1967:
351:, rabbits, rodents and reptiles has informed researchers on the paleoenvironment of the interior of South Africa in the Middle Pleistocene. The large mammal component of the site suggests an open grassland with a body of water in the immediate vicinity. Although many specimens are dated by comparisons of faunal assemblages, this method does not prove to have accurate chronological resolution for much of the last million years.
1903:
1927:
1955:
38:
1915:
560:
fossils from
Florisbad in South Africa (~260 ka), Omo Kibish (~195 ka) and Herto (~160 ka), both in Ethiopia, are morphologically diverse. This diversity has led some researchers to propose that fossils such as Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad actually represent a more primitive species called 'H. helmei',
335:
The partial cranium is part of an assemblage of mostly carnivore prey remains, caught in vertical spring vents. It shows damage by hyena chewing. The spring vents were later sealed by deposits. "Peat II" is a deposit of dark organic clay representing a Middle Stone Age land surface, showing a human
571:
Scerri, EML; Thomas, MG; Manica, A; Gunz, P; Stock, JT; Stringer, C; Grove, M; Groucutt, HS; Timmermann, A; Rightmire, GP; d'Errico, F; Tryon, CA; Drake, NA; Brooks, AS; Dennell, RW; Durbin, R; Henn, BM; Lee-Thorp, J; Petraglia, MD; Thompson, JC; Scally, A; Chikhi, L (2018).
295:
The fossil skull is a fragment; preserved are the right side of the face, most of the frontal bone, and some of the maxilla, along with portions of the roof and sidewalls. A single, upper right, third molar was also found with the adult skull.
494:
Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (2017).
267:
by Hublin et al. (in 2017), in part on the basis of the similar Jebel Irhoud finds from
Morocco. Scerri et al. (2018) adduce the fossil as evidence for "African multiregionalism", the view of a complex speciation of
303:
as well as a large number of healed lesions, including pathological drainage or vascular tracts. There are also a couple of large puncture marks and scratch-like marks which may reflect hyena chewing.
685:"Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer - By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans"
799:
GrĂĽn, Rainer; Brink, James S.; Spooner, Nigel A.; Taylor, Lois; Stringer, Chris B.; Franciscus, Robert G.; Murray, Andrew S. (1996-08-08). "Direct dating of
Florisbad hominid".
288:
The
Florisbad Skull belonged to a specimen within the size range of modern humans, with a brain volume larger than modern averages, at 1,400 cm. The skull was also found with
330:
143:
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as an evolving lineage with deep
African roots, and therefore prefer to recognize such fossils as part of the diversity shown by early members of the
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2002:
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172:
generic name proposed by Dreyer was taken up by
Weinert (1938) to refer to early African human fossils. In a note to Dreyer's 1935 publication,
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and more divergent hominins in different regions. Lahr and
Mounier (2019) also classify the Florisbad Skull as an example of early
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280:, which they suggest arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago from the merging of populations in East and South Africa.
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The wider
Florisbad site has also produced a large and diverse fauna. The assemblage including micro-vertebrates from
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Based on enamel samples from the tooth found with the skull, the fossil has been directly dated by
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132:
69:
886:"A critique of the chronometric evidence for hominid fossils: I. Africa and the Near East 500-50 ka"
1971:
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202:. Commentators of the 1950s to 1970s have drawn attention to archaic African human fossils such as
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623:"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species"
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574:"Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?"
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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using the binomen given to the
Florisbad partial cranium in 1935. ...However, we view
1981:
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Lewis, Patrick J.; Brink, James S.; Kennedy, Alicia M.; Campbell, Timothy L. (2011).
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The Human Fossil Record, Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia)
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by Dreyer (1935), after the sponsor of Dreyer's expedition, R. E. Helme. The
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widely dispersed across Africa, with substantial hybridization between
497:"New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of
820:
713:"Middle and later Pleistocene hominins in Africa and Southwest Asia"
1580:
1471:
1461:
974:
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978:
243:
prompted McBrearty and Brooks (2000) to revive the designation
184:). M. R. Drennan (1935, 1937) emphasized resemblance to
470:
bones ever found shake foundations of the human story"
1943:
387:
Schwartz, Jeffrey H.; Tattersall, Ian (2005-03-11).
142:. It was discovered in 1932 by T. F. Dreyer at the
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259:specimens, belong to an archaic or "early" form of
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1484:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
331:Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site
176:mentioned the close resemblance of the fossil to
95:Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site
251:argued that the Florisbad Skull, along with the
194:. A. Galloway (1937) proposed classification as
853:"Examination of the Florisbad microvertebrates"
717:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
235:The difficulty of placing the fossil in either
393:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 79–81.
198:, specifically noting a resemblance to modern
990:
263:. The Florisbad Skull was also classified as
8:
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792:
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30:
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417:"The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens"
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126:is an important human fossil of the early
36:
868:
754:
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321:(between 294,000 and 224,000 years old).
1889:Human evolutionary developmental biology
1950:
621:Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019).
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162:The Florisbad Skull was classified as
29:
1674:Evolutionary models of human drug use
7:
1914:
711:Rightmire, G. Philip (2009-09-22).
937:National Museum of Natural History
190:, proposing his classification as
25:
224:, which are now considered early
1965:
1953:
1925:
1913:
1902:
1901:
857:South African Journal of Science
299:The skull also showed extensive
216:). Clarke (1985) compared it to
2003:1932 archaeological discoveries
361:List of human evolution fossils
1:
929:Human Timeline (Interactive)
905:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.11.002
192:Homo florisbadensis (helmei)
164:Homo (Africanthropus) helmei
1932:Evolutionary biology Portal
464:Sample, Ian (7 June 2017).
130:, representing either late
116:Thomas F. Dreyer, G. Venter
2019:
649:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w
590:10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005
328:
1897:
1877:Evolutionary anthropology
1262:
1069:
870:10.4102/sajs.v107i7/8.613
336:occupation horizon dated
226:anatomically modern human
35:
210:crania (now assigned to
1783:Origin of modern humans
738:10.1073/pnas.0903930106
308:electron spin resonance
884:Millard, A.R. (2008).
433:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237
1791:Recent African origin
1029:Last common ancestors
683:(10 September 2019).
628:Nature Communications
415:Stringer, C. (2016).
329:Further information:
187:Homo neanderthalensis
178:Homo sapiens fossilis
1998:Homo sapiens fossils
1960:Evolutionary biology
1806:Behavioral modernity
1796:Multiregional origin
1576:archaic Homo sapiens
1571:Homo heidelbergensis
1516:Red Deer Cave people
301:porotic hyperostosis
174:C. U. Ariëns Kappers
133:Homo heidelbergensis
70:Homo heidelbergensis
1443:H. neanderthalensis
1363:H. e. tautavelensis
957: /
813:1996Natur.382..500G
775:Bradshaw Foundation
729:2009PNAS..10616046R
723:(38): 16046–16050.
641:2019NatCo..10.3406M
528:10.1038/nature22336
520:2017Natur.546..289H
148:Free State Province
32:
1988:Peopling of Africa
1630:Self-domestication
1421:H. heidelbergensis
1370:H. e. yuanmouensis
1335:H. e. lantianensis
1062:Australopithecines
690:The New York Times
427:(1698): 20150237.
313:to around between
237:H. heidelbergensis
218:Laetoli Hominid 18
213:H. heidelbergensis
1941:
1940:
1882:Paleoanthropology
1824:
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1801:Archaic admixture
1679:Stoned ape theory
1615:Endurance running
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1342:H. e. nankinensis
1298:H. tsaichangensis
1234:
1233:
961:28.767°S 26.067°E
807:(6591): 500–501.
514:(7657): 289–292.
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16:(Redirected from
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1841:Human prehistory
1816:Recent evolution
1811:Early migrations
1753:Thermoregulation
1654:Expensive tissue
1625:Sexual selection
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1349:H. e. pekinensis
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1168:A. bahrelghazali
1137:Australopithecus
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939:(August 2016).
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1175:A. deyiremeda
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1042:Gorilla–human
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771:"Homo helmei"
766:
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19:
1993:Homo fossils
1972:Paleontology
1930:
1918:
1906:
1773:Gender roles
1768:Intelligence
1581:Homo sapiens
1579:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1559:Homo erectus
1557:
1551:
1547:Homo habilis
1545:
1506:Manot people
1495:H. s. idaltu
1493:
1489:Jebel Irhoud
1481:
1472:Homo sapiens
1470:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1392:
1368:
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1354:
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1326:
1319:
1311:Homo erectus
1309:
1296:
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1281:
1274:
1266:
1256:Proto-humans
1245:
1242:proto-humans
1223:
1216:
1209:
1201:Paranthropus
1199:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1161:A. anamensis
1159:
1154:A. africanus
1152:
1147:A. afarensis
1145:
1135:
1123:
1116:
1108:Ardipithecus
1106:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1052:Gibbon–human
942:
896:
892:
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860:
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846:
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778:. Retrieved
774:
720:
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706:
696:10 September
694:. Retrieved
688:
681:Zimmer, Carl
675:
632:
626:
616:
581:
577:
566:
562:
557:
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511:
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499:Homo sapiens
498:
489:
477:. Retrieved
474:The Guardian
473:
468:Homo sapiens
467:
459:
424:
420:
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389:
346:
334:
305:
298:
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287:
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265:Homo sapiens
264:
261:Homo sapiens
260:
253:Jebel Irhoud
244:
240:
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234:
229:
211:
196:Homo sapiens
195:
191:
185:
177:
167:
163:
161:
152:South Africa
139:Homo sapiens
137:
131:
123:
121:
99:South Africa
68:
63:
58:Homo sapiens
56:
1704:Grandmother
1659:Shore-based
1620:Aquatic ape
1511:Tam Pa Ling
1406:H. ergaster
1225:P. robustus
964: /
933:Smithsonian
635:(1): 3406.
349:springhares
284:Description
247:. In 2016
232:) fossils.
200:Australoids
64:Homo helmei
45:Common name
18:Homo helmei
1982:Categories
1743:Skin color
1728:Bipedalism
1689:Killer ape
1501:Cro-Magnon
1400:Denisovans
1276:H. habilis
1240:Humans and
1125:A. ramidus
1118:A. kadabba
893:J Hum Evol
780:2015-11-18
567:H. sapiens
563:H. sapiens
558:H. sapiens
372:References
319:35 ka
278:H. sapiens
274:H. sapiens
270:H. sapiens
241:H. sapiens
230:H. sapiens
85:35 ka
1862:Theorists
1829:Timelines
1709:Patriarch
1685:Behavior
1610:Gathering
1538:Ancestors
1283:H. naledi
1218:P. boisei
1189:A. sediba
747:0027-8424
544:205255859
342:6 ka
245:H. helmei
136:or early
1908:Category
1763:Language
1733:Skeleton
1428:H. longi
1182:A. garhi
1019:Hominins
1014:Taxonomy
913:18201747
765:19581595
667:31506422
608:30007846
569:clade."
536:28593953
466:"Oldest
451:27298468
355:See also
204:Saldanha
1946:Portals
1920:Commons
1872:Fossils
1738:Muscles
1649:Cooking
1605:Hunting
1082:Orrorin
952:26°04′E
949:28°46′S
863:(7/8).
837:4435718
829:8700221
809:Bibcode
756:2752549
725:Bibcode
658:6736881
637:Bibcode
599:6092560
516:Bibcode
442:4920294
325:Context
292:tools.
53:Species
1855:Others
1758:Speech
1720:Topics
1665:Drugs
1591:Models
911:
835:
827:
801:Nature
763:
753:
745:
665:
655:
606:
596:
542:
534:
508:Nature
479:7 June
449:
439:
397:
311:dating
1867:Books
1645:Diet
889:(PDF)
833:S2CID
540:S2CID
504:(PDF)
222:Omo 2
208:Kabwe
1748:Hair
1568:) →
1246:Homo
909:PMID
825:PMID
761:PMID
743:ISSN
698:2019
663:PMID
604:PMID
532:PMID
481:2017
447:PMID
395:ISBN
255:and
220:and
206:and
122:The
108:1932
1562:(→
1453:(?)
1431:(?)
1409:(?)
1301:(?)
1293:(?)
1271:(?)
901:doi
865:doi
861:107
817:doi
805:382
751:PMC
733:doi
721:106
653:PMC
645:doi
594:PMC
586:doi
524:doi
512:546
437:PMC
429:doi
425:371
338:121
315:259
239:or
146:,
81:259
77:Age
67:or
62:or
1984::
1578:→
1574:→
1556:/
1550:→
935:,
931:–
907:.
897:54
895:.
891:.
859:.
855:.
831:.
823:.
815:.
803:.
789:^
773:.
759:.
749:.
741:.
731:.
719:.
715:.
687:.
661:.
651:.
643:.
633:10
631:.
625:.
602:.
592:.
582:33
580:.
576:.
538:.
530:.
522:.
510:.
506:.
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445:.
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423:.
419:.
379:^
344:.
154:.
150:,
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1244:(
1021:)
1017:(
998:e
991:t
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903::
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867::
841:.
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819::
811::
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735::
727::
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669:.
647::
639::
610:.
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526::
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483:.
453:.
431::
405:.
403:.
340:±
317:±
228:(
180:(
83:±
20:)
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