863:. The acquisition of such a comparatively large piece of territory and conquered population seems to have both provided the basis for the system of helotage and required the existence of a large military force to keep the potentially-rebellious Messenians under control. The Spartiates thus became a permanently-armed master class, living off the labour of the helots and preventing rebellion through constant struggle.
2484:
1005:
961:, from the age of seven to thirty, the age of full citizenship. From that age until they became too old to fight, they would live in their barracks, visiting their families (and, later, their wives) only when they could sneak out. Spartiate women, as well, were expected to remain athletic, since the Spartans believed that strong and healthy parents would produce strong and healthy children.
877:
765:
682:
397:
499:
1065:
In the late 5th and the early 4th centuries BC, the
Spartiate class gradually shrank in number, along with Spartan military prowess, for several reasons. First was attrition through the increasingly-frequent wars that Sparta found itself embroiled in from the mid-5th century onward. Since Spartiates
750:
The Helots did agricultural labour, spinning, weaving, and other manual labour. The
Perioeci carried out most of the trade and commerce, since Spartiates were forbidden from engaging in commercial activity. Spartiate-class people were expected to be supported by their kleroi and Helots, and to do no
1074:
the
Spartiate class. Inability to pay became increasingly severe; as commercial activity began to develop in Sparta, some Spartiates would sell the land from which they were supposed to draw their earnings. Since the constitution included no known provisions for promotion to Spartiate status, the
689:
Classical
Spartan society was rigidly divided into several castes, each with assigned duties and privileges. The smallest of them, with the most power and freedom, was the Spartiate class. Spartiates (Spartiate-class males over 30) held some extremely limited power in the government and would own
668:
membership, and thus
Spartiate status. Rising inequality within the tiny Spartiate elite meant that many fell from citizen status. High rates of violent deaths and low birthrates also caused a decline in the number of Spartiates. Some Spartiates made efforts to reform the system and enlarge the
628:
generally had 30-65%). This society was recognized as unusual by both modern historians and contemporary non-Spartans. Spartiate-class people came to be barred from work by law and strong social norms, and were supported by the helots. It was acceptable for
Spartiates to work as armed forces.
1066:
were required to marry late, birth rates were low, and it was difficult to replace losses from the class. Exacerbating that problem was the possibility of demotion from
Spartiate status for a number of reasons, such as cowardice in battle and inability to pay for membership in the
968:, who praised men who fell in battle and heaped scorn on those who fled. Such ideals were standard for hoplite forces across Greece, as they rely of each man defending his neighbour with his shield; if the formation breaks, it is defeated.
751:
work, except that related to military conflict. All classes, including Helots, fought in the
Spartan military. The Mothax class were particularly prominent as military leaders, and the Helots made up about 80% of the armed forces.
952:
To maintain the social system of the city, it was necessary to have a force ready to oppose helot uprisings, which had occurred several times in the classical period. Spartiate males went through the brutal, and sometimes lethal,
605:. Spartiate-class males (including boys) were a small minority: estimates are that they made up between 1/10 and 1/32 of the population, with the proportion decreasing over time; the vast majority of the people of Sparta were
971:
Each
Spartiate male was assigned a plot of land, with the helots that worked it. That was the source of his income, since he performed no labour or commerce himself. The primary use of that income was to pay the dues of the
850:
It is impossible to determine whether
Lycurgus was an actual historical figure. It is clear, however, that at some point in the late Archaic period, the model of Spartan society was changed from a monarchical system to an
644:
says that seven-ninths of the Spartan forces were helots, one-ninth (5000) were Spartiates, and the rest others. This was probably the largest army Sparta ever fielded. Some Spartan armies, like one led by
1094:
army decisively defeated a Spartan force, killing 400 Spartiates of a force of 700 and breaking the back of Spartan military power. In 370 BC, Messenia was liberated by a Theban army, liberating the
1560:
669:
Spartiate class, but these efforts failed, and the Spartiate class became too small to forcibly maintain the Spartan social structure. The helots gained their freedom in
855:
of the elite warrior class. That change is likely to have been in some way related to the change from Dark Age warfare, in which nobles were the dominant force, to the
747:
not tied to the land, also existed; earlier sources conflate them with helots, but later sources distinguish them. All free classes seem to have owned chattel slaves.
716:, literally "inferiors", men who were probably, although not certainly, Spartiates who had lost their social rank (probably mostly because they could not afford
515:
Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance.
2288:
2163:
508:
2173:
1086:
By the mid-4th century BC, the number of Spartiates had been critically reduced, although Sparta continued to hold sway over much of Greece. Finally, at
653:, consisted entirely of non-Spartiates (excepting Brasidas). These armies maintained Sparta military rule of a large area of southern Greece, from the
2431:
1329:
378:
735:, subjected populations tied to the land and over whom the Spartan state claimed ownership. In the late 5th century BC and later, a new class, the
2280:
2218:
1163:
Villafane Silva, C (2015) The Perioikoi: a Social, Economic and Military Study of the Other Lacedaemonians. PhD thesis, University of Liverpool.
2260:
1591:
1237:
949:. For over 150 years, Sparta became the dominant land power of Greece, with the Spartiates hoplites serving as the minority core of its army.
2255:
1191:
620:. Spartiate-class women could not hold citizenship, but were eligible to marry Spartiates, and their sons could become Spartiates. After the
2265:
2298:
2446:
2426:
2405:
724:(singular Mothon) were fostered with Spartiates and are generally thought to have been the children of slave rape by Spartiates. See
2518:
2410:
2293:
2136:
1052:
924:
812:
530:
480:
2158:
826:
2523:
976:, to which all Spartiates were required to belong. Any Spartiate who was unable to pay these dues was demoted from his class.
2148:
1030:
902:
790:
418:
2441:
2213:
2208:
1692:
2436:
2270:
2235:
2186:
1910:
625:
461:
371:
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2390:
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2247:
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433:
282:
260:
1015:
887:
775:
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1709:
1230:
1026:
898:
786:
414:
1034:
1019:
906:
891:
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779:
407:
2395:
2335:
624:, the mass enslavement of the Messenian population created an extreme slave society (60-79% slaves; by contrast,
440:
2340:
2330:
1687:
1499:
1091:
844:
2508:
2487:
2385:
2320:
364:
229:
100:
1098:
and destroying the basis of the Spartan social system. The Spartan state never recovered its former power.
447:
2345:
1974:
1716:
991:, which, by measures such as assassination and kidnapping, sought to prevent rebellion among the helots.
673:, effectively eliminating the Spartiate way of life, though some aspects survived into the Roman period.
584:
2400:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2350:
2203:
1271:
1223:
691:
110:
983:, the most powerful magistrates of Sparta after the kings. The Spartiates were also the source of the
937:
During the 6th and 5th centuries BC, the Spartan system was at its height. In 555 BC, Sparta defeated
429:
2513:
2461:
2456:
2360:
2230:
2181:
1575:
1541:
1526:
1362:
1309:
836:
725:
654:
290:
45:
1845:
1650:
1625:
1605:
1509:
860:
621:
964:
Spartiates were expected to adhere to an ideal of military valour, as exemplified by the poems of
2002:
1984:
1979:
1967:
1801:
1620:
1600:
1570:
1352:
1324:
829:
629:
Spartiates spent a great deal of effort maintaining their power, facing repeated helot revolts.
2007:
1925:
1662:
1615:
1553:
1382:
1187:
1087:
840:
670:
650:
637:
127:
2451:
2325:
2225:
2055:
1863:
1753:
1704:
1677:
1430:
1425:
1278:
658:
132:
67:
2196:
1888:
1699:
1445:
1435:
1075:
number of Spartiates gradually dwindled. Attempts at reform, notably by the Spartan kings
255:
859:
warfare of the classical period. Around the time of that change, Sparta embarked on the
2153:
2097:
1936:
1893:
1821:
1565:
1536:
1461:
1415:
1357:
1314:
744:
595:
577:
549:
454:
352:
347:
2502:
1994:
1791:
1580:
1450:
1440:
1398:
1372:
1367:
1304:
1264:
1107:
1080:
988:
942:
739:, literally "new to the community", seems to have been composed of liberated Helots.
105:
82:
27:
Non-labouring, slaveholding Spartan citizen class, less than 1/10th of the population
2027:
1954:
1733:
1723:
1642:
1392:
1299:
1249:
979:
Politically, Spartiate males composed the army assembly, the body that elected the
342:
214:
54:
1177:
1164:
2191:
2022:
2012:
1962:
1944:
1855:
1816:
1610:
1521:
1504:
1115:
1004:
946:
876:
852:
764:
697:
Besides the Spartiate class, there were many free non-citizen underclasses. The
681:
396:
316:
2037:
1377:
1179:
Athens and Sparta: Constructing Greek Political and Social History from 478 BC
736:
598:
321:
250:
188:
163:
1134:
2083:
2078:
2045:
2017:
1905:
1900:
1811:
1758:
1672:
1387:
1319:
1183:
1151:
Holland, Tom. Persian Fire. Abacus, 2005. ISBN 978-0-349-11717-1 pp. 343–349
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72:
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1841:
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1786:
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and forced that state to become its ally. Around 544 BC, Sparta defeated
717:
706:
698:
665:
646:
326:
277:
272:
219:
209:
178:
153:
117:
62:
2088:
2073:
2069:
1831:
1781:
1773:
1763:
1667:
1655:
1514:
1410:
1404:
1076:
856:
709:
were like perioeci, but fought as light infantry instead of hoplites.
633:
311:
267:
77:
17:
2060:
1873:
1806:
1746:
1741:
1548:
1095:
980:
740:
732:
721:
617:
606:
602:
173:
158:
38:
1070:. Ancient sources over a long time period mention rising inequality
843:. He was said to have written the Spartan constitution early in the
825:
1868:
1796:
1347:
954:
938:
824:
702:
680:
636:
forces. They fought along with helot forces; for instance, at the
613:
591:
204:
122:
701:, literally "dwellers around", were citizens of smaller Laconian
1878:
1420:
2122:
1479:
1219:
1215:
998:
870:
758:
492:
390:
582:
554:
847:, but dates in historical sources are wildly inconsistent.
612:
Spartan citizenship was restricted to adult males without
945:
and established itself as the pre-eminent power in the
632:
Aside from suppressing revolts, Spartiates trained as
2419:
2311:
2279:
2246:
2172:
2135:
2036:
1993:
1953:
1935:
1854:
1772:
1732:
1641:
1634:
1589:
1492:
1338:
1292:
421:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1165:https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3001055/
1141:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1913.
1231:
861:conquest of the neighboring state of Messenia
731:The lowest caste in Spartan society were the
372:
8:
1915:
1159:
1157:
1033:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
905:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
793:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
657:(650 BC), until the end of the short-lived
509:promotes the subject in a subjective manner
2141:
2132:
2119:
1638:
1489:
1476:
1289:
1238:
1224:
1216:
664:A certain income was required to maintain
379:
365:
29:
1053:Learn how and when to remove this message
925:Learn how and when to remove this message
813:Learn how and when to remove this message
531:Learn how and when to remove this message
481:Learn how and when to remove this message
694:(plots of land with associated Helots).
1126:
334:
303:
237:
196:
140:
92:
44:
37:
839:was the product of a great lawgiver,
835:According to classical accounts, the
705:that were subordinate to Sparta. The
7:
1031:adding citations to reliable sources
903:adding citations to reliable sources
791:adding citations to reliable sources
419:adding citations to reliable sources
506:This article contains wording that
1481:
511:without imparting real information
25:
2483:
2482:
1003:
875:
763:
497:
395:
406:needs additional citations for
2124:
1:
1210:Constitution of the Spartans
728:for more free underclasses.
726:Spartan Constitution#Society
685:Structure of Spartan society
677:Structure of Spartan society
616:ancestry, as in most Greek
2545:
1330:Weberian (three-component)
583:
555:
2478:
2144:
2131:
2118:
1488:
1475:
1288:
1259:
1139:Oxford English Dictionary
594:full-citizen male of the
581:
553:
2519:Social classes of Sparta
2452:Pre-industrial East Asia
1500:Administrative detainee
101:List of Kings of Sparta
1916:
1176:Powell, Anton (2001),
832:
686:
2457:Pre-industrial Europe
995:Decline of Spartiates
828:
684:
2314: or countries
2125:By country or region
1363:Class discrimination
1027:improve this section
899:improve this section
837:Spartan Constitution
787:improve this section
712:There were also the
655:Second Messenian War
415:improve this article
46:Spartan Constitution
2524:Men's social titles
1846:Vanniar (Chieftain)
974:communal mess halls
867:Spartiate lifestyle
622:First Messenian War
590:, "alike") was an
33:Part of a series on
2529:Warriors of Europe
2427:18th-century Spain
2281:Standard of living
1985:Upper middle class
1980:Lower middle class
1571:Political prisoner
1353:Chattering classes
1325:Spoon class theory
833:
687:
2496:
2495:
2474:
2473:
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2469:
2307:
2306:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2008:Lumpenproletariat
1510:illegal immigrant
1471:
1470:
1383:Classless society
1193:978-0-415-26280-4
1063:
1062:
1055:
935:
934:
927:
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822:
815:
651:Peloponnesian War
638:Battle of Plataea
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540:
533:
491:
490:
483:
465:
389:
388:
16:(Redirected from
2536:
2486:
2485:
2313:
2214:Mexican-American
2142:
2133:
2120:
1921:
1864:Business magnate
1754:Knowledge worker
1639:
1527:dual or multiple
1490:
1477:
1431:Social exclusion
1426:Social cleansing
1340:
1290:
1279:Economic classes
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1217:
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1196:
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930:
923:
919:
916:
910:
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871:
818:
811:
807:
804:
798:
767:
759:
659:Spartan hegemony
589:
588:
587:
559:
558:
557:
536:
529:
525:
522:
516:
501:
500:
493:
486:
479:
475:
472:
466:
464:
423:
399:
391:
381:
374:
367:
30:
21:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2466:
2415:
2303:
2275:
2242:
2226:Underprivileged
2168:
2127:
2126:
2102:
2032:
1989:
1949:
1931:
1850:
1768:
1728:
1630:
1585:
1484:
1483:
1467:
1446:Social position
1436:Social mobility
1334:
1284:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1186:, p. 253,
1175:
1174:
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1008:
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931:
920:
914:
911:
896:
880:
869:
819:
808:
802:
799:
784:
768:
757:
679:
626:US slave states
543:
537:
526:
520:
517:
514:
502:
498:
487:
476:
470:
467:
424:
422:
412:
400:
385:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Ancient Greece
2501:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Ottoman Empire
2444:
2439:
2434:
2432:Ancient Greece
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2406:United Kingdom
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
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2378:
2373:
2368:
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2353:
2348:
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2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2309:
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2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2299:Home-ownership
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
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2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
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2233:
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2221:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:American Dream
2151:
2145:
2139:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2116:
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2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
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2076:
2067:
2058:
2053:
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2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
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1971:
1970:
1959:
1957:
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1950:
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1941:
1939:
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1922:
1913:
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1814:
1809:
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1789:
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1749:
1738:
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1719:
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1712:
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1608:
1603:
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1595:
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1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1566:Migrant worker
1563:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1482:By demographic
1480:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1462:Status Anxiety
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:Ranked society
1413:
1408:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:Class conflict
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1341: topics
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:Mudsill theory
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1168:
1153:
1144:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1103:
1100:
1061:
1060:
1011:
1009:
1002:
996:
993:
933:
932:
883:
881:
874:
868:
865:
845:Archaic period
821:
820:
771:
769:
762:
756:
753:
745:chattel slaves
678:
675:
661:(404-371 BC).
539:
538:
505:
503:
496:
489:
488:
403:
401:
394:
387:
386:
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383:
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361:
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353:Spartan mirage
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95:
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49:
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42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2541:
2530:
2527:
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2517:
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2507:
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2477:
2463:
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2411:United States
2409:
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2399:
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2379:
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2327:
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2319:
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2312:Other regions
2310:
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2290:
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2278:
2272:
2269:
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2227:
2224:
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2207:
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2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:United States
2134:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
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1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
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1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
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1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
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1725:
1722:
1718:
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1706:
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1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
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1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Socioeconomic
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Social stigma
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:Social orphan
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:Nouveau riche
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Class traitor
1371:
1369:
1368:Class society
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Gilbert model
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:in 371 BC, a
1089:
1084:
1082:
1081:Cleomenes III
1078:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1054:
1046:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1012:This section
1010:
1006:
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
990:
989:secret police
986:
982:
977:
975:
969:
967:
962:
960:
956:
950:
948:
944:
940:
929:
926:
918:
908:
904:
900:
894:
893:
889:
884:This section
882:
878:
873:
872:
866:
864:
862:
858:
854:
848:
846:
842:
838:
831:
827:
817:
814:
806:
796:
792:
788:
782:
781:
777:
772:This section
770:
766:
761:
760:
754:
752:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
683:
676:
674:
672:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
635:
630:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
597:
596:ancient Greek
593:
586:
579:
575:
574:
569:
568:
563:
551:
547:
535:
532:
524:
512:
510:
504:
495:
494:
485:
482:
474:
471:December 2011
463:
460:
456:
453:
449:
446:
442:
439:
435:
432: –
431:
427:
426:Find sources:
420:
416:
410:
409:
404:This article
402:
398:
393:
392:
382:
377:
375:
370:
368:
363:
362:
360:
359:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
333:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
308:
307:
302:
297:
294:
292:
289:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
269:
266:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:
195:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
141:Social groups
139:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
96:
91:
84:
83:Cleomenes III
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
58:
56:
53:
52:
51:
50:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2462:Soviet Union
2437:Ancient Rome
2294:Homelessness
2219:Upper Middle
2091: /
2072: /
2063: /
2028:Working poor
1924:
1911:Robber baron
1836:
1734:Intellectual
1724:Royal family
1688:Ancient Rome
1542:second-class
1460:
1403:
1402: /
1397:
1393:High society
1300:Elite theory
1277:
1270:
1263:
1250:Social class
1209:
1178:
1171:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1109:
1085:
1071:
1064:
1049:
1040:
1025:Please help
1013:
987:, a sort of
978:
970:
963:
951:
936:
921:
912:
897:Please help
885:
849:
834:
809:
800:
785:Please help
773:
749:
730:
711:
696:
688:
663:
631:
611:
572:
571:
566:
565:
561:
545:
542:
527:
518:
507:
477:
468:
458:
451:
444:
437:
425:
413:Please help
408:verification
405:
343:Laconophilia
215:Spartan army
148:
59:Legislators
55:Great Rhetra
2514:Citizenship
2381:New Zealand
2098:Untouchable
2023:Proletariat
2013:Pea-pickers
1963:Bourgeoisie
1651:Aristocracy
1537:naturalized
1532:native-born
1135:"Spartiate"
1116:Stratocracy
947:Peloponnese
853:aristocracy
743:, who were
720:dues). The
714:Hypomeiones
609:(slaves).
430:"Spartiate"
317:Gymnopaedia
111:Eurypontids
2503:Categories
2371:Luxembourg
2261:Inequality
1926:Superclass
1717:Hereditary
1693:Post-Roman
1684:Patrician
1554:adolescent
1378:Classicide
1208:Xenophon.
1203:Literature
1182:, London:
1122:References
1083:, failed.
1043:April 2019
915:April 2019
803:April 2019
737:Neodamodes
599:city-state
562:Spartiátēs
556:Σπαρτιάτης
441:newspapers
322:Hyacinthia
251:Ambologera
189:Partheniae
164:Neodamodes
149:Spartiates
93:Government
2396:Sri Lanka
2289:Education
2256:Household
2149:Affluence
2084:Rat tribe
2046:Ant tribe
2018:Precariat
2003:Lazzaroni
1945:Bohemians
1906:Overclass
1901:Old money
1837:Spartiate
1812:Kshatriya
1802:Hashashin
1759:Professor
1700:Political
1673:Oligarchy
1663:Hanseaten
1581:Stateless
1561:Convicted
1493:By status
1456:Subaltern
1388:Euthenics
1320:New class
1184:Routledge
1110:Spartiate
1014:does not
886:does not
774:does not
642:Herodotus
546:Spartiate
521:June 2024
304:Festivals
296:Menelaion
246:Aphrodite
225:Xenelasia
184:Epeunacti
169:Trophimoi
73:Epitadeus
2488:Category
2420:Historic
2341:Colombia
2331:Cambodia
2266:Personal
2164:Mobility
2093:Freedman
2079:Plebeian
2065:Prisoner
2051:Commoner
1937:Creative
1918:Seigneur
1884:Nobility
1842:Vanniyar
1827:Pendekar
1787:Cossacks
1421:Snobbery
1293:Theories
1102:See also
1068:syssitia
985:krypteia
966:Tyrtaeus
959:crypteia
841:Lycurgus
830:Lycurgus
718:syssitia
707:Skiritai
699:Perioeci
666:syssitia
647:Brasidas
348:Laconism
327:Xanthika
291:Hyacinth
273:Caryatis
220:Syssitia
210:Crypteia
179:Sciritae
154:Perioeci
133:Navarchy
128:Ekklesia
123:Ephorate
118:Gerousia
63:Lycurgus
2391:Romania
2386:Nigeria
2271:Poverty
2174:Classes
2159:History
2070:Peasant
2056:Outcast
1995:Working
1975:Burgher
1832:Samurai
1822:Ocēlōtl
1782:Chhetri
1774:Warrior
1764:Scholar
1678:Russian
1668:Magnate
1656:Aristoi
1635:By type
1522:Citizen
1515:refugee
1411:Poverty
1405:Parvenu
1339:Related
1310:Marxian
1272:Stratum
1088:Leuctra
1077:Agis IV
1035:removed
1020:sources
907:removed
892:sources
857:hoplite
795:removed
780:sources
755:Origins
703:polises
649:in the
634:hoplite
573:Homoioi
567:Homoios
455:scholar
312:Carneia
268:Artemis
197:Society
78:Agis IV
18:Homoioi
2346:France
2326:Belize
2321:Africa
2248:Income
2204:Middle
2197:Gentry
2061:Outlaw
1968:Petite
1955:Middle
1889:Landed
1874:Gentry
1807:Knight
1747:Priest
1742:Clergy
1705:Family
1643:Ruling
1592:collar
1549:Clique
1265:Status
1190:
1096:helots
1092:Theban
1072:within
981:ephors
741:Douloi
733:Helots
722:Mothax
692:kleroi
671:370 BC
618:poleis
607:helots
603:Sparta
585:Ὅμοιος
457:
450:
443:
436:
428:
335:Legacy
283:Orthia
261:Temple
174:Mothax
159:Helots
106:Agiads
68:Chilon
39:Sparta
2442:Aztec
2401:Tibet
2376:Nepal
2366:Italy
2356:India
2351:Haiti
2336:China
2236:Under
2231:Lower
2209:Black
2192:Donor
2187:Black
2182:Upper
2089:Slave
2038:Under
1894:Petty
1869:Elite
1856:Upper
1797:Harii
1792:Cuāuh
1626:White
1606:Green
1505:Alien
1348:Caste
955:agoge
943:Argos
939:Tegea
614:metic
592:elite
578:Greek
570:(pl.
564:) or
550:Greek
462:JSTOR
448:books
278:Isora
256:Areia
238:Cults
230:Women
205:Agoge
2361:Iran
2074:Serf
1879:Lord
1817:Nair
1710:List
1621:Pink
1611:Grey
1601:Blue
1590:By "
1188:ISBN
1108:HMS
1079:and
1018:any
1016:cite
957:and
890:any
888:cite
778:any
776:cite
434:news
1616:New
1029:by
901:by
789:by
601:of
417:by
2505::
1156:^
1137:.
640:,
580::
576:,
560:,
552::
544:A
1844:/
1594:"
1239:e
1232:t
1225:v
1212:.
1056:)
1050:(
1045:)
1041:(
1037:.
1023:.
928:)
922:(
917:)
913:(
909:.
895:.
816:)
810:(
805:)
801:(
797:.
783:.
548:(
534:)
528:(
523:)
519:(
513:.
484:)
478:(
473:)
469:(
459:·
452:·
445:·
438:·
411:.
380:e
373:t
366:v
285:)
20:)
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