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surroundings. However, endothermic homeotherms (generally referred to as "warm-blooded" animals) not only produce more heat but also possess superior means of retaining and regulating it compared to other animals. They exhibit a higher basal metabolic rate and can further increase their metabolic rate during strenuous activity. They usually have well-developed insulation in order to retain body heat: fur and
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536:. Very few fungi can survive the body temperatures of warm-blooded animals. By comparison, insects, reptiles, and amphibians are plagued by fungal infections. Warm-blooded animals have a defense against pathogens contracted from the environment, since environmental pathogens are not adapted to their higher internal temperature.
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tachymetabolic). However, over the past three decades, investigations in the field of animal thermophysiology have unveiled numerous species within these two groups that do not meet all these criteria. For instance, many bats and small birds become poikilothermic and bradymetabolic during sleep (or,
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All organisms metabolize food and other inputs, but some make better use of the output than others. Like all energy conversions, metabolism is rather inefficient, and around 60% of the available energy is converted to heat rather than to ATP. In most organisms, this heat dissipates into the
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have revealed that most creatures manifest varying combinations of the three aforementioned terms, along with their counterparts (ectothermy, poikilothermy, and bradymetabolism), thus creating a broad spectrum of body temperature types. Some
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maintains a high "resting" metabolism. In essence, tachymetabolic creatures are "on" all the time. Though their resting metabolism is still many times slower than their active metabolism, the difference is often not as large as that seen in
473:(ATP), a high-energy compound used to power other cellular processes. Muscle contraction is one such metabolic process generating heat energy, and additional heat results from friction as blood circulates through the vascular system.
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maintains a stable internal body temperature regardless of external influence and temperatures. The stable internal temperature is often higher than the immediate environment. The opposite is
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A significant proportion of creatures commonly referred to as "warm-blooded," like birds and mammals, exhibit all three of these categories (i.e., they are endothermic, homeothermic,
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489:—rapid muscle contractions that quickly use up ATP, thus stimulating cellular metabolism to replace it and consequently produce more heat. Additionally, almost all
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is the ability of some creatures to control their body temperatures through internal means such as muscle shivering or increasing their
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In warm environments, these animals employ evaporative cooling to shed excess heat, either through
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It has been hypothesized that warm-bloodedness evolved in mammals and birds as a defense against
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in birds. When this insulation is insufficient to maintain body temperature, they may resort to
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creatures. Tachymetabolic creatures have greater difficulty dealing with a scarcity of food.
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As there are more than two categories of temperature control utilized by animals, the terms
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whose bodies maintain a temperature higher than that of their environment. In particular,
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Block, B.A. & Carey, F.G. (March 1985). "Warm brain and eye temperatures in sharks".
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Macherel, David; Haraux, Francis; Guillou, Hervé; Bourgeois, Olivier (1 February 2021).
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above ambient temperatures and thus increase their ability to detect and react to
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Animal species that can maintain a body temperature higher than their environment
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Periasamy, Muthu; Herrera, Jose Luis; Reis, Felipe C. G. (24 October 2017).
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Yousef, Hani; Ramezanpour
Ahangar, Edris; Varacallo, Matthew (2024),
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in nocturnal species, during the day). For such creatures, the term
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In general, warm-bloodedness refers to three separate categories of
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984:"Vertebrate Endothermy Restricts Most Fungi as Potential Pathogens"
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Mammalian
Endothermy Optimally Restricts Fungi and Metabolic Costs
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Vertebrate
Endothermy Restricts Most Fungi as Potential Pathogens
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Monthly
Bulletin of the Hamilton and District Aquarium Society
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Further examinations of animals traditionally classified as
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Robert, Vincent A.; Casadevall, Arturo (15 November 2009).
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Argentine black and white tegu § Endothermic behavior
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Hot Eyes for Cold Fish – Wong 2005 (110): 2 – ScienceNOW
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Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
214:) maintain a stable body temperature by regulating
218:processes. Other species have various degrees of
709:"Warm eyes give deep-sea predators super vision"
30:"Hot blooded" redirects here. For the song, see
761:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
347:have warm-blooded characteristics, such as the
235:have been deprecated in the scientific field.
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8:
935:Vincent A. Robert, Arturo Casadevall. 2009.
711:. University of Queensland. 11 January 2005.
457:. This relates to the chemical reaction in
417:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
188:snake is shown eating a warm-blooded mouse
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151:
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37:For the warmblood sport horse breeds, see
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437:Learn how and when to remove this message
276:. The only known living homeotherms are
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915:Aviv Bergman, Arturo Casadevall. 2010.
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304:are believed to have been homeotherms.
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1042:The Reptipage: What is cold-blooded?
415:adding citations to reliable sources
837:"The conundrum of hot mitochondria"
667:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
989:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
942:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
919:. mBio Nov 2010, 1 (5) e00212-10.
25:
889:"Killer Fungi Made us Hotblooded"
792:Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
195:is an informal term referring to
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755:"Physiology, Thermal Regulation"
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288:. Some extinct reptiles such as
260:. The opposite of endothermy is
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965:. PLoS Pathog 8(8): e1002808.
722:McFarlane, P. (January 1999).
286:Argentine black and white tegu
1:
963:Fungi and the Rise of Mammals
320:Varieties of thermoregulation
284:, as well as one lizard, the
971:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002808
857:10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148348
503:non-shivering thermogenesis
481:in the case of mammals and
363:mechanisms that keep their
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804:10.4093/dmj.2017.41.5.327
905:(subscription required)
1037:What is Warm Blooded??
471:adenosine triphosphate
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925:10.1128/mBio.00212-10
528:Defense against fungi
520:(some mammals) or by
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961:Casadevall A (2012)
495:brown adipose tissue
469:, thereby producing
411:improve this section
724:"Warm-Blooded Fish"
300:and some non-avian
206:species (including
887:Dunn, Rob (2011).
679:10.1007/BF00695777
507:uncoupling protein
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1127:Animal physiology
996:(10): 1623–1626.
603:"similar", θέρμη
556:Thermogenic plant
534:fungal infections
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16:(Redirected from
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734:on 15 May 2013
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340:cold-blooded
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290:ichthyosaurs
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232:cold-blooded
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193:Warm-blooded
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186:cold-blooded
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124:Kleptothermy
109:Thermolabile
94:Heterothermy
84:Poikilotherm
43:
772:28 February
631:metaballein
627:μεταβάλλειν
361:circulatory
298:plesiosaurs
269:Homeothermy
239:Terminology
89:Homeothermy
32:Hot Blooded
18:Homeotherms
1121:Categories
1075:Technology
759:StatPearls
562:References
455:metabolism
294:pterosaurs
262:ectothermy
258:metabolism
253:Endothermy
99:Stenotherm
52:in animals
1087:Dinosaurs
1012:0022-1899
866:0005-2728
641:Citations
567:Footnotes
551:Mesotherm
491:eutherian
487:shivering
451:generated
398:does not
355:and some
353:Swordfish
302:dinosaurs
216:metabolic
184:image: a
104:Eurytherm
79:Mesotherm
74:Endotherm
69:Ectotherm
39:Warmblood
1020:19827944
898:27 April
874:33248118
822:29086530
767:29763018
695:33962038
582:: ἔνδον
540:See also
518:sweating
483:feathers
1063:Biology
1049:Portals
813:5663671
687:3836233
601:homoios
522:panting
479:blubber
463:glucose
419:removed
404:sources
278:mammals
212:mammals
200:species
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864:
820:
810:
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738:31 May
693:
685:
622:tachus
618:tachys
607:"heat"
605:thermē
590:"heat"
588:thermē
497:whose
365:brains
357:sharks
197:animal
1111:Birds
840:(PDF)
691:S2CID
584:endon
580:Greek
459:cells
359:have
282:birds
208:birds
1099:Fish
1016:PMID
1008:ISSN
900:2016
870:PMID
862:ISSN
848:1862
818:PMID
774:2024
763:PMID
740:2008
683:PMID
402:any
400:cite
373:prey
369:eyes
367:and
349:opah
345:fish
280:and
229:and
210:and
998:doi
994:200
967:doi
947:doi
921:doi
852:doi
808:PMC
800:doi
675:doi
671:156
620:or
453:by
413:by
326:and
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166:e
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