457:", according to which water "remembers" the substances mixed in it, and transmits the effect of those substances when consumed. This concept is inconsistent with the current understanding of matter, and water memory has never been demonstrated to have any detectable effect, biological or otherwise. The claim often given to support "water memory" is that science does not fully understand water. In fact a great deal is known about the structure and properties of liquid water, from both theoretical and experimental studies, because of its importance in biochemistry, its relative molecular simplicity and the quantum mechanical nature of hydrogen bonding which make it a popular substance to study in theoretical chemistry. The actual memory of water can be measured experimentally and is found to be around 50
105:– was necessary. It has been said that Hahnemann came to this conclusion after deciding preparations subjected to agitation in transit, such as in saddle bags or in a carriage, were more "potent". Hahnemann had a saddle-maker construct a special wooden striking board covered in leather on one side and stuffed with horsehair. The process of dilution and succussion is termed "dynamization" or "potentization" by homeopaths. In industrial manufacture this may be done by machine. There are differences of opinion on the number and force of strikes, and some practitioners dispute the need for succussion at all. There are no laboratory assays and the importance and techniques for succussion cannot be determined with any certainty from the literature.
114:
356:
may also be used. In the
Korsakovian method the vessel in which the preparations are manufactured is emptied, refilled with solvent, with the volume of fluid adhering to the walls of the vessel deemed sufficient for the new batch. The Korsakovian method is sometimes referred to as K on the label of a homeopathic preparation. Another method is Fluxion, which dilutes the substance by continuously passing water through the vial. Insoluble solids, such as
175:. In the last ten years of his life, Hahnemann also developed a quintamillesimal (Q) or LM scale diluting the drug 1 part in 50,000 parts of diluent. A given dilution on the Q scale is roughly 2.35 times its designation on the C scale. For example, a preparation described as "20Q" has about the same concentration as one described with "47C".
139:
A 2C dilution requires a substance to be diluted to one part in one hundred, and then some of that diluted solution diluted by a further factor of one hundred. This works out to one part of the original substance in 10,000 parts of the solution. A 6C dilution repeats this process six times, ending up
135:
dilution scales are in regular use in homeopathy. Hahnemann created the "centesimal" or "C scale", diluting a substance by a factor of 100 at each stage. There is also a decimal dilution scale (notated as "X" or "D") in which the preparation is diluted by a factor of 10 at each stage. The centesimal
391:
Homeopathic dilutions beyond this limit (equivalent to approximately 12C) are unlikely to contain even a single molecule of the original substance and lower dilutions contain no detectable amount. ISO 3696 (Water for analytical laboratory use) specifies a purity of ten parts per billion, or 10×10 ―
355:
of a solution results, after each dilution step, in fewer molecules of the original substance per litre of solution. Eventually, a solution will be diluted beyond any likelihood of finding a single molecule of the original substance in a litre of the total dilution product. The "Korsakovian" method
182:
The following table is a synopsis comparing the X and C dilution scales and equating them by equivalent dilution. However, the homeopathic understanding of its principles is not explained by dilution but by "potentisation", hence one can not assume that the different potencies can be equated on the
170:
Some homeopaths developed a decimal scale (D or X), diluting the substance to ten times its original volume each stage. The D or X scale dilution is therefore half that of the same value of the C scale; for example, "12X" is the same level of dilution as "6C". Hahnemann never used this scale but it
178:
Potencies of 1000C and above are usually labelled with Roman numeral M and with the centesimal 'C' indicator implied (since all such high potencies are centesimal dilutions): 1M = 1000C; 10M = 10,000C; CM = 100,000C; LM (which would indicate 50,000C) is typically not used because of confusion with
155:
Hahnemann advocated 30C dilutions for most purposes (that is, dilution by a factor of 10). Hahnemann regularly used dilutions up to 300C but opined that "there must be a limit to the matter". In
Hahnemann's time it was reasonable to assume that preparations could be diluted indefinitely, as the
452:
Homeopaths maintain that this water retains some "essential property" of the original material, because the preparation has been shaken after each dilution. Hahnemann believed that the dynamisation or shaking of the solution caused a "spirit-like" healing force to be released from within the
485:
Not all homeopaths advocate extremely high dilutions. Many of the early homeopaths were originally doctors and generally used lower dilutions such as "3X" or "6X", rarely going beyond "12X"; these dilution ("trituration") levels were still popular in the late 20th century with advocates of
100:
found that undiluted doses caused reactions, sometimes dangerous ones, so specified that preparations be given at the lowest possible dose. To counter the reduced potency at high dilutions he formed the view that vigorous shaking by striking on an elastic surface – a process termed
1236:
in homeopathy) is the equivalent of dissolving 0.36 mL of table salt, weighing about 0.77 g, into a volume of water the size of the
Atlantic Ocean, since the volume of the Atlantic Ocean and its adjacent seas is 3.55×10 km or 3.55×10 L :
431:
Another illustration of dilutions used in common homeopathic preparations involves comparing a homeopathic dilution to dissolving the therapeutic substance in a swimming pool. There are on the order of 10 molecules of water in an
318:
Dilution advocated by
Hahnemann for most purposes: on average, this would require giving two billion doses per second to six billion people for 4 billion years to deliver a single molecule of the original material to any patient.
453:
substance. Even though the homeopathic preparations are often extremely diluted, homeopaths maintain that a healing force is retained by these homeopathic preparations. Modern advocates of homeopathy have proposed a concept of "
436:
and if such a pool were filled entirely with a 15C homeopathic preparation, to have a 63% chance of consuming at least one molecule of the original substance, one would need to swallow 1% of the volume of such a pool, or roughly
68:(1755–1843), asserted that the process of succussion activated the "vital energy" of the diluted substance, and that successive dilutions increased the "potency" of the preparation, although other strands of homeopathy (such as
160:
was just beginning to be recognized. It is now known that the greatest dilution that is reasonably likely to contain one molecule of the original substance is 12C, if starting from 1 mole of original substance (see
79:
because, at commonly used dilutions, no molecules of the original material are likely to remain. Therefore high homeopathic dilutions must be distinguished from low dilutions where there can be an overlap with
502:
interpretation of disease. Some products with both low and high dilutions continue to be sold, but like their counterparts, they have not been conclusively demonstrated to have any effect when tested against
465:, claims to have demonstrated that water can be energetically imprinted upon. Another such study, published in 2003 by Swiss chemist Louis Rey, claims to have found that homeopathically diluted solutions of
1864:
144:, and more dilute substances are considered by homeopaths to be stronger and deeper-acting. The end product is often so diluted that it is indistinguishable from the dilutant (typically
428:, a dilution of one molecule in the observable universe would be about 40C. Oscillococcinum would thus require 10 times more atoms to simply have one molecule in the final substance.
380:
If one begins with a solution of 1 mol/L of a substance, the dilution required to reduce the number of molecules to less than one per litre is 1 part in 1×10 (24X or 12C) since:
140:
with the original material diluted by a factor of 100=10. Higher dilutions follow the same pattern. In homeopathy, a solution that is more dilute is described as having a higher
461:, which is 0.00000000000005 seconds. Generally considered to be pseudoscience by the scientific community, one disputed study into the so-called memory of water, conducted by
136:
scale was favoured by
Hahnemann for most of his life, although in his last ten years Hahnemann developed a quintamillesimal (Q) scale which diluted the drug 1 part in 50,000.
407:
An example given states that a 12C solution is equivalent to a "pinch of salt in both the North and South
Atlantic Oceans", which is approximately correct. One-third of a
171:
was very popular throughout the 19th century and still is in Europe. This potency scale appears to have been introduced in the 1830s by the
American homeopath
1838:
490:'s 12 biochemic tissue salts, for example. The split between lower and higher dilutions followed ideological lines. Those favoring low dilutions stressed
1396:
1380:
2005:
2168:
1874:
1359:
1290:
1250:
1190:
1030:
993:
736:
711:
682:
642:
535:
1444:
894:
1939:
941:
1046:
1895:
1429:
392:
this water cannot be kept in glass or plastic containers as they leach impurities into the water, and glassware must be washed with
1104:
774:
444:
The high dilutions characteristically used are often considered to be the most controversial and implausible aspect of homeopathy.
632:
2137:
868:
1783:
1581:
Cowan, M. L.; et al. (2005), "Ultrafast memory loss and energy redistribution in the hydrogen bond network of liquid H2O",
1722:
1282:
525:
487:
411:
of some original substance diluted into all the water on earth would produce a preparation with a concentration of about 13C.
404:
Critics and advocates of homeopathy alike commonly attempt to illustrate the dilutions involved in homeopathy with analogies.
69:
1963:
2050:
2070:
1968:
1842:
433:
1240:
1082:
2045:
2015:
1932:
1400:
1413:
985:
Samuel
Hahnemann: His Life and Work : Based on Recently Discovered State Papers, Documents, Letters, Etc
1336:
703:
1374:
113:
1747:
Rey, Louis (2003). "Thermoluminescence of ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride and sodium chloride".
2080:
2035:
1265:
For further discussion of homeopathic dilutions and the mathematics involved, see
Homeopathic dilutions.
494:
and a strong link to conventional medicine, while those favoring high dilutions emphasised vital force,
2209:
2199:
2121:
2025:
1984:
1756:
1676:
1640:
1590:
1536:
1527:
Ceriotti, M.; et al. (2013), "Nuclear quantum effects and hydrogen bond fluctuations in water",
1131:
902:
2245:
2075:
1925:
1215:
425:
304:
If pure water were used as the diluent, no molecules of the original solution remain in the water.
38:(known by practitioners as "dynamisation" or "potentisation") is a process in which a substance is
2214:
2116:
2111:
2040:
2020:
1727:
1718:
1700:
1631:
Makar, A. B; McMartin, K. E; Palese, M; Tephly, T. R (1988), "When to believe the unbelievable",
1614:
1494:
1448:
1300:
1159:
906:
837:
474:
462:
172:
947:
854:
In standard chemistry, this produces a substance with a concentration of 0.01%, measured by the
753:
2065:
2010:
1692:
1606:
1564:
1486:
1425:
1355:
1286:
1246:
1186:
1151:
1026:
989:
983:
829:
821:
732:
707:
678:
638:
610:
531:
393:
384:
283:
163:
157:
132:
124:
2173:
2055:
2030:
2000:
1764:
1684:
1648:
1598:
1554:
1544:
1478:
1143:
813:
674:
600:
590:
559:
470:
97:
65:
2147:
1901:
1870:
1384:
1312:
1229:
466:
420:
352:
334:
81:
43:
802:"Hahnemann's experiments with 50 millesimal potencies: a further review of his casebooks"
1760:
1680:
1644:
1594:
1540:
1108:
778:
579:"Low Potency Homeopathic Remedies and Allopathic Herbal Medicines: Is There an Overlap?"
2219:
2163:
1559:
1421:
1276:
667:
605:
578:
119:
46:
and then vigorously shaken in a process called "succussion". Insoluble solids, such as
1768:
1379:, James Glisson, Rebecca Crawford and Shannon Street, Nurse Practitioner, April 1999.
1147:
874:
550:
Grimes, D. R. (2012). "Proposed mechanisms for homeopathy are physically impossible".
2239:
1667:
Maddox, J.; Randi, J.; Stewart, W. (1988). ""High-dilution" experiments a delusion".
1182:
855:
563:
408:
76:
1163:
17:
2224:
1704:
1618:
1498:
841:
499:
454:
1017:
595:
396:
before use. Ten parts per billion is equivalent to a homeopathic dilution of 4C.
2085:
473:
have a very different hydrogen bond structure from normal water, as measured by
458:
369:
287:
60:
1482:
817:
2101:
2060:
1949:
1068:
If a dilution is designated as q on the Q scale, and c on the C scale, c/q=log
93:
31:
1155:
825:
1549:
801:
491:
415:
1610:
1568:
1490:
833:
614:
1696:
1207:
2204:
2178:
365:
1602:
1397:"An Open Letter to ABC News 20/20 with Barbara Walters and John Stossel"
39:
2183:
1917:
504:
361:
357:
149:
145:
55:
2106:
1688:
1653:
438:
341:
Note: the "X scale" is also called "D scale". 1X = 1D, 2X = 2D, etc.
284:
Has a 60% probability of containing one molecule of original material
51:
47:
1376:
Review, critique, and guidelines for the use of herbs and homeopathy
495:
112:
946:, Creighton University Department of Pharmacology, archived from
873:, Creighton University Department of Pharmacology, archived from
123:(Leopard's Bane, Fallkraut) D6, i.e. the nominal dilution is one
1921:
1469:
Fisher, P (2007). "The Memory of Water: a scientific heresy?".
1274:
The volume of all water on earth is about 1.36×10 km:
1839:"Seven Unique Homeopathic Vitiligo Treatments You Can Use"
418:
is a 200C dilution of duck liver, marketed under the name
1810:
Dr. Hughes: Recollections of some masters of homeopathy
1749:
Physica A: Statistical
Mechanics and Its Applications
1723:"Water That Has a Memory? Skeptics Win Second Round"
637:(2 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 53.
530:(2 ed.), Elsevier Health Sciences, p. 53,
2192:
2156:
2130:
2094:
1993:
1977:
1956:
1085:. scilogs.com/in_scientio_veritas. January 22, 2011
1019:
Lectures on the theory & practice of homeopathy
1420:, Margaret L. Lial, John Hornsby, Terry McGinnis,
666:
424:. As there are only about 10 atoms in the entire
1354:. Princeton University Press. pp. 145–146.
552:Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies
333:Dilution of popular homeopathic flu preparation
368:, are diluted by grinding them with lactose ("
158:smallest possible unit of a chemical substance
1933:
1863:"HeadOn: Headache drug lacks clinical data",
8:
943:Similia similibus curentur (Like cures like)
577:Csupor, D.; Boros, K.; Hohmann, J. (2013).
1940:
1926:
1918:
1424:, Copyright: 2008, Published: 01/02/2007,
1352:Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science
1105:"Homeopathic Medicine Potency or Dilution"
905:Department of Pharmacology, archived from
775:"Homeopathic Medicine Potency or Dilution"
660:
658:
656:
654:
183:basis of equivalence of dilution factors.
1652:
1558:
1548:
1132:"A brief history of potentizing machines"
731:(6th ed.). Keats Pub. aphorism 128.
634:Homeopathic pharmacy: theory and practice
604:
594:
527:Homeopathic pharmacy: theory and practice
54:shell, are diluted by grinding them with
1439:
1437:
414:A popular homeopathic treatment for the
185:
1083:"Homeopathy: Diluted out of existence?"
516:
156:concept of the atom or molecule as the
1308:
1298:
899:Complementary and Alternative Medicine
1514:Scientific Foundations of Homoeopathy
7:
930:, Healing Arts Press, pp. 14–15
626:
624:
290:of the original substance was used.
1825:The Richard Hughes memorial lecture
1333:Encyclopedia of climate and weather
1025:, London: B. Jain, pp. 526–7,
988:. B. Jain Publishers. p. 101.
800:Adler, U. C.; Adler, M. S. (2006).
1516:, Barthel & Barthel Publishing
25:
1784:"Icy claim that water has memory"
1242:The geology of the Atlantic Ocean
1782:Milgrom, Lionel (11 June 2003).
564:10.1111/j.2042-7166.2012.01162.x
1283:United States Geological Survey
754:"Homeopathy: The Ultimate Fake"
669:Homeopathy: How it really works
387:/1×10 = 0.6 molecules per litre
1964:The Organon of the Healing Art
1228:A 12C solution produced using
1130:Winston, Julian (1989-04-01).
1107:. ritecare.com. Archived from
1047:"Hahnemann's advanced methods"
969:The Organon of the Healing Art
729:The Organon of the Healing Art
230:potency than 1X by homeopaths
64:). The founder of homeopathy,
1:
1769:10.1016/S0378-4371(03)00047-5
1512:Resch, G; Gutmann, V (1987),
1148:10.1016/S0007-0785(89)80050-X
870:Glossary of Homeopathic Terms
2051:Georg Heinrich Gottlieb Jahr
1136:British Homoeopathic Journal
971:(6th ed.), aphorism 128
596:10.1371/journal.pone.0074181
2071:Frederic Hervey Foster Quin
1812:, Health through homeopathy
1445:"Dynamization and Dilution"
1239:Emery KO, Uchupi E (1984).
895:"Dynamization and Dilution"
148:or pure water for liquids,
2262:
1969:Homeopathic Materia Medica
1483:10.1016/j.homp.2007.05.008
1331:Schneider SH, ed. (1996).
1278:Earth's water distribution
1185:, England: Diasozo Trust.
818:10.1016/j.homp.2006.03.003
434:Olympic-size swimming pool
2169:Regulation and prevalence
1866:ConsumerReportsHealth.org
1335:. Vol. 2. New York:
1208:"Homeopathy and Hinduism"
488:Wilhelm Heinrich Schüßler
340:
212:described as low potency
2046:Elizabeth Wright Hubbard
856:volume-volume percentage
1894:"Analysis of Head On",
1827:, BHJ, pp. 179–193
1550:10.1073/pnas.1308560110
1418:Beginning Algebra, 10/E
1350:Robert L. Park (2008).
1337:Oxford University Press
1179:Homeopathy investigated
152:for insoluble solids).
1212:The Watchman Expositor
982:Richard Haehl (1922).
752:Stephen Barrett, M.D.
698:Goldacre, Ben (2008).
179:the LM potency scale.
128:
2143:Homeopathic dilutions
2036:Charles Julius Hempel
1177:Bambridge AD (1989).
673:. Amherst, New York:
448:Proposed explanations
117:This bottle contains
116:
27:Process in homeopathy
2210:Bach flower remedies
2200:Alternative medicine
2122:Nelsons (Homeopathy)
2006:C. von Bönninghausen
1985:Fragmenta de viribus
1978:Historical documents
1403:on November 3, 2006.
1072:(50,000)/2=2.349485.
967:Hahnemann S (1921),
928:Homeopathic Medicine
903:Creighton University
727:Hahnemann S (1921).
665:Shelton, JW (2004).
437:25 metric
167:for justification).
36:homeopathic dilution
18:Homeopathic dilution
2138:Preparations (list)
2076:Guy Beckley Stearns
1897:James Randi's Swift
1808:Wheeler CE (1941),
1761:2003PhyA..323...67R
1681:1988Natur.334..287M
1645:1988Natur.333Q.787.
1603:10.1038/nature03383
1595:2005Natur.434..199C
1541:2013PNAS..11015591C
1535:(39): 15591–15596,
1339:. pp. 817–823.
1285:. August 28, 2006.
1216:Watchman Fellowship
426:observable universe
2215:Jacques Benveniste
2117:Miralus Healthcare
2041:Constantine Hering
2021:John Franklin Gray
1728:The New York Times
1383:2009-06-21 at the
1206:Andrews P (1990).
1111:on August 21, 2015
1016:Robert ED (1853),
781:on August 21, 2015
475:thermoluminescence
463:Jacques Benveniste
173:Constantine Hering
129:
2233:
2232:
2026:Mélanie Hahnemann
1823:Bodman F (1970),
1675:(6180): 287–291.
1589:(7030): 199–202,
1361:978-0-691-13355-3
1292:978-0-07-825402-4
1252:978-0-387-96032-6
1234:natrum muriaticum
1192:978-0-948171-20-8
1032:978-81-7021-311-6
995:978-81-7021-693-3
738:978-0-87983-228-5
713:978-0-00-724019-7
684:978-1-59102-109-4
644:978-0-443-10160-1
631:Kayne SB (2006).
537:978-0-443-10160-1
524:Kayne SB (2006),
394:hydrofluoric acid
345:
344:
164:Avogadro constant
125:part in a million
16:(Redirected from
2253:
2174:Homeoprophylaxis
2001:William Boericke
1942:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1900:, archived from
1891:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1873:, archived from
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1841:. Archived from
1835:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1689:10.1038/334287a0
1664:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1654:10.1038/333787a0
1628:
1622:
1621:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1552:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:on July 18, 2007
1447:. Archived from
1441:
1432:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1399:. Archived from
1393:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
979:
973:
972:
964:
958:
957:
956:
955:
938:
932:
931:
926:Smith T (1989),
923:
917:
916:
915:
914:
891:
885:
884:
883:
882:
865:
859:
852:
846:
845:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
777:. Archived from
771:
765:
764:
762:
760:
749:
743:
742:
724:
718:
717:
695:
689:
688:
675:Prometheus Books
672:
662:
649:
648:
628:
619:
618:
608:
598:
574:
568:
567:
547:
541:
540:
521:
471:lithium chloride
186:
98:Samuel Hahnemann
66:Samuel Hahnemann
42:with alcohol or
21:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2188:
2152:
2148:Serial dilution
2126:
2090:
1989:
1973:
1952:
1946:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1878:
1871:Consumers Union
1862:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1639:(787): 117–26,
1630:
1629:
1625:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1412:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1385:Wayback Machine
1373:
1369:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1330:
1327:Water resources
1324:
1320:
1307:
1297:
1293:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1238:
1230:sodium chloride
1227:
1223:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
996:
981:
980:
976:
966:
965:
961:
953:
951:
940:
939:
935:
925:
924:
920:
912:
910:
893:
892:
888:
880:
878:
867:
866:
862:
853:
849:
799:
798:
794:
784:
782:
773:
772:
768:
758:
756:
751:
750:
746:
739:
726:
725:
721:
714:
697:
696:
692:
685:
664:
663:
652:
645:
630:
629:
622:
576:
575:
571:
549:
548:
544:
538:
523:
522:
518:
513:
483:
481:Dilution debate
467:sodium chloride
450:
421:Oscillococcinum
402:
378:
376:The molar limit
353:Serial dilution
350:
335:Oscillococcinum
111:
92:The founder of
90:
82:herbal medicine
75:The concept is
72:'s) disagreed.
44:distilled water
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2220:Luc Montagnier
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:10:23 Campaign
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1886:
1855:
1830:
1815:
1800:
1774:
1739:
1721:(1988-07-27),
1710:
1659:
1623:
1573:
1519:
1504:
1461:
1433:
1422:Addison-Wesley
1406:
1388:
1367:
1360:
1342:
1318:
1291:
1267:
1258:
1251:
1221:
1198:
1191:
1169:
1122:
1096:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1051:Simillimum.com
1037:
1031:
1008:
994:
974:
959:
933:
918:
886:
860:
847:
812:(3): 171–181.
792:
766:
744:
737:
719:
712:
690:
683:
650:
643:
620:
569:
558:(3): 149–155.
542:
536:
515:
514:
512:
509:
482:
479:
449:
446:
401:
398:
389:
388:
377:
374:
349:
346:
343:
342:
338:
337:
331:
328:
325:
321:
320:
316:
313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
299:
296:
292:
291:
281:
278:
275:
271:
270:
268:
265:
262:
258:
257:
255:
252:
249:
245:
244:
242:
239:
236:
232:
231:
224:
221:
218:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
120:Arnica montana
110:
109:Potency scales
107:
89:
86:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2258:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:Organizations
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:G. Vithoulkas
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1904:on 2006-08-22
1903:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1887:
1877:on 2007-08-19
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1856:
1845:on 2015-10-05
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1789:
1788:New Scientist
1785:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:0-321-43726-8
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1232:(also called
1231:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1065:
1062:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1009:
997:
991:
987:
986:
978:
975:
970:
963:
960:
950:on 2007-08-08
949:
945:
944:
937:
934:
929:
922:
919:
909:on 2002-08-26
908:
904:
900:
896:
890:
887:
877:on 2012-10-16
876:
872:
871:
864:
861:
857:
851:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
793:
780:
776:
770:
767:
755:
748:
745:
740:
734:
730:
723:
720:
715:
709:
705:
704:Fourth Estate
701:
694:
691:
686:
680:
676:
671:
670:
661:
659:
657:
655:
651:
646:
640:
636:
635:
627:
625:
621:
616:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
589:(9): e74181.
588:
584:
580:
573:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
546:
543:
539:
533:
529:
528:
520:
517:
510:
508:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
480:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
447:
445:
442:
440:
435:
429:
427:
423:
422:
417:
412:
410:
405:
399:
397:
395:
386:
383:
382:
381:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
347:
339:
336:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:
317:
314:
311:
308:
307:
303:
300:
297:
294:
293:
289:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
229:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
180:
176:
174:
168:
166:
165:
159:
153:
151:
147:
143:
137:
134:
126:
122:
121:
115:
108:
106:
104:
99:
95:
87:
85:
83:
78:
77:pseudoscience
73:
71:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2225:Water memory
2142:
2031:S. Hahnemann
2016:Peter Fisher
2011:J. H. Clarke
1906:, retrieved
1902:the original
1896:
1889:
1879:, retrieved
1875:the original
1865:
1858:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:the original
1833:
1824:
1818:
1809:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:
1777:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1732:, retrieved
1726:
1713:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1477:(3): 141–2.
1474:
1470:
1464:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:the original
1417:
1409:
1401:the original
1391:
1375:
1370:
1351:
1345:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1277:
1270:
1261:
1245:. Springer.
1241:
1233:
1224:
1211:
1201:
1178:
1172:
1142:(2): 59–68.
1139:
1135:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:the original
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1077:
1064:
1054:, retrieved
1050:
1040:
1018:
1011:
999:. Retrieved
984:
977:
968:
962:
952:, retrieved
948:the original
942:
936:
927:
921:
911:, retrieved
907:the original
898:
889:
879:, retrieved
875:the original
869:
863:
850:
809:
805:
795:
783:. Retrieved
779:the original
769:
757:. Retrieved
747:
728:
722:
699:
693:
668:
633:
586:
582:
572:
555:
551:
545:
526:
519:
484:
459:femtoseconds
455:water memory
451:
443:
430:
419:
413:
406:
403:
390:
379:
351:
227:
181:
177:
169:
162:
154:
141:
138:
130:
118:
102:
91:
74:
59:
35:
29:
2086:George Wyld
1414:Section 5.3
1325:Gleick PH,
1309:|work=
1001:January 24,
700:Bad Science
370:trituration
133:logarithmic
131:Three main
61:trituration
2246:Homeopathy
2102:Ainsworths
2061:E. B. Nash
2056:J. T. Kent
1994:Homeopaths
1950:homeopathy
1948:Topics in
1908:2006-07-27
1881:2009-03-25
1849:2015-10-04
1793:11 October
1734:2007-10-03
1719:Sullivan W
1471:Homeopathy
1455:2007-07-24
1056:2007-08-04
1045:Little D,
954:2007-08-20
913:2009-03-24
881:2009-02-15
806:Homeopathy
702:. London:
511:References
441:of water.
150:milk sugar
103:succussion
94:homeopathy
88:Background
70:Schuessler
32:homeopathy
2157:Criticism
2081:John Weir
1957:Workbooks
1755:: 67–74.
1311:ignored (
1301:cite book
1156:0007-0785
826:1475-4916
500:spiritual
492:pathology
400:Analogies
348:Dilutions
2240:Category
2205:Medicine
2193:See also
2179:Quackery
1611:15758995
1569:24014589
1491:17678808
1381:Archived
1164:71942187
1115:June 15,
1089:June 15,
834:16815521
785:June 15,
615:24019954
583:PLOS ONE
366:platinum
192:C Scale
189:X Scale
2184:Placebo
2131:Related
1757:Bibcode
1705:9579433
1697:2455869
1677:Bibcode
1641:Bibcode
1619:4396493
1591:Bibcode
1560:3785726
1537:Bibcode
1499:3737723
858:method.
842:3760829
759:May 26,
606:3760822
505:placebo
385:6.02×10
362:diamond
358:granite
286:if one
226:called
146:ethanol
142:potency
56:lactose
40:diluted
2107:Boiron
1703:
1695:
1669:Nature
1633:Nature
1617:
1609:
1583:Nature
1567:
1557:
1497:
1489:
1428:
1358:
1289:
1249:
1189:
1162:
1154:
1029:
992:
840:
832:
824:
735:
710:
681:
641:
613:
603:
534:
498:and a
496:miasms
439:tonnes
364:, and
228:higher
223:1:100
195:Ratio
52:oyster
48:quartz
1701:S2CID
1615:S2CID
1495:S2CID
1329:, In
1160:S2CID
1023:(PDF)
838:S2CID
327:200C
324:400X
209:1:10
198:Note
127:(10).
2112:Heel
1795:2014
1693:PMID
1607:PMID
1565:PMID
1529:PNAS
1487:PMID
1426:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1313:help
1287:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1183:Kent
1152:ISSN
1117:2015
1091:2015
1027:ISBN
1003:2013
990:ISBN
830:PMID
822:ISSN
787:2015
761:2011
733:ISBN
708:ISBN
679:ISBN
639:ISBN
611:PMID
532:ISBN
469:and
409:drop
372:").
312:30C
309:60X
298:13C
295:26X
288:mole
277:12C
274:24X
261:12X
50:and
1765:doi
1753:323
1685:doi
1673:334
1649:doi
1637:333
1599:doi
1587:434
1555:PMC
1545:doi
1533:110
1479:doi
1144:doi
814:doi
601:PMC
591:doi
560:doi
416:flu
330:10
315:10
301:10
280:10
267:10
264:6C
254:10
251:4C
248:8X
241:10
238:3C
235:6X
220:1C
217:2X
203:1X
30:In
2242::
1869:,
1786:.
1763:.
1751:.
1725:,
1699:.
1691:.
1683:.
1671:.
1647:,
1635:,
1613:,
1605:,
1597:,
1585:,
1563:,
1553:,
1543:,
1531:,
1493:.
1485:.
1475:96
1473:.
1436:^
1416:,
1305::
1303:}}
1299:{{
1281:.
1214:.
1210:.
1181:.
1158:.
1150:.
1140:78
1138:.
1134:.
1070:10
1049:,
901:,
897:,
836:.
828:.
820:.
810:95
808:.
804:.
706:.
677:.
653:^
623:^
609:.
599:.
585:.
581:.
556:17
554:.
507:.
477:.
360:,
206:―
96:,
84:.
34:,
1941:e
1934:t
1927:v
1852:.
1797:.
1771:.
1767::
1759::
1707:.
1687::
1679::
1651::
1643::
1601::
1593::
1547::
1539::
1501:.
1481::
1458:.
1364:.
1315:)
1295:.
1255:.
1218:.
1195:.
1166:.
1146::
1119:.
1093:.
1005:.
844:.
816::
789:.
763:.
741:.
716:.
687:.
647:.
617:.
593::
587:8
566:.
562::
58:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
