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the year 2050. A large area around the estuary consists of land which lies below the present high-water mark. Flood defences offer only a short-term and local answer and may actually increase the long-term risks. Managed realignment of the coast by setting back the coastal defences will provide new intertidal habitats and harness natural equalising processes and is the preferred long-term solution.
391:
Large areas of
Holderness are too flat and low to drain naturally so in these areas a low level drainage system operates to collect the water. In the middle and lower reaches of the River Hull water is pumped from the low level drains into a high level system. This system consists of elevated water courses bounded by embankments. It drains by gravity into the sea. The main drain is the
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40:
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In
Holderness the average household income in 2004 was £27,958 compared with a national average of £30,081. The area provides adequate shopping and market facilities for its residents and visitors. The three small towns of Hedon, Hornsea and Withernsea offer a range of facilities and the bigger local
606:
The estuary is shallow because of this constant deposition. Isostatic recoil is, however, causing the area to sink at the rate of 3 mm annually and global warming is making the sea level rise. The combined effects of these processes mean that the sea in the estuary may be half a metre higher by
602:
Spurn Point at the tip of the Spurn peninsula is made of hard glacial moraine so is less liable to erosion than areas further north on the
Holderness coast. The Spurn peninsula is a beach with dunes which moves in response to the action of the waves. The wave action removes sand from the east of the
377:
but business people say that if the erosion is not stopped then there will be millions of pounds of damage. However, one or more such groynes has had a detrimental effect further along the coast, in some areas resulting in erosion of up to 66 feet (20 m) per year initially, though over the long
279:
The well-drained glacial deposits provide fertile soils that can support intensive arable cultivation. Fields are generally large and bounded by drainage ditches. There is very little woodland in the area and this leads to a landscape that is essentially rural but very flat and exposed. The coast is
641:
there were 45 different freeholders having land in
Holderness. The name of Holderness may be derived from the Danish "hold" which was the name given in that language to a nobleman with considerable territorial possessions. The "ness" part generally refers to a promontory, or nose-shape, either in a
420:
The River Hull valley dominates the western landscape of
Holderness. The river and its associated wetland habitats support a diverse range of plants and animals. The upper tributaries of the river originate on the edge of the Yorkshire Wolds before entering the area of glacial and alluvial deposits
390:
and its tributaries and a number of coastal streams. The valley of the River Hull is broad and shallow and in its lower reaches the river is contained within flood banks. The River Hull Tidal Surge
Barrier at the mouth of the river can be used to prevent surge tides overwhelming the flood defences.
859:
In 2004 there were 95,077 people living in the area in 41,224 households. Of these people 4.7% were aged below 25 years, 52.6% were aged between 25 and 55 years and 42.8% were 55 years old or more. The population density was in 2001 was 1.25 persons per hectare and 78% of households were privately
502:
Further south towards Hull the river becomes tidal and saline. In the lower reaches it is enclosed by flood banks with little associated natural habitat remaining. The majority of the formerly extensive wetlands have been subject to drainage schemes and agricultural improvement. However some small
843:
of Hull, Beverley, Bridlington and
Driffield. Sales of large landed estates have reduced many of the large agricultural holdings that were in private ownership but some still remain and some have been used to create large farming agri-businesses which manage considerable areas with few farms. The
401:
In the east and south-east of
Holderness there is a complex network of drains and streams that flow south into the Humber or east into the North Sea. To mitigate the effects of high tides stopping the water flow from these outlets, several have had pumping stations constructed at their outfalls.
249:
in the northern
Atlantic Ocean. Air temperature varies on a daily and seasonal basis. The temperature is usually lower at night and January is the coldest time of the year. The two dominant influences on the climate of the Holderness are the shelter against the worst of the moist westerly winds
878:
is the traditional employment of the area and there is a substantial area of horticultural development on the flat fertile land in the south-west. Animal husbandry, particularly pig rearing, is a major part of the agricultural scene. In 2001 agriculture employed 4.5% of the working population.
829:
in the 16th century. Other large estates created from former monastic holdings were sold by the crown to private landowners in the 17th and 18th centuries. Piecemeal attempts were made to improve the poor drainage of the area and with the formation of drainage boards in the later 18th century
540:
The coast from
Bridlington in the north to Spurn Point is an interesting complex of coastal processes. The soft cliffs of Holderness are subject to rapid erosion whilst the eroded material is being deposited on the Spurn peninsula. The speed of erosion along the glacial till cliffs prohibits
239:
As part of the United Kingdom, the Holderness area generally has cool summers and relatively mild winters. Weather conditions vary from day to day as well as from season to season. The latitude of the area means that it is influenced by predominantly westerly winds with depressions and their
789:
in the spring of 1469. The uprising led by Robin of Redesdale provided the opportunity for Robin of Holderness to lead a separate rebellion relating to a corn tax. Both men submitted to Edward IV <genealogy.com user 1998> in March 1470 following the failure of Warwick's rebellion.
559:
at 120 hectares. It has, besides the open fresh water habitat, marginal habitats of reed swamp, species-rich fen and carr woodland. It regularly supports populations of wintering wildfowl and the reed beds provide breeding sites for reed warblers. Characteristic plants include
624:
era when the plain was still very wet and most likely consisted of a mixture of marshes, lakes, islands and woodland. As the sea level changed and the area became drier it was progressively cleared of trees and the higher drier parts were initially favoured for settlement.
244:
that bring periods of fair weather. In winter anticyclones bring cold dry weather. In summer the anticyclones tend to bring dry settled conditions which can lead to drought. For its latitude this area is mild in winter and cooler in summer due to the influence of the
603:
beach and deposits it on the western side. The coast is influenced mainly by wave action but in the estuary the processes are driven by the power of the tides. The incoming tidal currents carry more sediment into the estuary than the ebb tides carry out.
838:
The opening of railways from Hull accelerated the growth of first Withernsea in 1854 and Hornsea in 1864 as coastal resorts and commuter towns of Hull. Many of the other settlements grew and changed their character from agricultural villages to become
271:
glaciation. The glacial deposits form a more or less continuous lowland plain which has some peat filled depressions (known locally as meres) which mark the presence of former lake beds. There are other glacial landscape features such as
315:
The Holderness coastline is susceptible to erosion due to the long north-easterly fetch, allowing for powerful waves, and the softness of the geology that make up the cliffs. Holderness is also a former bay that was filled in during the
266:
chalk but in most places it is so deeply buried beneath glacial deposits that it has no influence on the landscape. The landscape is dominated by deposits of till, boulder clays and glacial lake clays. These were deposited during the
590:
The intertidal system of the Humber estuary has local seagrass beds that provide feeding and wintering areas for over 133,000 waders and wildfowl. It is rich in invertebrate communities. The estuary also provides for breeding birds,
923:, takes place mostly in Holderness. Also one of the main characters is the Duke of Holderness, who resides in the area at the fictional Holderness Hall. Other works of fiction based in, or around, Holderness include
872:
centres of Bridlington and Beverley are regularly used by Holderness people. Hull is the largest commercial centre which is regularly used and it provides employment for a significant proportion of the population.
254:
and then the Yorkshire Wolds and the proximity of the North Sea. Generally, rainfall is 600 to 700 mm per year which is low compared with the national average rainfall of 1125 mm.
240:
associated fronts, bringing with them unsettled and windy weather, particularly in winter. The wind sometimes causes depositions to happen. Between depressions there are often small mobile
853:
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Because of its soft soil, the coastline is vulnerable to erosion, on average losing six feet (1.8 m) a year. The coast and surrounding communities have had to implement
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778:, represented in the 13th century model parliament, was lost to the sea through storm and coastal erosion. Its seaport role was eventually taken over by the new town of
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and Dimlington gas terminals on the east coast. These terminals process gas from the North Sea gas fields. The British Petroleum chemical works at
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in the form of a concrete seawall and timber groynes have given some protection. It has been suggested that a large underwater reef made of
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that runs between Hull in the south and Bridlington and it tends to skirt the area towards the west. Until the 1960s there were lines from
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term erosion rates have been seen to revert to their original yearly average of closer to 6 feet 7 inches (2 m) a year.
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The Aumale lordship had also passed to the crown and was obtained along with some former monastic lands by the Constable family of
1215:
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flooding began to be controlled. The remaining wastes were added to farm land and the meres, fluctuating lakes, disappeared.
814:
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that have been built on the point. It is thought that approximately 3 miles (5 km) of land has been lost since the
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in Europe: 5 feet (1.5 m) a year on average or 2 million tonnes of material a year. Some of this is transported by
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of Holderness. The river bed varies in composition reflecting the underlying geology. In the upper reaches of the
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until the 19th century, when its functions were replaced by other local government bodies, particularly after the
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1051:
976:"Coastal management case study: Holderness coastline - Coastal management - AQA - GCSE Geography Revision - AQA"
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Administratively and politically the Holderness area now lies within a number of different divisions. The
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1252:
A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 7: Holderness Wapentake, Middle and North Divisions
511:. Plants that are typical of these habitats including a variety of reeds, rushes and sedges as well as
844:
rail links to both Withernsea and Hornsea closed to passengers in 1964 and closed completely in 1965.
351:(sand spit, on above map). Villages such as Ravenser, which sent representatives to the parliament of
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759:. She was given custody of her children Thomas and William, but outlived them and also her daughter
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There are no motorways in the area, however there is access to the national motorway network via the
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could be built off the Holderness coast to mitigate this erosion, but it would be costly to build.
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There is archaeological evidence to suggest that the first settlers in Holderness arrived in the
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is now confined to a few isolated populations. Notable species of invertebrates include uncommon
359:
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1246:
Allison, K J; Baggs, A P; Cooper, T N; Davidson-Cragoe, C; Walker, J (2002). Kent, G H R (ed.).
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There was a relatively low unemployment rate of 1.7% compared with a national average of 2.3%.
1193:
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1078:
A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830
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departs . A-class roads centre upon Hull and the coastal resort of Bridlington. Otherwise the
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For the purpose of describing the natural history the area can be divided into three parts:-
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but until about 1400 by Hedon and Beverley as Hull was isolated by the surrounding marshes.
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borders the north-east but both are usually considered separately. The main towns include
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from Hull. Links to the continent are also via Hull, from where a daily ferry service to
54:, on the north-east coast of England. An area of rich agricultural land, Holderness was
452:
83:
1338:
1213:"Forz, Isabella de, suo jure countess of Devon, and countess of Aumale (1237–1293)".
951:, the rapid erosion of the Holderness Coast is used as a metaphor for the effects of
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211:
1100:
Hull and Coastal Streams Flood Management Plan. January 2007. UK Environment Agency.
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uses condensates from the gas refining process and is a major employer in the area.
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Point spit, to the south. The growth of Spurn Point is demonstrated by a series of
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There are few surviving areas of woodland among the open farmland which supports
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British Geological Survey coastal erosion of the Holderness to Spurn Head coast
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makes a significant contribution to the economy of Hornsea and Withernsea with
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may be found in the main channel whilst the marginal vegetation is composed of
810:
771:), but died aged 15. The Honour of Holderness then escheated to the crown.
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All the villages affected by the erosion are located on the north side of the
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Yorkshire Forward. East Riding in Brief. October 2005. Yorkshire-Forward.com
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on the south-east coast to inland areas is the only main route in the area.
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The area has boundaries which are clearly defined by the rising land of the
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55:
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statistics have been used to provide a representative picture of the area.
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Robin of Redesdale was responsible for raising the northern shires against
141:
lies just to the west of the Holderness area, on the eastern slopes of the
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and Bridlington. This land was confiscated and became crown property when
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The local authorities are endeavouring to prevent the effects of erosion.
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1002:"'Only option left for some living on crumbling coast is to move'"
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ranges from small workshop units in Hornsea and Withernsea to the
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have recently recolonised the upper reaches of the river, yet the
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than with other parts of Yorkshire. To the north and west are the
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This article is about the region of England. For other uses, see
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mounds, ridges and kettle holes scattered throughout the area.
903:
and Freeport attracting around a million visitors each year.
214:. Furthermore, in 1901 there was a proposal to construct the
801:. Other large landowners in the area included the abbeys of
742:(died 1242), son of the 2nd Countess by her second husband
681:, but this was taken from him when he rebelled against the
670:
before 1087 when his estates were confiscated by the king.
1284:
Office for National Statistics. Neighbourhood Statistics.
1271:
1269:
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colonisation of anything but sparse ruderal vegetation.
296:
with about three percent of material being deposited at
1108:
1106:
693:
or Lordship of Holderness then descended to successive
463:. There is a diverse breeding bird community including
347:(high chalk cliffs, just north of Bridlington) down to
74:. Holderness generally refers to the area between the
755:
William de Forz, 4th Earl, was survived by his widow
288:
The Holderness coastline suffers the highest rate of
1190:
Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship. Yorkshire 1066–1154
1248:"Holderness Wapentake: Middle and North divisions"
854:Beverley and Holderness parliamentary constituency
654:the extensive Lordship of Holderness was given by
308:, including at least 23 towns/villages, including
93:Between 1974 and 1996, Holderness lay within the
113:lies in the south-west corner of Holderness and
1144:. natural England. 24 February 2015. p. 11
860:owned compared with a national average of 68%.
1028:"The Plain of Holderness Natural Area Profile"
503:remnants remain along the Hull valley between
86:passes through Holderness just to the east of
793:Large estates in Holderness were held by the
8:
1219:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
710:1179–1194 with her husbands as Counts
549:colonies have become established in places.
970:
968:
1350:Geography of the East Riding of Yorkshire
1115:"The Humber Estuary Natural Area Profile"
530:and lapwing and a flora of arable weeds.
324:compounds that are easily eroded such as
262:Geologically, Holderness is underlain by
66:, Holderness has more in common with the
1076:Skempton, Sir Alec; et al. (2002).
805:and Thornton and the priories of Swine,
765:Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster
720:William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex
666:supporter. This Drogo built a castle at
1216:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
964:
335:Aldbrough, Holderness. Coastal erosion.
1167:. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing Ltd.
1139:"National Character Areas; Holderness"
749:William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle
740:William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle
386:The Holderness area is drained by the
129:. The Holderness coast stretches from
7:
1080:. Thomas Telford. pp. 280–281.
685:in 1095. It was returned to her son
586:The silt flows at the Humber Estuary
194:The only remaining rail link is the
642:river or jutting from a coastline.
90:and through Tunstall to the north.
1254:. Institute of Historical Research
913:The Adventure of the Priory School
369:Other defences include sea walls,
25:
1052:"Holderness Coast United Kingdom"
943:. In "Spurn Head," part three of
280:subject to rapid marine erosion.
1026:English Nature (November 1977).
751:(died 1260), son of the 3rd Earl
677:, and the title to her husband,
395:, begun in 1764 by the engineer
224:North Frodingham railway station
555:is the largest natural lake in
210:, but these were closed by the
1000:Young, Angus (1 August 2019).
815:Dissolution of the Monasteries
216:North Holderness Light Railway
1:
637:reveals that in the reign of
483:may also be seen, along with
137:. The ancient market town of
1233:UK public library membership
774:The coastal trading town of
415:The valley of the River Hull
355:, have totally disappeared.
226:, but this came to nothing.
58:until it was drained in the
695:Earls (or Counts) of Aumale
673:The area was then given to
545:is particularly common and
164:to the north and west, the
32:Holderness (disambiguation)
1371:
1355:Natural regions of England
652:Norman Conquest of England
343:. The area stretches from
29:
107:Local Government Act 1888
250:provided firstly by the
101:. It gave its name to a
52:East Riding of Yorkshire
834:19th and 20th centuries
1225:10.1093/ref:odnb/47209
1165:A History of Yorkshire
587:
336:
320:and is now made up of
258:Geology and topography
156:Location and transport
44:
43:Holderness from space.
1188:Dalton, Paul (1994).
1057:. EUROSION Case Study
841:dormitory settlements
817:in the 16th century.
660:Drogo de la Beuvrière
585:
566:greater water parsnip
334:
95:Borough of Holderness
42:
949:Walking to Hollywood
675:Adelaide of Normandy
639:Edward the Confessor
435:spiked water-milfoil
427:lesser water parsnip
423:river water crowfoot
196:Yorkshire Coast Line
168:to the east and the
18:Honour of Holderness
1317: /
1163:Hey, David (2004).
953:Alzheimer's disease
926:The Summoner's Tale
883:Industrial activity
475:. Wildfowl such as
457:European water vole
1192:. Cambridge: CUP.
921:Arthur Conan Doyle
799:Archbishop of York
780:Kingston upon Hull
732:Baldwin of Bethune
588:
577:The Humber Estuary
337:
230:Physical geography
111:Kingston upon Hull
50:is an area of the
45:
1231:(Subscription or
1087:978-0-7277-2939-2
687:Stephen of Aumale
439:branched bur-reed
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16:(Redirected from
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1324: /
876:Agriculture
713:jure uxoris
629:Anglo-Saxon
547:sand martin
521:meadowsweet
513:yellow flag
443:common reed
431:mare's-tail
349:Spurn Point
302:lighthouses
247:Gulf Stream
115:Bridlington
68:Netherlands
60:Middle Ages
1345:Holderness
1339:Categories
1235:required.)
1148:7 November
959:References
848:Demography
811:Henry VIII
807:Nunkeeling
650:After the
616:Prehistory
593:grey seals
481:mute swans
388:River Hull
310:Ravenspurn
264:Cretaceous
208:Withernsea
189:Withernsea
185:A1033 road
135:Spurn Head
119:Withernsea
99:Humberside
88:Patrington
76:River Hull
48:Holderness
945:Will Self
887:Easington
769:Henry III
622:Neolithic
557:Yorkshire
543:Coltsfoot
535:The Coast
505:Driffield
306:Roman era
269:Devensian
181:Rotterdam
166:North Sea
103:wapentake
80:North Sea
56:marshland
1258:12 March
1011:10 March
1006:HullLive
985:10 March
797:and the
767:(son of
646:Medieval
517:valerian
509:Wansford
461:mayflies
382:Drainage
353:Edward I
252:Pennines
220:Beverley
202:to both
139:Beverley
78:and the
1309:53°50′N
1061:24 July
907:Fiction
897:Tourism
891:Saltend
867:Economy
761:Aveline
668:Skipsea
664:Flemish
611:History
477:mallard
465:lapwing
375:gabions
371:groynes
318:ice age
284:Erosion
274:drumlin
235:Climate
204:Hornsea
123:Hornsea
1312:0°11′W
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453:Otters
373:, and
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469:snipe
364:tyres
298:Spurn
218:from
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1260:2014
1194:ISBN
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1150:2017
1125:2007
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1038:2007
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