800:
formally heard by lawmakers and the public. The
Untraceable Firearms Act, for short, proposes to amend the Firearm Owners Identification Card Act primarily by prohibiting the possession, manufacturing, and distribution of "unfinished frames or receivers" without having a FOID (Firearm Owners Identification Card) in his or her possession, among other requirements. HB2253 also proposes to include privately made firearms as a new class of prohibited firearm in certain areas, including public buildings. Violations of HB2253 would result in the commission of a Class 2 felony, punishable by 3 to 7 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections and fines up to $ 25,000.
520:
444:
49:
383:
278:
538:
107:
236:
1119:(3) The term 'firearm' means (A) any weapon (including a starter gun) which will or is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive; (B) the frame or receiver of any such weapon; (C) any firearm muffler or firearm silencer; or (D) any destructive device. Such term does not include an antique firearm.
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law enforcement assert that because of the cost and effort required to make privately made firearms, criminals would prefer to steal firearms for use in crime, a fact borne out by DOJ statistics. While the ATF does not track privately made firearms, the FBI reports that their use in crimes is increasing.
403:
right and a way to maintain the privacy of gun owners. Individuals have organized "build parties" where equipment and expertise are shared to help create privately made firearms. Advocates say that privately made firearms are rarely used in crime despite widespread ownership. Gun rights advocates and
597:
signed Senate Bill 23-279 (Unserialized
Firearms And Firearm Components) into law. The law bans the manufacture, possession and sale of unserialized firearms and unserialized frames/receivers, effective January 1, 2024. A violation is made a Class 1 misdemeanor, and a subsequent offense is a Class 5
185:
The ATF rule thus required such kits to have serial numbers, required manufacturers of such kits to be licensed, and required commercial sellers of such kits to conduct background checks for purchasers. Under U.S. law, the frame or receiver of a firearm is treated as though it were a firearm itself;
646:
that barred
Delaware from enforcing the portion of the law that restricts the possession and manufacture of untraceable firearms, siding with plaintiffs on their claim that they were likely to succeed on the merits of their Second Amendment claim. However, Noreika denied the plaintiffs' request for
803:
The Bill has garnered both support and criticism among lawmakers. In the Bill's introduction, Rep. Willis stated, "I'm not calling for a ban on them, I'm just saying that you need to have the same background checks as you would if you were going to purchase a regular gun..." On the other hand, the
799:
On
February 7, 2019, Illinois House Rep. Kathleen Willis filed HB2253, entitled the Undetectable and Untraceable Firearms Act, with the Clerk of the House was the Bill was announced to the House. It was then referred to the House Rules Committee for assignment to a substantive committee, and to be
516:
receiver under the Gun
Control Act of 1968. If a receiver blank is believed to be a frame or receiver, it is treated by ATF as a firearm and subjected to certain controls. The following graphic illustrates the features ATF considers preclude a receiver blank from regulation as a frame or receiver:
370:
wrote that "The potential for large-scale, clandestine firearm manufacture in support of armed extremist groups is cause for great concern." Wintemute wrote that the relative inexpensiveness of 3D-printing equipment could facilitate the growths of arsenals held by violent extremist organizations.
172:
In 2022, the Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) issued a rule that determined "buy build shoot" kits, which can be assembled into functioning firearms in as little as 20 minutes, fit within the definition of "frame or receiver" used in the Gun Control Act of 1968. The ATF
515:
The ATF's involvement in regulating privately made firearms is primarily through its regulation of the receiver blanks commonly used to create such firearms. The ATF has exerted enforcement discretion in determining when it believes a receiver blank meets the statutory definition of a frame or
630:
into law, which "establishes the crimes of possession of an unfinished firearm frame or receiver with no serial number, possession of and manufacturing a covert or undetectable firearm, possession of and manufacturing an untraceable firearm, and manufacturing or distributing a firearm using a
488:
Congress passed the Gun
Control Act of 1968 or the GCA, to expand interstate commerce controls over common firearms like handguns, shotguns and rifles. The GCA requires those who are "engaged in the business" of manufacturing or dealing in firearms to be licensed by the ATF. Federal firearms
390:
While there are no reliable statistics on how many privately made firearms are being recovered in crimes, since the issue rose to prominence in
California, the ATF has documented recoveries of privately made firearms in 38 States plus DC, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The ATF noted an
684:
aggressively prosecuted infractions of this law. New Jersey filed a lawsuit against U.S. Patriot Armory, a company that allegedly sold AR-15 build kits to New Jersey residents. In July 2019, S3897 was enacted, which criminalizes transferring or possessing unserialized firearms.
1587:
489:
licensees are required to mark their firearms' serial numbers and keep records of their transactions. The GCA also prohibits certain categories of persons, like convicted felons, domestic abusers, current users of illicit drugs and others, from possessing firearms.
804:
Federal
Firearms Licensees of Illinois have voiced 2nd Amendment concerns on behalf of gun sellers: " trying to make it illegal for the home hobbyist to own or possess firearms they've made. They're going after an industry and a hobby and lawful gun owners."
671:, "ban the sale, receipt and transfer of unfinished frames or receivers that are not serialized by the manufacturer" to become law without his signature. This law will also outlaw the mere possession of such items starting in March 2023.
697:
said that it was "easy" for "criminals to make completely untraceable, military-grade firearms." In 2019, New York passed a law to prohibit the making, selling, transporting or possessing 3D-printed guns or other undetectable firearms.
679:
S2465, enacted in
November 2018, prohibits the manufacture and sale of guns or parts that are or can become a privately made firearm. Multiple arrests were made within months of this law going into effect. Then State Attorney General
883:
A PMF is a firearm, including a frame or receiver, completed, assembled, or otherwise produced by a person other than a licensed manufacturer, and without a serial number placed by a licensed manufacturer at the time the firearm was
750:(RI-01) introduced House Resolution 7468, aiming to outlaw certain conduct in relation to privately made firearms. As of September 22, 2020, the most recent action taken on the bill was on July 1, when it was referred to the
1144:
307:, which houses the trigger group. A person with an AR-15 lower receiver can assemble a complete firearm using widely available, commercial and unregulated components, such as barrels, stocks, and upper receivers.
762:
As of April 2020, there are at least two bills that aim to control the distribution of firearm kits as well as 3D printed firearms in the Commonwealth: Bill H.3843, "An Act relative to ghost guns", presented by
842:
The term "readily" with respect to firearms is defined in another regulation (27 C.F.R. 478.12(c)), and the ATF stated in a December 2022 open letter that the same definition applies to all firearm frames and
607:
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To help trace privately made firearms used in crime and assist detectives in criminal investigations, ATF officials have advised law enforcement agencies to submit evidence obtained in investigations to the
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2006:
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felony. It also provides regulations requiring existing unserialized firearms to be serialized by a licensed firearms dealer (and for the owners to have background checks) by January 1, 2024.
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three-dimensional printer." The bill effectively prohibits private manufacture of a firearm, by criminalizing possession of an untraceable firearm, including unfinished frames and receivers.
181:"The term shall include a weapon parts kit that is designed to or may readily be completed, assembled, restored, or otherwise converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive."
2809:
2552:
1091:
The term shall include a weapon parts kit that is designed to or may readily be completed, assembled, restored, or otherwise converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive.
216:
While some states have passed laws restricting the creation of privately made firearms, in most states unfinished receivers are sold without requiring a federal or state background check.
647:
an injunction to block the parts of the law that regulate firearm distribution and prohibit distribution of computer code that would facilitate the manufacture of 3D-printed guns.
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The Delaware law is being challenged in litigation by gun-rights activists, specifically the Firearms Policy Coalition and two individuals. In September 2022, in the case of
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59:
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signed into law restrictions on privately made firearms. This consisted of The Scott J. Beigel Unfinished Receiver Act and The Jose Webster Untraceable Firearms Act.
507:, its drafters expressly added that the Act was not intended to place any undue burden on law-abiding citizens who use or make firearms for lawful, private purposes.
944:
2802:
1984:
1948:
751:
1622:
Hurd, Rick (August 7, 2015). "Police Eye 'Ghost Gun' In Recent Slaying: With The Rise Of Homemade Firearms, Legislation Sought To Make It Easier To Trace Them".
161:, the creation of a firearm for non-commercial purposes (i.e., personal use) has, almost without exception, been unlicensed and legal. Since the passage of the
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2014:
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432:. Recently, law enforcement officials in the United States have begun encountering privately made machine gun conversion devices. Devices such as the
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With the signing of HB4383 in May 2022, building, selling, or possessing privately made firearms without serial numbers is prohibited in Illinois.
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1376:
NYPD Intelligence Division Major Case Field Intelligence Team. Ghost Guns: Past, Present, and Future. New York: New York Police Department, 2023.
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Because they lack serial numbers and manufacturer identification, privately made firearms are more difficult to trace than conventional firearms.
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2501:
1041:
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There is no make, model, or serial number on these firearms. Data systems are not able to track this market in a meaningful, actionable way
391:
increasing number of privately made firearm seizures every year since 2016, and over 1,600 of these firearms have been entered into NIBIN.
562:
passed a bill to require serial numbers on receiver blanks and all other firearms, including antique guns, but it was vetoed by Governor
566:. However, in 2016, it passed a measure requiring anyone planning to build a homemade firearm to obtain a serial number from the state (
2278:
1178:
722:
1752:
1736:
303:-style firearms are often made as privately made firearms. AR-15s are modular firearms, and maker's marks are usually applied to the
266:
It has always been possible to make firearms from raw materials, and more recently it has become popular among firearms hobbyists to
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registration) and pass a background check. From July 1, 2024, "firearm precursor parts" may only be sold through a licensed dealer.
135:
93:
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Pistols and AK-47-style semi-automatic rifles are also popularly made as privately made firearms. The Intelligence Division of the
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regulation, Final Rule 2021-05F, went into effect on August 24, 2022. This regulation expanded upon the current terms used in the
1541:
1412:"A Blueprint for a U.S. Firearms Data Infrastructure: Final Recommendations of the Expert Panel on Firearms Data Infrastructure"
614:
that "after removal of grips, stocks and magazines, is not ... detectible" by metal detectors is banned under Connecticut law.
319:
110:
Receiver blanks in various stages of completion. Receiver blanks are often used in the manufacture of privately made firearms.
2093:
937:"Does an individual need a license to make a firearm for personal use? | Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives"
1672:
693:
In 2015, during the state of New York's first prosecution for sale of privately made firearms, Then State Attorney General
2915:
718:
2553:"Injunction GRANTED against Pennsylvania State Police's Policy relating to "Partially-Manufactured Frames and Receivers""
1766:
936:
721:, issued a legal opinion that 80% lower receivers are considered firearms. After a legal challenge, in January 2020 the
152:
1976:
500:, or NICS, and requiring FFLs to submit potential firearms purchaser information to NICS before transferring firearms.
126:, is a firearm made by a private individual, in contrast to one produced by a corporate or government entity. The term
2839:
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2766:
2067:
1863:
1078:
823:
780:
464:
174:
243:
Starting in the 2010s, polymer receiver blanks and kits became popular, which require only hand tools for finishing.
75:
209:
blocking the rule. However, the U.S. has appealed to the Fifth Circuit, and O'Connor's injunction was stayed by the
2920:
2894:
2869:
590:. The law outlaws the creation, carriage, transportation, discharge, and sale of firearms without serial numbers.
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425:
1914:
864:
437:
166:
158:
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area of Pakistan, and the Philippines; the Philippines are especially known for the production of .45 caliber
1888:
1699:
1469:
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1397:
542:
524:
413:
162:
2879:
2257:
726:
643:
559:
2191:
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429:
2037:
1495:
335:
206:
71:
906:
274:, though the variety of materials and methods used to create these receivers are of varying quality.
784:
165:, however, anyone intending to manufacture firearms for sale or distribution is required to obtain a
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1319:
1293:
2854:
1592:
1149:
611:
531:
372:
290:
267:
2221:"Carney signs bills into Delaware law barring abusers from possessing guns, banning 'ghost guns'"
1320:"Agents Recover Thousands of Bullets, 3D Printer And Ghost Guns From Convicted Felon's Residence"
813:
772:
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210:
35:
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2603:
2148:
1200:
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1922:
1227:
1223:
694:
639:
443:
286:
2007:"California Governor Jerry Brown Vetoes "Ghost Gun" Ban, Signs Three Other Gun Control Bills"
530:
Conversely, a receiver blank with the following features is considered by the agency to be a
2849:
1571:
Moody, Oliver (June 25, 2016). "Anarchist will supply kit to build your own assault rifle".
1481:
399:
Gun rights activists support the private production of firearms, claiming the practice as a
376:
202:
2094:"Ghost guns – easily assembled firearms without serial numbers – are now banned in Denver"
764:
747:
504:
367:
2451:"New York bans 3-D-printed guns and other untraceable DIY firearms known as 'ghost guns'"
1218:
Blackman, Josh (June 14, 2014). "The 1st Amendment, 2nd Amendment, And 3d Printed Guns".
606:
Since October 1, 2019, all manufactured guns must have a serial number obtained from the
2604:"H.R.7468 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Stop Home Manufacture of Ghost Guns Act of 2020"
1588:"Unfinished receivers, a gun part that is sold separately, lets some get around the law"
1449:
771:, and Bill S.2649, "An Act relative to 3D printed firearm and ghost guns", presented by
2477:"Nation's Toughest Restrictions on Ghost Guns Signed Into Law by Governor Kathy Hochul"
400:
304:
248:
1242:"Polymer80's Name Has Become Synonymous With 'Ghost Guns.' Now It's in the Crosshairs"
475:
that was electrically fired via a metal filament wire heating up near the propellant.
382:
330:
Overseas production centers of clandestine privately made firearms include China, the
197:
The rule was challenged in court by gun advocacy groups, and a U.S. district judge in
2909:
681:
447:
Example of privately made machinegun conversion devices. The devices on the left are
31:
2527:"PAFirearmCase.com - Landmark Firearms, et al. v. PSP Commissioner Robert Evanchick"
1042:
A new Supreme Court case could allow criminals to get guns without background checks
277:
2889:
2787:
743:
714:
702:
503:
While Congress passed the GCA as a response to the assassination of then-President
448:
433:
294:
2622:"Raskin, Cicilline Introduce Legislation to Stop Home Manufacture of "Ghost Guns""
1642:"Homemade gun in Stanford student's murder-suicide spurs question on 'ghost guns'"
1132:
Supreme Court reinstates regulation of ghost guns, firearms without serial numbers
1103:
523:
Features of a receiver blank that ATF does not consider as a 'firearm' under the
451:. The devices on the righthand side are known as 'swift links'. They are used in
664:
594:
563:
537:
468:
331:
232:
that could include drill bits, stencils, or jigs to aid the finishing process.
225:
224:
Most receiver blanks from the 20th century could be finished with hand tools, a
131:
106:
1949:"lmpact of Final Rule 2021-05F on Partially Complete AR-15/M-16 Type Receivers"
205:, ruled in 2023 that the ATF rule exceeded the agency's authority and issued a
1486:
1451:
Presidential Commissionon on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice
993:
627:
271:
1926:
1145:"District seeks to ban 'ghost gun' kits as seizures of homemade weapons soar"
2665:
2639:
493:
417:
244:
229:
17:
2526:
1836:
1378:
https://trackingterrorism.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/NYPD-Ghostguns.pdf
1063:, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (December 27, 2022).
2393:
2342:
2115:
1700:"Shooting rampage in California highlights "ghost guns" and their dangers"
228:, or machine tools. Certain companies in the 1990s began to sell receiver
1704:
1324:
587:
541:
Features of a receiver blank that ATF considers as a 'firearm' under the
421:
2038:"California governor signs bill to require registration of 'ghost guns'"
1753:
Philly leaders sue ghost gun manufacturers just days after mass shooting
235:
1348:"Illegal Firearm Maker Dr. Death Helped Create Untraceable Ghost Guns"
1026:
Biden administration asks US Supreme Court to block 'ghost gun' ruling
258:
2325:"Ghost guns to become outlawed in Maryland without Hogan's signature"
2239:"Federal judge bars enforcement of Delaware 'ghost gun' restrictions"
1793:"A Machine Gun Was Likely Used In Sacramento's Chaotic Mass Shooting"
583:
534:
subject to control as a 'firearm' under the Gun Control Act of 1968:
252:
2666:"Bill S.2649 (An Act relative to 3D printed weapons and ghost guns)"
2149:"Colorado bans the manufacture, possession and sale of "ghost guns""
907:"I Made an Untraceable AR-15 Ghost Gun in My Office And It Was Easy"
582:
signed into law a bill outlawing certain privately made firearms in
412:
Noted crimes in which privately made firearms were used include the
314:
A privately made firearm built in the style of the ArmaLite Rifle 15
310:
169:, and each firearm made is required to bear a unique serial number.
213:, allowing the rule to go into effect pending further proceedings.
189:
536:
518:
452:
442:
381:
309:
300:
276:
257:
234:
198:
188:
105:
2296:"What Are 'Ghost Guns', and Why Are They Now Banned in Illinois?"
322:
has published a survey and compendium of homemade firearm types.
1915:"'Ghost guns' now must be traceable, as Biden rule takes effect"
281:
An AR-15-esque (lower) receiver blank created using a 3D printer
255:, became well known for being a top producer of such receivers.
34:. For firearms made from salvaged and repurposed materials, see
2791:
1953:
869:
193:
Example of a firearm parts kit regulated by ATF Rule 2021R-05F
42:
58:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2279:
Delaware 'Ghost Gun' Restrictions Partially Blocked by Judge
1673:"Walnut Creek Police Say 'Ghost Gun' Used In Murder-Suicide"
30:
For the manufacturing of firearms by private companies, see
2578:"Pennsylvania judge puts hold on state 'ghost guns' policy"
285:
A popular machine tool for completing receiver blanks is a
2742:"Illinois bill aims to regulate homemade guns, blueprints"
2740:
Illinois, JERRY NOWICKI Capitol News (February 13, 2019).
465:
former Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe was assassinated
428:. In each of these cases, the shooter used home-assembled
1947:
Graham, Andrew; Henderson, William (September 27, 2022).
2875:
National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS)
2368:"New Jersey sues company over illegal 'ghost gun' sales"
492:
To help enforce these prohibitions, Congress passed the
2420:"Long Island Trio Charged in NY's First Ghost Gun Bust"
2130:
Ghost guns ban wins final approval from House Democrats
1977:"California Ghost Gun Bill creeps onto governor's desk"
1542:"Sacramento At Center Of Untraceable 'Ghost Gun' Surge"
1517:"People Are 3D Printing Anti-Tank Rocket Launchers Now"
67:
2670:
The General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
2116:
SB23-279, Unserialized Firearms And Firearm Components
1731:
1729:
1727:
608:
Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection
186:
accordingly, both are subject to similar regulations.
1179:"The Unconstitutionality of Unfinished Receiver Bans"
239:
Milling of the fire-control group in a receiver blank
2691:"Illinois General Assembly - Bill Status for HB2253"
2502:"AG Shapiro, Gov. Wolf: 80% Receivers Are Firearms"
1791:Stephens, Alain; Hamilton, Keegan (April 4, 2022).
386:
Two privately manufactured 37mm destructive devices
2142:
2140:
2138:
2767:"Bill aims to regulate homemade guns, blueprints"
2716:"Illinois General Assembly - Full Text of HB2253"
1747:
1745:
1268:"ATF's New 'Ghost Gun' Rules Are as Clear as Mud"
498:National Instant Criminal Background Check System
357:National Integrated Ballistic Information Network
2394:"New Jersey S3897 | 2018-2019 | Regular Session"
2343:"New Jersey S2465 | 2018-2019 | Regular Session"
1817:Satoshi Sugiyama; Chang-Ran Kim (July 8, 2022).
1694:
1692:
1690:
1463:
1461:
362:In a 2021 commentary on firearms in the journal
1837:"Do I Need a License to Buy and Sell Firearms?"
1819:"Shinzo Abe's assassin used a handmade firearm"
1454:. U.S. Department of Justice. 4278911_2_k14MbL.
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1201:"California black market surges for ghost guns"
179:
1864:"Yes, the ATF Can Legally Regulate Ghost Guns"
1470:"Ghost guns: spookier than you think they are"
1199:Sam Stanton; Denny Walsh (December 19, 2015).
2803:
1061:Open Letter to All Federal Firearms Licensees
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
56:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
1500:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
1056:
1054:
968:"'Ghost Guns' Are Untraceable, Easy to Make"
819:List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts
667:allowed legislation that will, according to
414:shooting sprees in Rancho Tehama, California
262:A privately made pistol with a polymer frame
2319:
2317:
2125:
2123:
2111:
2109:
2107:
1036:
1034:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
2810:
2796:
2788:
1737:California mass shooter made his own rifle
1294:"New Polymer80 PF940v2 Coming This Fall -"
1194:
1192:
2551:Prince, Joshua; Esq. (January 31, 2020).
1485:
865:"What is a privately made firearm (PMF)?"
375:are reported to be developing 3D-printed
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
2273:
2271:
2232:
2230:
1635:
1633:
995:How to Make a Homemade Gun (Full Length)
2506:Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General
1735:Andrew Blankstein and Corky Siemaszko,
1617:
1615:
856:
835:
779:. Both bills have been deferred to the
701:On October 28, 2021, New York Governor
130:is used mostly in the United States by
1862:Nicastro, Johnathan (August 9, 2023).
1712:from the original on November 17, 2017
1683:from the original on October 20, 2016.
1493:
1183:Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y per Curiam
966:Pane, Lisa Marie (November 24, 2019).
293:sells a CNC milling machine named the
134:advocates, but it is being adopted by
2430:from the original on October 20, 2016
2048:from the original on October 20, 2016
1987:from the original on October 20, 2016
1652:from the original on October 20, 2016
1600:from the original on October 20, 2016
1552:from the original on October 20, 2016
1358:from the original on October 20, 2016
1172:
1170:
1168:
917:from the original on October 20, 2016
436:have been used in crimes such as the
7:
2237:Randall Chase (September 24, 2022).
1134:, Associated Press (August 8, 2023).
947:from the original on October 1, 2017
138:advocates and the firearm industry.
27:Firearm made by a private individual
2475:Anna M. Kaplan (October 28, 2021).
1671:Melendez, Lyanne (August 4, 2015).
1515:Hamilton, Keegan (March 15, 2023).
1177:McWilliam, Jamie (March 26, 2022).
2256:Melissa Steele (October 2, 2022).
2036:Dobuzinski, Alex (July 23, 2016).
1975:Eger, Chris (September 14, 2014).
1765:Stephens, Alain (March 24, 2022).
1220:81 Tennessee Law Review 479 (2014)
1104:"18 U.S. Code § 921 - Definitions"
25:
2926:Gun politics in the United States
2449:Slattery, Denis (July 30, 2019).
2418:Bolger, Timothy (June 26, 2015).
2258:"Delaware ghost gun bill on hold"
1419:NORC at the University of Chicago
1108:LII / Legal Information Institute
742:On July 1, 2020, Representatives
2819:Gun control in the United States
2092:Morgan Keith (January 4, 2022).
1913:Berman, Mark (August 24, 2022).
1024:Andrew Chung & John Kruzel,
905:Greenberg, Andy (June 3, 2015).
752:House Committee on the Judiciary
426:Kingsessing, Philadelphia (2023)
47:
2640:"An Act relative to ghost guns"
2219:DJ McAneny (October 20, 2021).
1767:"The Return of the Machine Gun"
729:blocking AG Shapiro's opinion.
638:, Federal District Court Judge
320:New York City Police Department
2602:Raskin, Jamie (July 1, 2020).
2192:"AN ACT CONCERNING GHOST GUNS"
2167:"Connecticut General Assembly"
1677:KGO-TV San Francisco, ABC News
1640:Hurd, Rick (August 12, 2016).
1586:Horwitz, Sara (May 13, 2014).
622:On October 20, 2021, Governor
511:ATF enforcement and discretion
268:produce receivers from plastic
177:by addition of the following:
1:
2885:Public opinion on gun control
2845:Firearms death rates by state
2068:"Bill Text - AB-879 Firearms"
1448:Keith, Phil (April 8, 2020).
2199:Connecticut General Assembly
2171:Connecticut General Assembly
1421:. October 2020. p. 14.
153:Gun law in the United States
2840:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
2835:Child access prevention law
2830:Assault weapons legislation
2147:Jesse Paul (June 2, 2023).
1468:Garen J. Wintemute (2021).
1079:Code of Federal Regulations
824:Right to keep and bear arms
781:Committee of Ways and Means
175:Code of Federal Regulations
70:, discuss the issue on the
2942:
2895:Universal background check
2870:High-capacity magazine ban
2072:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
1755:, ABC News (July 6, 2023).
1028:, Reuters (July 27, 2023).
663:In 2022 Maryland governor
593:On June 2, 2023, Governor
578:On January 4, 2022, Mayor
366:, firearm violence expert
150:
29:
2825:
2531:Firearms Policy Coalition
2481:The New York State Senate
1843:. January 1, 2016. 5310.2
1487:10.1186/s40621-021-00306-
2626:Congressman Jamie Raskin
1490:(inactive July 6, 2024).
438:2022 Sacramento shooting
167:Federal Firearms License
2771:Capitolnewsillinois.com
2557:Prince Law Offices Blog
769:25th Middlesex district
543:Gun Control Act of 1968
525:Gun Control Act of 1968
163:Gun Control Act of 1968
2880:Privately made firearm
777:3rd Middlesex district
738:United States Congress
727:preliminary injunction
644:preliminary injunction
560:California Legislature
545:
527:
496:in 1993, creating the
460:
387:
336:semi-automatic pistols
326:Non-U.S. jurisdictions
315:
282:
263:
240:
194:
183:
124:privately made firearm
111:
2285:(September 26, 2022).
2243:Associated Press News
2132:, KUSA (May 5, 2023).
1708:. November 16, 2017.
1624:San Jose Mercury News
972:Antelope Valley Press
540:
522:
446:
385:
342:Political controversy
313:
280:
261:
238:
207:nationwide injunction
192:
109:
2916:Firearm construction
1400:on October 20, 2016.
373:Mexican drug cartels
76:create a new article
68:improve this article
2855:Gun buyback program
2329:The Washington Post
1593:The Washington Post
1474:Injury Epidemiology
1394:National Geographic
1328:. February 27, 2020
1185:(9). Cambridge, MA.
1153:. February 27, 2020
1150:The Washington Post
733:Pending legislation
669:The Washington Post
471:, using a homemade
364:Injury Epidemiology
291:Defense Distributed
2017:on October 1, 2017
1739:, NBC News (2016).
1205:The Sacramento Bee
1074:"Meaning of Terms"
974:. Associated Press
814:Improvised firearm
773:Michael J. Barrett
765:Marjorie C. Decker
723:Commonwealth Court
580:Michael B. Hancock
546:
528:
461:
457:AR-15–style rifles
430:AR-15–style rifles
388:
316:
297:for this purpose.
289:mill. The company
283:
264:
241:
211:U.S. Supreme Court
195:
112:
36:improvised firearm
2921:Homemade firearms
2903:
2902:
2865:Gun show loophole
2860:Gun laws by state
2644:malegislature.gov
2424:Long Island Press
1751:Bill Hutchinson,
1300:. August 15, 2017
1048:(August 1, 2023).
713:In December 2019
695:Eric Schneiderman
640:Maryellen Noreika
636:Rigby v. Jennings
463:On July 8, 2022,
377:grenade launchers
104:
103:
96:
78:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2933:
2850:Firearms license
2812:
2805:
2798:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2687:
2674:
2673:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2608:www.congress.gov
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2374:. March 22, 2019
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2331:. April 8, 2022.
2321:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2292:
2286:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2133:
2127:
2118:
2113:
2102:
2101:
2098:Business Insider
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2013:. Archived from
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1740:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1696:
1685:
1684:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1646:The Mercury News
1637:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1548:. May 16, 2016.
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1396:. Archived from
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1354:. May 19, 2016.
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1298:The Firearm Blog
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1274:. April 12, 2022
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1038:
1029:
1022:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
933:
927:
926:
924:
922:
902:
887:
886:
880:
878:
861:
844:
840:
791:, respectively.
719:Attorney General
484:U.S. federal law
459:, respectively.
159:U.S. federal law
118:, also called a
116:homemade firearm
99:
92:
88:
85:
79:
51:
50:
43:
21:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2821:
2816:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2628:. July 2, 2020.
2620:
2619:
2615:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
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2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
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2510:
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2500:
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2485:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2455:nydailynews.com
2448:
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2417:
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2412:
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2400:
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2341:
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2336:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2277:Jacklyn Wille,
2276:
2269:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2105:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1919:Washington Post
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1868:National Review
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1698:
1697:
1688:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1492:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1447:
1446:
1429:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1352:CBS SF Bay Area
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1248:. April 4, 2022
1240:
1239:
1235:
1222:. p. 511.
1217:
1216:
1212:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1084:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1052:
1040:Ian Millhiser,
1039:
1032:
1023:
1010:
1001:
999:
998:, March 6, 2015
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
965:
964:
960:
950:
948:
935:
934:
930:
920:
918:
904:
903:
890:
876:
874:
873:. July 22, 2022
863:
862:
858:
853:
848:
847:
841:
837:
832:
810:
797:
760:
748:David Cicilline
740:
735:
711:
691:
677:
661:
653:
620:
604:
576:
556:
551:
549:U.S. state laws
513:
505:John F. Kennedy
486:
481:
410:
397:
368:Garen Wintemute
349:
344:
328:
222:
155:
149:
144:
100:
89:
83:
80:
65:
52:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2783:
2758:
2732:
2707:
2675:
2657:
2631:
2613:
2594:
2569:
2543:
2518:
2493:
2467:
2441:
2410:
2385:
2359:
2334:
2313:
2302:. May 18, 2022
2287:
2267:
2248:
2226:
2211:
2183:
2158:
2134:
2119:
2103:
2084:
2059:
2028:
2011:www.calffl.org
1998:
1967:
1939:
1905:
1880:
1854:
1828:
1809:
1783:
1757:
1741:
1723:
1686:
1663:
1629:
1611:
1578:
1563:
1546:CBS Sacramento
1533:
1507:
1457:
1427:
1403:
1381:
1369:
1339:
1311:
1285:
1259:
1233:
1210:
1188:
1164:
1136:
1130:Mark Sherman,
1123:
1095:
1065:
1050:
1030:
1008:
985:
958:
928:
888:
855:
854:
852:
849:
846:
845:
834:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
809:
806:
796:
793:
759:
756:
739:
736:
734:
731:
710:
707:
690:
687:
676:
673:
660:
657:
652:
649:
628:House Bill 125
619:
616:
610:engraved. Any
603:
600:
575:
572:
555:
552:
550:
547:
512:
509:
485:
482:
480:
477:
449:Glock switches
409:
408:Notable crimes
406:
401:constitutional
396:
393:
348:
345:
343:
340:
327:
324:
305:lower receiver
221:
218:
148:
145:
143:
140:
102:
101:
62:of the subject
60:worldwide view
55:
53:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2938:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2583:
2582:York Dispatch
2579:
2573:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2283:Bloomberg Law
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:. p. A1.
1625:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1002:September 12,
997:
996:
989:
986:
973:
969:
962:
959:
946:
942:
938:
932:
929:
916:
912:
908:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
889:
885:
872:
871:
866:
860:
857:
850:
839:
836:
829:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
807:
805:
801:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:Massachusetts
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
737:
732:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
708:
706:
704:
699:
696:
688:
686:
683:
682:Gurbir Grewal
674:
672:
670:
666:
658:
656:
650:
648:
645:
641:
637:
632:
629:
625:
617:
615:
613:
609:
601:
599:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
558:In 2014, the
553:
548:
544:
539:
535:
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