburgisch
1525:East Low German
1519:
1446:Dutch Low Saxon
1438:West Low German
1432:
1390:
1356:Schiermonnikoog
1337:
1232:
1218:Wursten Frisian
1181:
1147:
1030:
1017:
1007:
1002:
944:Rowe, Charley,
927:
922:
896:
895:
891:
882:
878:
869:
865:
847:
841:
839:
832:"Archived copy"
830:
816:
812:
803:
801:
792:
786:
782:
773:
769:
760:
756:
752:
735:
689:
643:and another to
633:
364:hardening into
339:positions into
306:
281:
278:
275:
272:
258:Adolf Holtzmann
247:Holtzmann's law
240:
229:
228:
227:
222:
211:
205:
202:
191:
179:
175:
164:
153:
147:
144:
101:
99:
89:
77:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Proto-Germanic
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2631:Crimean Gothic
2620:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2505:Insular Danish
2502:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2488:Rinkebysvenska
2485:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2334:Old East Norse
2331:
2329:Old West Norse
2319:
2311:
2309:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:South Tyrolean
2201:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2151:High Alemannic
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1942:Central German
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1881:Barossa German
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1660:French Flemish
1652:
1651:
1650:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1576:
1574:Low Franconian
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1375:Westereendersk
1369:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1176:Middle Frisian
1172:
1164:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1082:Modern English
1078:
1075:Middle English
1071:
1064:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:
978:
972:
971:
956:
949:
942:
939:
926:
923:
921:
920:
889:
876:
863:
810:
780:
767:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
741:
734:
731:
688:
685:
632:
629:
628:
627:
626:
625:
619:, Old English
604:
603:
602:
590:
536:
535:
526:: Old English
520:
433:
432:
421:
420:
419:
396:
393:North Germanic
341:Proto-Germanic
305:
302:
300:" in English.
251:Proto-Germanic
242:
241:
224:
223:
183:The article's
182:
180:
173:
166:
165:
80:
78:
71:
66:
40:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2958:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Germanic verb
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Sievers's law
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:Reconstructed
2747:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2562:Middle Danish
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2438:Old Icelandic
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2412:Old Norwegian
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2229:Gottscheerish
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:Walser German
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:Low Alemannic
2132:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:High Prussian
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Erzgebirgisch
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Luxembourgish
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:Klezmer-loshn
1921:
1919:
1918:Scots Yiddish
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1755:Meuse-Rhenish
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:Kleverlandish
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:Central Dutch
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Stellingwarfs
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:Wood Frisian
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1238:North Frisian
1235:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Anglo-Frisian
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1006:
999:
994:
992:
987:
985:
980:
979:
976:
969:
968:0-612-24623-X
965:
961:
958:L. C. Smith,
957:
954:
951:L. C. Smith,
950:
947:
943:
940:
937:
933:
929:
928:
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
890:
886:
880:
877:
873:
867:
864:
858:
852:
838:on 2011-08-09
837:
833:
828:
824:
820:
814:
811:
800:on 2007-07-11
799:
795:
790:
784:
781:
777:
771:
768:
764:
758:
755:
749:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
732:
730:
728:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
655:inscription (
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Joseph Voyles
630:
623:
618:
613:
608:
607:
605:
601:
596:
591:
587:
581:
575:
569:
564:
563:
561:
560:
559:
557:
549:
541:
533:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
505:
503:
499:
490:
488:
484:
480:
472:
464:
456:
447:
445:
441:
436:
430:
429:West Germanic
426:
422:
418:
417:East Germanic
414:
412:
405:
403:
397:
394:
390:
388:
381:
379:
373:
372:
370:
367:
363:
362:
361:
359:
357:
350:
348:
342:
338:
334:
326:
318:
315:
311:
303:
301:
298:
292:
287:
267:
265:
259:
255:
252:
248:
238:
235:
220:
217:
209:
206:December 2019
199:
196:and read the
195:
189:
186:
181:
172:
171:
162:
159:
151:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109: –
108:
104:
103:Find sources:
97:
93:
87:
86:
81:This article
79:
75:
70:
69:
64:
62:
55:
54:
49:
48:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
2908:
2796:
2792:Verner's law
2737:
2732:Gotho-Nordic
2730:
2723:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2613:
2598:Fårö Gutnish
2560:
2553:
2459:
2452:
2443:
2436:
2417:
2410:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2254:
2156:Swiss German
2120:Upper German
2053:Amana German
2027:Volga German
1996:HunsrĂĽckisch
1922:
1876:Unserdeutsch
1871:Berlinerisch
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1743:Cover groups
1699:Mohawk Dutch
1694:Jersey Dutch
1672:East Flemish
1655:West Flemish
1599:Middle Dutch
1553:Low Prussian
1425:
1418:
1384:Terschelling
1368:Clay Frisian
1343:West Frisian
1331:Wiedingharde
1323:
1311:
1271:Heligolandic
1248:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1187:East Frisian
1174:
1167:
1140:Middle Scots
1138:
1131:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
959:
952:
945:
931:
906:
902:
892:
884:
879:
871:
866:
840:. Retrieved
836:the original
826:
822:
818:
813:
802:. Retrieved
798:the original
788:
783:
775:
770:
762:
757:
724:
719:dialects of
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
690:
677:Gotho-Nordic
672:
668:
664:
656:
634:
616:
599:
598:: Old Norse
583:(sg.) < *
551:
543:
539:
537:
531:
527:
523:
517:
513:
512:: Old Norse
509:
501:
493:
491:
486:
482:
474:
466:
458:
450:
448:
440:Verner's Law
437:
434:
407:
398:
383:
374:
352:
343:
328:
320:
307:
297:Verschärfung
264:Verschärfung
261:
246:
245:
230:
212:
203:
192:Please help
187:
185:lead section
154:
145:
135:
128:
121:
114:
102:
90:Please help
85:verification
82:
58:
51:
45:
44:Please help
41:
2807:Kluge's law
2787:Grimm's law
2570:Dalecarlian
2549:Perkerdansk
2522:East Danish
2340:Old Gutnish
2316:Proto-Norse
2256:Langobardic
2248:Vogtlandian
2076:Upper Saxon
1930:Lachoudisch
1891:Lotegorisch
1769:High German
1515:Westphalian
1510:Eastphalian
1474:Achterhooks
1351:Hindeloopen
1286:Bökingharde
1255:Föhr–Amrum
1169:Old Frisian
1133:Early Scots
1068:Old English
825:exhibit an
744:Grimm's law
2941:Sound laws
2935:Categories
2639:Burgundian
2555:Old Danish
2544:Gøtudanskt
2527:Bornholmsk
2389:Vestlandsk
2369:Kebabnorsk
2106:Halcnovian
2071:Thuringian
1734:Limburgish
1704:Stadsfries
1677:Brabantian
1404:Low German
1250:Eiderstedt
1105:Fingallian
925:References
842:2016-02-07
804:2007-04-28
695:→ Faroese
335:in strong
317:semivowels
310:gemination
279:sharpening
118:newspapers
47:improve it
2919:varieties
2911:indicate
2725:Northwest
2670:Philology
2575:Elfdalian
2510:Jutlandic
2432:Icelandic
2407:(written)
2401:(written)
2379:Trøndersk
2359:Norwegian
2323:Old Norse
2144:Coloniero
2128:Alemannic
2101:Wymysorys
1969:Colognian
1964:Ripuarian
1886:Rotwelsch
1716:Midslands
1667:Zeelandic
1648:Hollandic
1622:Afrikaans
1594:Old Dutch
1420:Old Saxon
1319:Karrharde
1301:Goesharde
1282:Mainland
1015:philology
915:0066-7668
717:Jutlandic
645:Old Norse
615:: German
516:, Gothic
444:laryngeal
425:diphthong
366:occlusive
319:(glides)
288:, called
254:sound law
148:July 2024
53:talk page
2646:Vandalic
2589:Gutnish
2394:Vikværsk
2374:SognamĂĄl
2364:Bergensk
2214:Cimbrian
2182:Bavarian
2139:Alsatian
2086:Lusatian
2022:Palatine
1712:Amelands
1589:Frankish
1479:Sallaans
1461:Gronings
1312:Southern
1305:Northern
1296:Halligen
1245:Insular
1062:dialects
936:Language
909:: 5–27.
851:cite web
733:See also
709:skerping
577:(pl.) (*
524:triuwjaz
510:triwwjaz
502:trewwjaz
496:drewhâ‚‚yo
337:prosodic
291:skerping
2909:Italics
2532:Scanian
2478:Swedish
2427:Faroese
2405:Nynorsk
2384:Valdris
2219:Mòcheno
2175:Swabian
2041:Hessian
2001:Hunsrik
1913:Western
1908:Eastern
1903:Yiddish
1853:creoles
1750:Bergish
1466:Drèents
1456:Tweants
1308:Central
1290:Mooring
1153:Frisian
1112:Kildare
1057:English
970:(1997).
829:-stem;
821:and OE
703:→ Far.
697:trĂggir
669:skuggwa
657:niuwila
540:hâ‚‚ĹŤwyĂłm
518:triggws
481:(where
477:* -aHy-
469:* -ayH-
461:* -iyH-
453:* -VwH-
286:Faroese
273:
132:scholar
2625:Gothic
2495:Danish
2399:BokmĂĄl
1898:Yenish
1708:Bildts
1491:Veluws
1486:Urkers
1325:Strand
1049:Anglic
966:
913:
721:Danish
661:Finnic
641:Gothic
550:, the
532:triuwi
528:trēowe
514:tryggr
369:onsets
134:
127:
120:
113:
105:
2739:South
2690:North
2300:North
2284:North
1626:Kaaps
1617:Dutch
1264:Amrum
1205:Weser
1127:Scots
819:eigir
750:Notes
705:rĂłgva
699:, ON
673:skūwo
653:Runic
612:aijaz
586:ajjis
568:ajjis
554:* -y-
546:* -w-
411:-ggw-
409:*
402:-ddj-
400:*
387:-ggw-
385:*
378:-ggj-
376:*
354:*
345:*
331:* -w-
323:* -y-
249:is a
139:JSTOR
125:books
2700:West
2695:East
2615:East
2471:East
2461:Norn
2352:West
2288:East
2286:and
1851:and
1846:Non-
1276:Sylt
1259:Föhr
1194:Ems
1119:Yola
1028:West
964:ISBN
911:ISSN
857:link
823:ÇŁgru
726:stød
693:ĂľrĂr
665:kuva
595:ajjÄ…
580:addi
356:-ww-
351:and
347:-jj-
327:and
270:lit.
111:news
907:117
701:rĂła
600:egg
574:ada
415:in
391:in
314:PIE
94:by
2937::
934:,
905:.
901:.
853:}}
849:{{
683:.
663:(*
622:ǣġ
617:Ei
473:,
465:,
457:,
371::
56:.
2634:)
2628:(
1714:/
1710:/
1706:/
1628:)
1624:(
997:e
990:t
983:v
917:.
861:.
859:)
845:.
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487:H
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