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intentions, their data suggests that homosexuality inevitably leads to unhappiness. He argued that their finding that most homosexuals reported that they were in good health was inconsistent with their finding that most homosexuals "spend 3 or more nights a week out." He also pointed to their findings that 27% of homosexuals experience "either some or a great deal of regret about being homosexual", that 56% of homosexuals "usually spend several hours or less with a partner", and that homosexuals tend to be sexually promiscuous, arguing that such promiscuity suggests "maladjustment and compulsivity". He argued that their finding that some homosexuals are "close-coupled" did not show that homosexuality is not pathological, and that they misled their readers by claiming that "close-coupled homosexuals are on average as happy and well-adjusted as heterosexuals." The psychologists
Stanton L. Jones and Mark A. Yarhouse observed that the conclusions of the authors of
577:
unhappiness "a truism of the kind that any good novelist could flesh out in a year or less", describing the fact that it took them ten years of research to support it as "a sad commentary on the cumbersome procedures of the social scientists." He argued that the fact that the study took so long to be published diminished its relevance, despite its authors' assertions to the contrary. He also criticized the work for its dryness and failure to provide case histories or any "feeling for the dynamics, the interactions of the lives described." He noted that despite the fact that some of the questions employed in the study were open-ended, there were "only brief and unenlightening answers." He questioned whether it was useful to classify homosexuals into different types. Curtis credited Bell and
Weinberg with carefully investigating homosexuality and demonstrating that it had "no single lifestyle pattern". He wrote that
615:
at odds" with Kinsey and his colleagues, and that they had limited their accomplishments by beginning with an attempt to test negative stereotypes about gay people. He criticized them for using language that contained implied value judgments, and suggested that their division of homosexuals into five different "types" was a value-laden classification. He disagreed with what he considered their attempt to "demote the sense of unified or shared experience among gays", and criticized their failure to "attempt to delineate the experience we all share." He maintained that because their respondents were mainly middle class, they were unable to further explore Kinsey's findings about "the division of sexual and sex-related behavior based on class." He considered them naive to believe that
589:
discredit stereotypes about homosexuals, he found their division of homosexuals into different "types" to be in effect the creation of a new set of stereotypes. He called their typology of homosexuals "arbitrary and misleading." He argued that while the book was a "fine historical document", its data only reflected the situation in San
Francisco in 1969 and 1970. He denied that its authors had a representative sample, and suggested that a representative sample of homosexuals was impossible given that they were "basically an invisible population". He also accused the book's authors of drawing "conclusions well beyond their data." While he considered
603:
homosexual subjects, and for providing insufficient attention to how the "homosexual community" caused "support as well as stress to the homosexual." He argued that their "rigid" approach created an impression of a "fragmented and oversimplified analysis" and came "at the expense of providing a complete picture of homosexual behavior." In his view, the reliability of their data was sometimes open to question, and their "psychological adjustment measures" were "somewhat crude". He also criticized the work for legitimizing stereotypes such as "the hypersexuality of black male and female homosexuals".
173:
has been seen as arbitrary and misleading. Commentators also questioned Bell and
Weinberg's presentation of the work as a definitive study of homosexuality. Some commentators suggested that some of Bell and Weinberg's findings were obvious and that their study was not needed to establish them, and critics charged that they drew conclusions not justified by their data. Some of Bell and Weinberg's findings, such as those about gay men's sexual behavior, have become dated due to social changes since the 1970s, such as those brought about by the
313:. Bell and Weinberg comment that, "Our correspondence and personal meetings with these individuals were of great help to us in constructing a viable interview schedule. While the final instrument, devised over many meetings of various Institute personnel, did not entirely please or represent the views of any one person associated with it, the interview schedule in its final form was the result of endless discussions and sometimes painful compromise on the part of many highly committed people."
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not be adequate "to represent the behavior of black homosexual females and males who are most closely identified" with the black subculture. He criticized them for paying insufficient attention to the black homosexual scene. Nevertheless, he believed that the study presented "valuable data on human sexual behavior" and would "be of use to all serious researchers in the area of human sexuality."
366:
studies, is regarded as part of a scientific process of "measuring the adequacy of hypotheses and evidence". Some of Bell and
Weinberg's findings have been described as outdated. Paul and Weinrich suggested that because their data was collected in 1969, they may have missed "growing cultural developments in the gay younger generation of the late 1960s and early 1970s." The philosopher
1762:
316:
Bell and
Weinberg write that their study has several purposes, including describing homosexual sexual behavior, examining stereotypes about homosexuals, and exploring "the relationship between homosexuals' sexual life-styles and their social and psychological adjustment". They note that their work is
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was in part an attempt by its authors to overcome statistical weaknesses in the work of Kinsey and his colleagues, and that as a result they had put more effort into "data processing" than into "understanding the premises and conclusions of the study." He suggested that they were "sometimes silently
593:
a helpful work, and useful on a political level, he did not consider it "a sophisticated research study". He wrote that the book was "disappointing and consistent with the downward trend in the quality of reports emanating from the
Institute for Sex Research", and criticized its authors for ignoring
584:
Duberman characterized the book as "the most ambitious study" of male homosexuality yet attempted, but was critical of its authors' "sample techniques and simplistic typologies". He described their work as part of "sexology's mainstream", believing that while most gays would welcome their conclusion
602:
as a definitive study of homosexuality in the United States, the work as a whole had "little sense of unity". He did not consider its use of a heterosexual group for comparative purposes helpful. He criticized Bell and
Weinberg for failing to explore how social stigma affected the adjustment of its
597:
Boxley considered the book a "significant analytic work in the area of sex research." In his view, its most impressive contribution was its "development of a homosexual typology", which helped to provide "a needed classification of diversity within the homosexuality community". However, he believed
493:
dismissed the book, writing that while Bell and
Weinberg presented it as definitive, it suffered from the "theoretical blindness" that has dominated research on homosexuality in the United States since the early 1970s. He contrasted it unfavorably with the work of European thinkers whom he credited
172:
The book received much attention and mixed reviews. It received praise for its authors' attempts to discredit stereotypes about homosexuals, became influential, and has been seen as a classic work. However, it was criticized for its authors' sampling methods and their typology of homosexuals, which
606:
Carrier criticized Bell and
Weinberg for continuing "the mainstream focus of research on that segment of the population most closely identified with the middle-class American culture." He questioned their "knowledge of the black subculture", and suggested that the black sample of their study might
407:
and Irving Bieber), that the parental configuration of absent/hostile/remote father and binding/suffocating/domineering mother was what produced gay sons." He related that when he met Bell that year and asked him whether this was true, Bell "squirmed uncomfortably" and gave "a long-winded, evasive
483:
as a typical example of how research into homosexuality is justified in terms of legitimizing the homosexual lifestyle. He noted that Bell and Weinberg's finding that homosexuality is not necessarily related to pathology did not call into question either the concept of pathology or the ability of
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criticized Bell and Weinberg for using a non-random sample. He also accused them of being credulous about their informants' reports, employing special pleading and circular reasoning, seeking to demonstrate preferred conclusions, and making misleading use of statistics. In his view, despite their
248:
established the National Institute of Mental Health Task Force on Homosexuality, which held its first meeting in 1967, and decided that further research into homosexuality was needed. The NIMH Task Force invited the Institute for Sex Research to submit a proposal for a comprehensive study of the
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Morin described the book as a "long-awaited publication", but did not consider its authors' findings surprising. He wrote that they appeared to have found "difficulty in dealing with the diversity of experiences that they found among their gay respondents". While appreciating their attempts to
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documented social diversity well and was the largest study conducted specifically on homosexuality, but that it was limited by the problems of trying to obtain a representative sample. The philosopher Timothy F. Murphy considered it useful despite its limitations, provided that it, like other
576:
Hall praised the book for helping to counter the image of homosexuals as "dysfunctionals", and believed that it would be useful for jurists, employers, educators, and legislators. However, he considered its authors' conclusion that there is no necessary connection between homosexuality and
370:
suggested that the AIDS epidemic has probably made their findings about gay sexual behavior obsolete. Murphy observed that Bell and Weinberg studied people who came of age before gay liberation, and that probably a much smaller proportion of gays would now be dissatisfied with their sexual
451:, abandoned Kinsey's understanding of human sexuality by focusing on homosexual people rather than homosexual behavior and rejecting the idea that categorizing people as homosexual was problematic. The psychologist Jim McKnight stated that while the idea that
421:
surprised him because it "avoided the question of etiology" and "was a work of considerable substance." In 2002, Duberman was quoted as saying that the work resulted from "the most ambitious study of male homosexuality ever attempted", and that together with
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appealed to "people who need to combat the way we have been stigmatized by one set of experts with the reassurances of another." He considered Bell and Weinberg "influenced by conventional assumptions about relationships and happiness." The psychologist
244:, but died before being able to produce such a volume. Following Kinsey's death, the Institute for Sex Research became involved in other projects and did not focus its attention on homosexuality again until the late 1960s. Stanley Yolles of the
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likely to produce a homosexual son; and that estrangement from the mother could be directly correlated with a heterosexual outcome for the son." He wrote that Bell was "not amused" by his criticism of this conclusion. He added that
264:
Bell and Weinberg, during the initial stages of their work, consulted with numerous experts on homosexuality who often held views quite different from theirs. Those listed as contributors to the study include the ethologist
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argued that while Bell and Weinberg covered a wide range of sexual behaviors, their failure to use probability samples meant that their study "could not be used to estimate population rates." They nevertheless found
356:
was influential and has been praised as an important study. The philosopher Lee C. Rice credited its authors with discrediting "myths about the gay personality". The psychologist William Paul and the sex researcher
317:
based on a nonrepresentative sample, and argue that a representative sample is unnecessary for their purposes. They also argue that several different types of homosexual should be distinguished. They write that
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that the work otherwise had little that was new, and that its typology focused too much on sex and too little on other aspects of social experience. He also wrote that while Bell and Weinberg presented
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development of homosexuality. The institute's proposal, based upon many of the NIMH Task Force's recommendations, was modified after consultation with NIMH officials. The book's direct predecessor was
468:
were based on convenience samples, which have no known representativeness. They nevertheless consulted Bell and Weinberg's interview protocols when developing a questionnaire for their own study of
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would "become a standard reference work in the area of homosexuality in the future." Wittenberg wrote that the book was certain to become an instant classic and that it fully deserved this status.
1469:
Paul, William; Weinrich, James D. (1982). "Whom and What We Study: Definition and Scope of Sexual Orientation". In Paul, William; Weinrich, James D.; Gonsiorek, John C.; Hotvedt, Mary E. (eds.).
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observed that in 1976 he heard a rumor that the study "would give renewed respectability to the long dominant but recently challenged psychoanalytic view (associated primarily with the work of
383:
is the study most commonly cited to prove that gay men are sexually promiscuous, but that it was not based on a broad sample and that a more extensive 1994 study by the sociologist
455:
is a form of sexual orientation intermediate between homosexuality and heterosexuality is implicit in the Kinsey scale, that view was brought into question by the publication of
1819:
428:(1981), it "refuted a large number of previous studies that gay men were social misfits". Bell and Weinberg, writing with the sociologist Sue Kiefer Hammersmith, described
594:"issues of growth and the ways in which diversity may lead to insights which might be helpful to all men and women exploring the creative violation of sex roles."
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that gays differ little from "mainstream Americans", gay radicals would be angered. He suggested that they offered a "sanitized" version of gay experience.
29:
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in 1978. The book was also published by the Macmillan Company of Australia Pty Ltd in 1978.A new edition was published in paperback by
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Allen, Judith A.; Allinson, Hallimeda E.; Clark-Huckstep, Andrew; Hill, Brandon J.; Sanders, Stephanie A.; Zhou, Liana (2017).
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designed by Bell and Gebhard and funded by NIMH. This pilot study contained many questions identical to those used in
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concluded that "estrangement from the father (irrespective of the mother's "binding" love or lack of it)
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is part of a series of books that resulted from what Bell and Weinberg called the San Francisco Study.
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is not necessarily related to pathology and divide homosexuals into five types. Together with
123:
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Corvino, John (1997). "Homosexuality: The Nature and Harm Arguments". In Soble, Alan (ed.).
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would make legislators and community leaders change their negative attitudes to gay people.
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166:
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499:
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469:
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294:
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1234:
1203:
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Carrier, Joseph M. (1979). "Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women".
1778:
1676:
Murphy, Norman C. (1978). "Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women".
1653:
Morin, Stephen F. (1979). "Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women".
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1417:
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had intended to publish a study of homosexuality to complement the two volumes of the
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Boxley, Russell (1979). "Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women".
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282:
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237:
150:
64:
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1575:
Curtis, John H. (1979). "Homosexualities—A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women".
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Hall, Richard (1978). "Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women".
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376:
367:
278:
274:
142:
42:
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Laumann, Edward O.; Gagnon, John H.; Michael, Robert T.; Michaels, Stuart (1994).
1348:
Ex-gays? A Longitudinal Study of Religiously Mediated Change in Sexual Orientation
224:
1494:
Rice, Lee C. (1980). "Homosexuality and the Social Order". In Soble, Alan (ed.).
639:
503:
452:
290:
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Levin, Michael (1997). "Why Homosexuality Is Abnormal". In Soble, Alan (ed.).
159:(1972), it is part of a series of books that culminated in the publication of
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107:
103:
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The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States
174:
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psychologists to determine it. He suggested that like similar studies,
254:
408:
reply." According to Duberman, "I finally got him to say that he had
1275:
Bell, Alan P.; Weinberg, Martin S.; Hammersmith, Sue Kiefer (1981).
223:
1205:
Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis
941:
793:
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with "provocative theoretical speculations": the philosophers
188:
1706:"Alan P. Bell, 70, Researcher Of Influences on Homosexuality"
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1472:
Homosexuality: Social, Psychological, and Biological Issues
1394:
The Philosophy of Sex: Contemporary Readings, Third Edition
1302:
The Philosophy of Sex: Contemporary Readings, Third Edition
1072:
1070:
654:
Homosexuality: Social, Psychological, and Biological Issues
22:
Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women
1419:
Straight Science? Homosexuality, Evolution and Adaptation
1254:
Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women
138:
Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women
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1643:
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as the culmination of a series of books that began with
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Gay Science: The Ethics of Sexual Orientation Research
1117:
1115:
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567:. The book was also reviewed by Norman C. Murphy in
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Midlife Queer: Autobiography of a Decade, 1971–1981
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Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women
122:
114:
98:
90:
80:
70:
60:
52:
38:
1443:
1416:
555:, and Russell Boxley and Joseph M. Carrier in the
236:, Bell and Weinberg write that the sex researcher
1498:. Totowa, New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams and Co.
1634:Lynch, Michael (1978). "The uses of diversity".
16:1978 book by Alan P. Bell and Martin S. Weinberg
561:, and a negative review from Michael Lynch in
443:Judith A. Allen and her co-authors wrote that
1346:Jones, Stanton L.; Yarhouse, Mark A. (2007).
1158:The Kinsey Institute: The First Seventy Years
977:
770:
251:Patterns of Adjustment in Deviant Populations
8:
1496:The Philosophy of Sex: Contemporary Readings
917:
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673:
525:received positive reviews from the novelist
21:
1252:Bell, Alan P.; Weinberg, Martin S. (1978).
1227:Bell, Alan P.; Weinberg, Martin S. (1972).
371:orientation or interested in attempting to
165:in 1981. The work was a publication of the
1820:Non-fiction books about same-sex sexuality
27:
20:
905:
273:, Wainwright Churchill, the psychologist
1230:Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography
1061:
953:
893:
434:Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography
156:Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography
1733:
1106:
1001:
869:
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1515:Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry
1133:
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857:
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647:Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry
396:valuable in planning their own study.
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1076:
1046:
965:
930:Bell, Weinberg & Hammersmith 1981
141:(1978) is a book by the psychologist
7:
1596:DeCecco, John P. (1982). "Review of
1016:
845:
825:
782:
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387:produced different results. Laumann
253:, a 1967 survey of white gay men in
246:National Institute of Mental Health
1577:American Journal of Family Therapy
1258:The Macmillan Company of Australia
634:Environment and sexual orientation
537:American Journal of Family Therapy
14:
1329:The University of Wisconsin Press
980:, pp. 19, 133–134, 388, 399.
734:Website, Amazon (June 10, 2014).
543:, mixed reviews from Duberman in
177:epidemic and the progress of the
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1181:The Homosexualization of America
539:, and Clarissa K. Wittenberg in
192:
149:in which the authors argue that
1375:The University of Chicago Press
736:International Kindle Paperwhite
1704:McCoubrey, Carmel (May 2002).
629:Biology and sexual orientation
1:
1621:. Vol. 179, no. 14.
232:Discussing the background to
228:Sex researcher Alfred Kinsey.
1688:'s Academic Search Complete
1669:'s Academic Search Complete
1646:'s Academic Search Complete
1627:'s Academic Search Complete
1810:Books by Martin S. Weinberg
1603:The Journal of Sex Research
1442:Murphy, Timothy F. (1997).
1350:. Downers Grove, Illinois:
1846:
1825:Simon & Schuster books
1800:American non-fiction books
1210:Princeton University Press
502:, the gay rights activist
167:Institute for Sex Research
33:Cover of the first edition
1598:Theories of Homosexuality
1589:10.1080/01926187908250321
1452:Columbia University Press
1323:Duberman, Martin (1996).
1208:. Princeton, New Jersey:
978:Jones & Yarhouse 2007
771:Jones & Yarhouse 2007
373:change it through therapy
26:
1563:Journal of Homosexuality
1548:Journal of Homosexuality
1398:Rowman & Littlefield
1306:Rowman & Littlefield
1283:Indiana University Press
1162:Indiana University Press
1160:. Bloomington, Indiana:
968:, pp. 120–123, 126.
918:Bell & Weinberg 1972
822:Paul & Weinrich 1982
798:Paul & Weinrich 1982
763:Paul & Weinrich 1982
722:Bell & Weinberg 1978
710:Bell & Weinberg 1978
698:Bell & Weinberg 1978
686:Bell & Weinberg 1978
674:Bell & Weinberg 1978
558:Journal of Homosexuality
535:, John H. Curtis in the
475:The gay rights activist
1690:(subscription required)
1671:(subscription required)
1648:(subscription required)
1629:(subscription required)
1179:Altman, Dennis (1982).
340:on September 19, 1979.
332:was first published by
1815:English-language books
1795:1978 non-fiction books
1684: – via
1665: – via
1642: – via
1623: – via
1600:by Martin Dannecker".
1513:Ruse, Michael (1988).
1415:McKnight, Jim (1997).
1202:Bayer, Ronald (1987).
992:, pp. 52–53, 189.
688:, pp. 14–15, 491.
549:, Stephen F. Morin in
510:, and the sociologist
309:, and the sociologist
229:
1805:Books by Alan P. Bell
436:in 1972 and included
307:Clarence Arthur Tripp
277:, the anthropologist
227:
1396:. Lanham, Maryland:
1304:. Lanham, Maryland:
769:, pp. 60, 100;
676:, pp. 9–14, 22.
334:Simon & Schuster
269:, the psychoanalyst
145:and the sociologist
75:Simon & Schuster
1256:. South Melbourne:
1109:, pp. 296–298.
1094:, pp. 293–295.
1079:, pp. 670–672.
1034:, pp. 101–102.
944:, pp. 115–118.
932:, pp. iv, 238.
882:Laumann et al. 1994
773:, pp. 19, 388.
325:Publication history
305:, the psychologist
301:, the psychiatrist
289:, the psychiatrist
281:, the psychologist
179:gay rights movement
23:
1711:The New York Times
1352:InterVarsity Press
824:, pp. 26–27;
765:, pp. 26–27;
610:Lynch argued that
546:The New York Times
491:John Paul De Cecco
459:. The philosopher
375:. The philosopher
297:, the sociologist
285:, the sociologist
230:
204:. You can help by
147:Martin S. Weinberg
47:Martin S. Weinberg
1486:978-0-8039-1825-2
1477:Sage Publications
1461:978-0-231-10849-2
1434:978-0-415-15773-5
1384:978-0-226-46957-7
1361:978-0-8308-2846-3
1338:978-0-299-16024-1
1292:978-0-253-16673-9
1267:978-0-333-25180-5
1244:978-0-06-014541-5
1219:978-0-691-02837-8
1194:978-0-8070-4143-7
1064:, pp. 45–46.
1019:, pp. 31–33.
942:Allen et al. 2017
828:, pp. 9–10;
800:, pp. 26–27.
700:, pp. 21–23.
506:, the sexologist
449:Sexual Preference
430:Sexual Preference
425:Sexual Preference
405:Charles Socarides
359:James D. Weinrich
311:Colin J. Williams
293:, the sexologist
222:
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162:Sexual Preference
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508:Martin Dannecker
361:maintained that
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1339:
1322:
1316:
1299:
1293:
1281:. Bloomington:
1274:
1268:
1251:
1245:
1226:
1220:
1201:
1195:
1178:
1172:
1155:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
976:
972:
964:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
904:
900:
892:
888:
880:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:, p. 147;
820:
816:
808:
804:
796:
789:
781:
777:
761:, p. 280;
757:
753:
746:
733:
732:
728:
720:
716:
708:
704:
696:
692:
684:
680:
672:
668:
663:
625:
617:Homosexualities
612:Homosexualities
600:Homosexualities
591:Homosexualities
579:Homosexualities
523:Homosexualities
520:
500:Guy Hocquenghem
496:Michel Foucault
486:Homosexualities
481:Homosexualities
466:Homosexualities
457:Homosexualities
445:Homosexualities
438:Homosexualities
419:Homosexualities
401:Martin Duberman
394:Homosexualities
381:Homosexualities
363:Homosexualities
354:Homosexualities
351:
346:
330:Homosexualities
327:
319:Homosexualities
295:Wardell Pomeroy
259:Homosexualities
234:Homosexualities
218:
212:
209:
202:needs expansion
187:
99:Media type
83:
45:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1843:
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1199:
1193:
1176:
1171:978-0253029768
1170:
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1150:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1111:
1096:
1081:
1066:
1051:
1049:, p. 187.
1036:
1021:
1006:
1004:, p. 282.
994:
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
910:
906:McCoubrey 2002
898:
886:
874:
872:, p. 147.
862:
860:, p. 100.
850:
838:
836:, p. 100.
814:
802:
787:
785:, p. 280.
775:
751:
745:978-0671251505
744:
726:
714:
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690:
678:
665:
664:
662:
659:
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631:
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621:
519:
516:
399:The historian
385:Edward Laumann
350:
347:
345:
342:
326:
323:
303:Robert Stoller
299:Edward Sagarin
287:Laud Humphreys
267:Frank A. Beach
242:Kinsey Reports
220:
219:
199:
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186:
183:
132:
131:
129:978-0671251505
126:
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15:
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1717:September 11,
1713:
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1528:0-631-15275-X
1524:
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1407:0-8476-8481-4
1403:
1399:
1395:
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1386:
1380:
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1363:
1357:
1353:
1349:
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1340:
1334:
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1315:0-8476-8481-4
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1284:
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1269:
1263:
1259:
1255:
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1200:
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1186:
1182:
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1173:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1136:, p. 22.
1135:
1130:
1127:
1124:, p. 37.
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Duberman 1996
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
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1007:
1003:
998:
995:
991:
986:
983:
979:
974:
971:
967:
962:
959:
956:, p. 33.
955:
954:McKnight 1997
950:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
926:
923:
920:, p. iv.
919:
914:
911:
907:
902:
899:
896:, p. 45.
895:
894:Duberman 1996
890:
887:
884:, p. 36.
883:
878:
875:
871:
866:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
815:
812:, p. 60.
811:
806:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
752:
747:
741:
737:
730:
727:
723:
718:
715:
712:, p. 25.
711:
706:
703:
699:
694:
691:
687:
682:
679:
675:
670:
667:
660:
656:
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586:
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571:
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559:
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548:
547:
542:
538:
534:
533:
528:
524:
517:
515:
513:
512:Jeffrey Weeks
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
487:
482:
478:
477:Dennis Altman
473:
471:
467:
462:
461:Michael Levin
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
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402:
397:
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364:
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348:
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335:
331:
324:
322:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:Evelyn Hooker
280:
276:
272:
271:Irving Bieber
268:
262:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
238:Alfred Kinsey
235:
226:
216:
213:December 2018
207:
203:
200:This section
198:
195:
191:
190:
184:
182:
180:
176:
170:
168:
164:
163:
158:
157:
152:
151:homosexuality
148:
144:
140:
139:
130:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:United States
93:
89:
85:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
65:Homosexuality
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
1715:. Retrieved
1709:
1679:The Advocate
1677:
1660:
1654:
1635:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1517:. New York:
1514:
1495:
1471:
1450:. New York:
1445:
1418:
1393:
1370:
1347:
1324:
1301:
1276:
1253:
1233:. New York:
1228:
1204:
1185:Beacon Press
1180:
1157:
1144:Bibliography
1129:
1107:Carrier 1979
1002:DeCecco 1982
997:
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
877:
870:Corvino 1997
865:
853:
841:
830:Corvino 1997
817:
805:
778:
754:
735:
729:
724:, p. 4.
717:
705:
693:
681:
669:
652:
645:
638:
616:
611:
609:
605:
599:
596:
590:
587:
583:
578:
575:
570:The Advocate
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
540:
536:
530:
527:Richard Hall
522:
521:
485:
480:
474:
465:
456:
448:
444:
442:
437:
433:
429:
423:
418:
413:
409:
398:
393:
388:
380:
377:John Corvino
368:Michael Ruse
362:
353:
352:
337:
329:
328:
318:
315:
279:Paul Gebhard
275:Albert Ellis
263:
258:
250:
233:
231:
210:
206:adding to it
201:
171:
160:
154:
143:Alan P. Bell
137:
136:
135:
43:Alan P. Bell
18:
1373:. Chicago:
1134:Murphy 1978
1092:Boxley 1979
1032:Curtis 1979
990:Altman 1982
858:Murphy 1997
834:Murphy 1997
810:Murphy 1997
767:Murphy 1997
640:Gay Science
504:Mario Mieli
453:bisexuality
410:tentatively
379:wrote that
291:Judd Marmor
1789:Categories
1767:Psychology
1475:. London:
1423:. London:
1327:. London:
1183:. Boston:
1122:Lynch 1978
1077:Morin 1979
1047:Bayer 1987
966:Levin 1997
661:References
479:described
338:Touchstone
1656:Sex Roles
1425:Routledge
1017:Hall 1978
846:Ruse 1988
826:Ruse 1988
783:Rice 1980
759:Rice 1980
552:Sex Roles
344:Reception
108:Paperback
104:Hardcover
71:Publisher
1538:Journals
623:See also
349:Overview
53:Language
1779:Society
1729:Portals
518:Reviews
470:ex-gays
447:, like
255:Chicago
185:Summary
102:Print (
61:Subject
56:English
39:Authors
1682:(254).
1525:
1502:
1483:
1458:
1431:
1404:
1381:
1358:
1335:
1312:
1289:
1264:
1241:
1216:
1191:
1168:
742:
389:et al.
1755:LGBTQ
1743:Books
1686:EBSCO
1667:EBSCO
1644:EBSCO
1640:(47).
1625:EBSCO
1583:(2).
1149:Books
115:Pages
1719:2016
1663:(5).
1610:(3).
1570:(3).
1555:(3).
1523:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1262:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1166:ISBN
740:ISBN
498:and
175:AIDS
124:ISBN
106:and
86:1978
1585:doi
529:in
414:was
208:.
118:505
1791::
1708:.
1659:.
1608:18
1606:.
1579:.
1566:.
1551:.
1521:.
1479:.
1454:.
1427:.
1400:.
1377:.
1354:.
1331:.
1308:.
1285:.
1260:.
1237:.
1212:.
1187:.
1164:.
1114:^
1099:^
1084:^
1069:^
1054:^
1039:^
1024:^
1009:^
790:^
738:.
573:.
514:.
472:.
440:.
261:.
181:.
169:.
1731::
1721:.
1661:5
1591:.
1587::
1581:7
1568:4
1553:4
1531:.
1508:.
1489:.
1464:.
1437:.
1410:.
1387:.
1364:.
1341:.
1318:.
1295:.
1270:.
1247:.
1222:.
1197:.
1174:.
908:.
748:.
215:)
211:(
110:)
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