22:
227:
are much less easily differentiated by color. Drones are produced from the unfertilized eggs of queens and therefore their genetic characteristics depend entirely on those of the queen, whereas worker bees are produced from fertilized eggs. To make things even more complicated, a queen will normally
177:
there are two races, the darker leather brown northern
Italian bee from the Ligurian Alps region which was discovered to be resistant to acarine in the 1900s, while the other Italian bee race, from regions near Bologna and further south, was highly susceptible to acarine and within this race there
593:
795:
Gene flow within the M evolutionary lineage of Apis mellifera: role of the
Pyrenees, isolation by distance and post-glacial re-colonization routes in western Europe
903:
232:
from which are retained within her body, meaning that workers may only be half-sisters to each other, and their colors and other characteristics may differ.
235:
In the
Americas, there has been a great deal of interbreeding of subspecies, since all honey bees were imported at some point after 1492 and the subsequent
636:
1187:
728:
896:
1369:
753:
260:), being little more than color variants that may not be correlated with distinct distributions; these are sometimes referred to as
105:
276:
Based on morphological similarities and the separation of regions during and since the last Ice Age, there are five bee lineages:
157:. Strains are often seen as inherently artificial concepts, more usually within biology as characterized by a specific intent for
1422:
268:
does not recognize these named "races" as valid, as only ranks of subspecies and above have formal scientific names in zoology.
1427:
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39:
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43:
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is more likely to be used to describe very minor differences throughout the same subspecies, such as the color ranges of
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808:
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978:
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598:: Genetic differentiation, host plant preference, and mate choice in a tomato and a cucumber strain"
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has been used increasingly imprecisely, and is often used to refer to bee subspecies and
809:"Computer software for identification of honey bee subspecies and evolutionary lineages"
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are two color strains, the traditional
Italian yellow and a rarer all-golden color.
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678:"Strain, clone and species: comments on three basic concepts of bacteriology"
637:"Copper- and Streptomycin-resistant Strains and Host Differentiated Races of
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1238:
1199:
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842:(1999). "The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae:
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1204:
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329:
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1177:
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807:
Nawrocka, Anna; Kandemir, İrfan; Fuchs, Stefan; Tofilski, Adam (2017).
663:
340:, are not included within the bee lineages; they are crossings of the
1225:
285:
868:"Genetics and ecological studies on honeybee's population in Sudan"
1182:
344:
subspecies and are not defined as subspecies in their own right)
296:
885:
592:
Gotoh, T.; Bruin, J.; Sabelis, M. W.; Menken, S. B. J. (1993).
336:(Hybrids and bee breeds, even with known ancestry, such as the
1250:
321:, subspecies from the eastern end of the range of the species)
15:
771:"The Italian Honey Bee. Characteristics and recommendations"
264:. These are often given their own names when described, but
215:
Differences in the colors of bees may be more pronounced in
190:
are classified into various named instances of an informal
254:
There are also variations within subspecies (like within
141:, with several strains making up one race. Therefore, a
748:(Paperback ed.). Peacock Press. pp. 96–98.
251:, as well as subspecies divisions, more improperly.
1436:
1378:
1357:
1309:
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987:
951:
920:
797:. Apidologie 38 (2007) 141–155. 2 August 2006. p141
676:DIJKSHOORN, L.; URSING, B.M.; URSING, J.B. (2000).
212:which descend from bees that originated in Africa.
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
552:The known subspecies within the lineage 'Y') are:
206:. The term "honey bee" means a bee of the species
498:The known subspecies within the lineage 'O' are:
467:The known subspecies within the lineage 'M' are:
434:The known subspecies within the lineage 'C' are:
347:The known subspecies within the lineage 'A' are:
145:(within the honey bee context) is a lower-level
897:
8:
635:Ritchie, D. F.; Dittapongpitch, V. (1991),
904:
890:
882:
823:
816:Kandemir et al. 2011; Meixner et al. 2013
693:
295:", subspecies from east and south of the
149:used at the intraspecific level within a
137:. It has been used as a higher rank than
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
723:. Harvard University Press. p. 10.
602:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
584:
284:, subspecies from central and southern
161:, however, within beekeeping circles,
299:, including those along the northern
7:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
614:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01700.x
14:
988:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes
872:Mogga 1988, El-Sarrag et al. 1992
20:
849:Journal of Hymenoptera Research
682:Journal of Medical Microbiology
131:rank in the taxonomic hierarchy
31:needs additional citations for
974:Bee learning and communication
1:
720:The Biology of the Honey Bee
1118:Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan
171:from brown to grey. Within
1496:
695:10.1099/0022-1317-49-5-397
1459:Honeybee Discovery Center
1370:Diseases of the honey bee
1097:Apis mellifera scutellata
915:types and characteristics
825:10.1007/s13592-017-0538-y
769:Api Expert (2014-06-14).
228:mate multiple times, the
1437:Museums and insectariums
1349:Colony collapse disorder
1324:Varroa sensitive hygiene
1104:Apis mellifera siciliana
1083:Apis mellifera monticola
1069:Apis mellifera pomonella
1055:Apis mellifera artemisia
1048:Apis mellifera adansonii
717:Mark L. Winston (1991).
604:(Submitted manuscript).
594:"Host race formation in
202:—on the basis of shared
1243:Horizontal top-bar hive
1146:Apis mellifera unicolor
1125:Apis mellifera sossimai
1111:Apis mellifera simensis
266:zoological nomenclature
1310:Parasites and diseases
1139:Apis mellifera taurica
1132:Apis mellifera syriaca
1090:Apis mellifera remipes
1062:Apis mellifera litorea
744:Brother, Adam (1987).
639:Xanthomonas campestris
746:Breeding the Honeybee
133:, below the level of
1449:Bee Museum of Rhodes
1365:Topics in beekeeping
964:Honey bee life cycle
40:improve this article
1444:Malacca Bee Gallery
1344:Deformed wing virus
1235:BS National Beehive
1076:Apis mellifera meda
1010:Carniolan honey bee
596:Tetranychus urticae
483:(formerly known as
370:(formerly known as
328:", subspecies from
310:", subspecies from
120:biological taxonomy
1339:American foulbrood
664:10.1094/pd-75-0733
645:in North Carolina"
492:A. m. sinisxinyuan
237:Columbian Exchange
1467:
1466:
1329:Small hive beetle
1318:Varroa destructor
1035:Western honey bee
1030:Russian honey bee
1025:Maltese honey bee
1015:European dark bee
938:Laying worker bee
730:978-0-674-07409-5
414:A. m. sahariensis
186:The races of the
159:genetic isolation
116:
115:
108:
90:
1487:
1195:Honey extraction
1188:Alcoholic drinks
906:
899:
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840:Michael S. Engel
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714:
708:
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673:
667:
666:
649:
632:
626:
625:
589:
572:A. m. yemenitica
565:A. m. sudanensis
511:A. m. anatoliaca
480:A. m. iberiensis
461:A. m. macedonica
421:A. m. scutellata
379:A. m. jemenitica
367:A. m. intermissa
111:
104:
100:
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89:
55:"Honey bee race"
48:
24:
16:
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1490:
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1485:
1484:
1470:
1469:
1468:
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1432:
1380:
1374:
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1291:Honey extractor
1247:Langstroth hive
1214:
1156:
995:Africanized bee
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947:
916:
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866:
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838:
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711:
675:
674:
670:
647:
634:
633:
629:
591:
590:
586:
581:
525:A. m. caucasica
518:A. m. armeniaca
473:A. m. mellifera
454:A. m. ligustica
400:A. m. monticola
386:A. m. lamarckii
353:A. m. adansonii
274:
272:Classifications
257:A. m. mellifera
198:—below that of
184:
174:A. m. ligustica
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
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1423:United Kingdom
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1296:Queen excluder
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1271:Wax foundation
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1255:Stewarton hive
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1152:Honey bee race
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1041:Apis laboriosa
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1005:Cape honey bee
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688:(5): 397–401.
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658:(7): 733–736,
627:
608:(2): 171–178.
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558:A. m. bandasii
550:
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447:A. m. cecropia
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428:A. m. unicolor
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407:A. m. ruttneri
403:
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360:A. m. capensis
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342:Apis mellifera
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312:western Europe
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209:Apis mellifera
204:genetic traits
192:taxonomic rank
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147:taxonomic rank
124:honey bee race
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755:9780907908326
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652:Plant Disease
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628:
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569:
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546:A. m. syriaca
543:
541:
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533:
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519:
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508:
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494:
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486:
485:A. m. iberica
482:
481:
477:
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470:
469:
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451:
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440:A. m. carnica
437:
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423:
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411:
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393:A. m. litorea
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301:Mediterranean
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168:A. m. carnica
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110:
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71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1454:Honey Museum
1381:by countries
1317:
1151:
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1137:
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1123:
1116:
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1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1000:Buckfast bee
871:
862:
853:
847:
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834:
815:
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790:
778:. Retrieved
775:apiexpert.eu
774:
764:
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651:
642:
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532:A. m. cypria
530:
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338:Buckfast bee
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262:native races
261:
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126:would be an
123:
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62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1413:New Zealand
1379:Beekeeping
1266:Honey super
1210:Royal jelly
1161:Cultivation
1020:Italian bee
643:vesicatoria
504:A. m. adami
372:A. m. major
243:, the term
230:spermatozoa
182:Description
1480:Beekeeping
1301:Jenter kit
1286:Bee smoker
1281:Queen clip
1261:Hive frame
1168:Beekeeping
959:Bee colony
952:Life cycle
933:Worker bee
921:Bee castes
856:: 165–196.
780:6 November
579:References
539:A. m. meda
326:yemenitica
241:beekeepers
200:subspecies
155:subspecies
135:subspecies
96:March 2011
66:newspapers
1388:Australia
1276:Hive tool
1239:Flow Hive
1219:Equipment
1200:Honeycomb
943:Drone bee
928:Queen bee
913:Honey bee
308:mellifera
188:honey bee
1474:Category
1205:Propolis
1173:Apiology
979:Swarming
704:10798550
622:86180826
330:Ethiopia
319:Oriental
239:. Among
128:informal
1418:Ukraine
1403:Ireland
1393:Hungary
1334:Waxworm
1231:Beehive
1178:Beeswax
293:carnica
282:African
249:hybrids
225:workers
118:Within
80:scholar
1226:Apiary
752:
727:
702:
620:
286:Africa
221:drones
217:queens
163:strain
143:strain
139:strain
82:
75:
68:
61:
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