473:
Finite verbs are optionally suffixed for tense, and obligatorily for subject. Pronominal objects are expressed by proclitics. Nonfinite forms, such as gerunds and participles, are formed through suffixes. There are two verbs that more or less correspond to
Spanish ser and estar.
464:
The basic syllable structure is CVC. It is hypothesized that earlier forms of the language had a CV structure, but shifted towards CVC through final vowel deletion. Stress is poorly documented, but is thought to have been syllable final.
177:
Honduran Lenca can be divided into four dialects: western (Intibuca), central (Santa Elena, Chinacla), eastern (Guajiquiro, Opatoro), and southern (Similaton).
582:
364:
Stops /p, t, k/ in word-medial and word-final positions may occasionally be heard as voiced . /p, k/ may also be fricated as in these positions as well.
587:
343:
305:
287:
434:
592:
441:
280:
126:
413:
455:
352:
255:
248:
577:
420:
264:
325:
230:
223:
159:
368:
163:
512:
370:
200:
529:
297:
205:
504:
317:
195:
171:
71:
51:
166:. The name can be misleading; although primarily spoken in Honduras, it was also spoken in
217:
210:
63:
118:
571:
492:
44:
155:
407:
395:
167:
131:
34:
449:
400:
151:
428:
337:
272:
111:
92:
143:
30:
516:
242:
147:
378:/p, k/ in word-final position may also occasionally be pronounced as .
508:
558:
Los
Fonemas Segmentales del Protolenca: Reconstrucción Comparativa
142:
is a language that was spoken with minor dialect differences in
530:
http://tushik.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenca-for-Linguists.pdf
170:
close to the
Honduran border. It is distantly related to
381:
A glottal stop may be heard after a word-final vowel.
491:
Campbell, Lyle; Chapman, Anne; Dakin, Karen (1978).
125:
109:
90:
85:
60:
50:
40:
26:
21:
543:A Preliminary Proposal for Unified Honduran Lenca
375:when preceding /k/, a pause, or an onset vowel.
497:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
18:
389:
189:
483:
560:. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica.
56:No speakers could be located in 1974.
7:
556:Cortés, Gilda Rosa Arguedas (1987).
583:Extinct languages of North America
14:
454:
440:
433:
419:
412:
351:
342:
324:
304:
286:
279:
263:
254:
247:
229:
222:
588:Languages extinct in the 1970s
1:
609:
367:/n/ can be heard as velar
453:
541:King, Alan R. (2016).
593:Languages of Honduras
16:Language of Honduras
462:
461:
361:
360:
137:
136:
600:
578:Lencan languages
562:
561:
553:
547:
546:
538:
532:
527:
521:
520:
493:"Honduran Lenca"
488:
458:
444:
437:
423:
416:
390:
374:
355:
346:
328:
308:
290:
283:
267:
258:
251:
233:
226:
190:
172:Salvadoran Lenca
121:
104:
95:
66:
19:
608:
607:
603:
602:
601:
599:
598:
597:
568:
567:
566:
565:
555:
554:
550:
540:
539:
535:
528:
524:
490:
489:
485:
480:
471:
388:
188:
183:
117:
102:
91:
81:
67:
64:Language family
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
606:
604:
596:
595:
590:
585:
580:
570:
569:
564:
563:
548:
533:
522:
509:10.1086/465560
503:(4): 330–332.
482:
481:
479:
476:
470:
467:
460:
459:
452:
446:
445:
438:
431:
425:
424:
417:
410:
404:
403:
398:
393:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
376:
365:
359:
358:
356:
349:
347:
340:
334:
333:
331:
329:
322:
320:
314:
313:
311:
309:
302:
300:
294:
293:
291:
284:
277:
275:
269:
268:
261:
259:
252:
245:
239:
238:
236:
234:
227:
220:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
187:
184:
182:
179:
154:(Huajiquiro),
140:Honduran Lenca
135:
134:
132:Honduran Lenca
129:
123:
122:
115:
107:
106:
96:
88:
87:
86:Language codes
83:
82:
80:
79:
70:
68:
61:
58:
57:
54:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
28:
27:Native to
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
605:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
573:
559:
552:
549:
544:
537:
534:
531:
526:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
484:
477:
475:
468:
466:
457:
451:
448:
447:
443:
439:
436:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
409:
406:
405:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:
385:
380:
377:
372:
366:
363:
362:
357:
354:
350:
348:
345:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
323:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
310:
307:
303:
301:
299:
296:
295:
292:
289:
285:
282:
278:
276:
274:
271:
270:
266:
262:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
191:
185:
180:
178:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
114:
113:
108:
100:
97:
94:
89:
84:
78:
75:
74:
73:
69:
65:
59:
55:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
557:
551:
542:
536:
525:
500:
496:
486:
472:
463:
176:
139:
138:
110:
98:
76:
45:Lenca people
168:El Salvador
164:Santa Elena
35:El Salvador
572:Categories
478:References
469:Morphology
186:Consonants
152:Guajiquiro
273:Fricative
181:Phonology
156:Similatón
112:Glottolog
93:ISO 639-3
41:Ethnicity
201:Alveolar
158:(modern
144:Intibuca
119:lenc1242
31:Honduras
517:1264286
298:Lateral
243:Plosive
206:Palatal
162:), and
160:Cabañas
148:Opatoro
52:Extinct
515:
386:Vowels
318:Rhotic
196:Labial
77:Lencan
72:Lencan
22:Lencan
513:JSTOR
408:Close
396:Front
373:]
369:[
338:Glide
218:Nasal
211:Velar
450:Open
401:Back
99:None
505:doi
429:Mid
127:ELP
103:mis
574::
511:.
501:44
499:.
495:.
174:.
150:,
146:,
33:,
545:.
519:.
507::
456:a
442:o
435:e
421:u
414:i
371:ŋ
353:j
344:w
326:r
306:l
288:ʃ
281:s
265:k
256:t
249:p
231:n
224:m
105:)
101:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.