31:
1022:
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II of the present
Ordinance reproduces verbatim the substantive rights provisions of the ICCPR, subject to minor changes reflecting the fact that Hong Kong is not a sovereign state. Part III of the HKBORO reproduces, albeit in slightly different language, the reservations entered by the United Kingdom in respect of Hong Kong.
328:
that the ICCPR as applied to Hong Kong shall remain in force after the changeover. The expression 'as applied to Hong Kong' was understood to include the substantive rights provisions of the ICCPR subject to the reservations entered by the United
Kingdom upon her ratification of the same. Hence, Part
315:
decided to draft a Bill of Rights for Hong Kong to incorporate into domestic law relevant rights, as applied in Hong Kong. The Bill of Rights met strong opposition from the
Chinese Government as soon as it was proposed. The Chinese Government regarded the Bill of Rights as unnecessary, detrimental to
468:
With the advent of HKBORO, the courts of Hong Kong embarked upon an era of meaningful constitutional review. In early days the Courts were concerned with whether pre-8 June 1991 legislation had been repealed by the HKBORO for inconsistency. The period from 8 June 1991 to 1 July 1997 was described as
408:
The
Chinese Government objected to the entrenched status of the HKBORO; otherwise this would be a departure from the Basic Law since no legislation in Hong Kong prior to the change of sovereignty in 1997 enjoyed a higher status than other legislation. As such, Sections 2(3), 3 and 4 were not adopted
391:
which stipulated that no law shall be made after 8 June 1991 that "restricts the rights and freedoms enjoyed in Hong Kong in a manner which is inconsistent with the ICCPR as applied to Hong Kong." Any statutory provision which is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights was repealed on 8 June 1991, upon
323:
The objection of the
Chinese Government had a profound impact on both the form and the content of the Bill of Rights. In terms of its content, in order to ensure the consistency of the Bill of Rights with the Basic Law, it was decided that, instead of drafting a bill which was tailor-made for Hong
591:
challenged that the discretion of the
Commissioner of Police to object to processions for the purpose of public order was too wide and contravened art. 17 of the HKBORO, and relevant provisions in the ICCPR and the Basic Law. The Court of Final Appeal further developed the
811:"Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Concerning the Handling of the Laws Previously in Force in Hong Kong in Accordance with Article 160 of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China"
310:
in the summer of 1989, the Hong Kong Bill of Rights
Ordinance was intended to restore the shattered confidence of the people of Hong Kong in their future. Amidst growing urges in society on giving effect to rights in the ICCPR in the domestic law of Hong Kong, the
428:
The Hong Kong Bill of Rights
Ordinance… in fact provides for the incorporation of the provisions of the ICCPR into the laws of Hong Kong…. by virtue of art 39(2) of the Basic Law, a restriction on either freedom cannot contravene the provisions of the
456:
described the enactment of the
Ordinance as “the first constitutional revolution” in Hong Kong. Before its enactment, human rights protection was exclusively reliant on judge-made common law principles; courts were not empowered to conduct
519:
he restriction must be rationally connected with one or more of the legitimate purposes; and (2) the means used to impair the right of peaceful assembly must be no more than is necessary to accomplish the legitimate purpose in
367:(sections 9-14): provisions of exceptions and savings, reflecting limitations to the scope of ICCPR as applied in Hong Kong with the effect of limiting the obligation of the Government to recognise certain rights and freedoms.
58:
An
Ordinance to provide for the incorporation into the law of Hong Kong of provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as applied to Hong Kong; and for ancillary and connected matters.
469:
one during which the courts of Hong Kong produced a valuable if not very large body of human rights jurisprudence and gained a useful six years of pre-handover experience of meaningful constitutional review.
481:
A right may be provided for (i) in both the Basic Law and the [Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (Bill); or (ii) only in the Basic Law and not in the Bill; or (iii) only in the Bill but not in the Basic
581:, such as that on the licensing system which required the Police’s consent in holding processions, was repealed by the Legislative Council in 1995 according to provisions in the HKBORO.
410:
340:
to give the ICCPR an “entrenched status” in Hong Kong’s constitutional documents. After its enactment, any legislation which encroach the HKBORO would be deemed unconstitutional.
600:
The HKBORO in some circumstances also imposes an obligation for positive actions to manifest rights provided in the Ordinance through enacting laws and adopting social policies.
292:
272:
677:
383:
Section 4 provides that all legislations enacted on or after the commencement date shall be construed in such way to be consistent with the ICCPR as applied in Hong Kong.
355:(sections 1-7): provisions relating to the Ordinance's effect, remedies, and conditions under which derogations from the rights guaranteed in the Ordinance are permitted;
416:
Even so, the entrenched status of the ICCPR (and subsequently the HKBORO) in the constitutional framework of Hong Kong continue with the effect of article 39 of the
1052:
499:
Any restrictions on rights and freedoms stipulated the ICCPR (and subsequently the HKBORO) must be prescribed by law and justified, according to Chief Justice
307:
1047:
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the commencement of the HKBORO. This led to the amendment of some Hong Kong laws so as to bring them in conformity with the HKBORO, for example the
1026:
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on 25 July 1990, passed by the Legislative Council in June 1991 and was enacted on 8 June 1991. Corresponding amendments were made to the
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361:(section 8): The Hong Kong Bill of Rights, incorporating text of relevant rights in the ICCPR as divided into 23 Articles; and
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325:
214:
184:
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The enactment of HKBORO in 1991 provided the foundation for constitutional guarantees of rights and freedom in Hong Kong.
632:
477:
Article 39 of the Basic Law creates a part of the post-handover tripartite framework on human rights protection, where:
296:
104:
571:
608:
enacted the Interception of Communications and Surveillance Ordinance (Cap. 589) in 2006, following the judgment in
420:, while the Basic Law itself consisted of provisions of fundamental rights and freedoms of Hong Kong residents. The
376:
Before 1997, the Ordinance overrides other Hong Kong legislations as provided by Sections 3 and 4 of the Ordinance.
1057:
622:
324:
Kong, the Bill of Rights should simply incorporate the ICCPR as applied to Hong Kong. It had been agreed in the
462:
388:
337:
554:
The HKBORO enabled Hong Kong to enter the era of judicial review of legislations. The practice of utilizing
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401:
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Section 3(2) provides that all earlier laws identified as contravening the Ordinance are to be repealed.
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133:
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605:
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612:(2006) which called for appropriate restrictions on the government’s interception of communications.
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30:
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has recognized that provision on rights in HKBORO continue to override contravening laws:
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of legislations for the lack of relevant provisions on human rights protection in the
303:
was stipulated in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and Article 39 of the Basic Law.
1036:
703:
701:
837:
The First Decade: The Hong Kong SAR in Retrospective and Introspective Perspectives
299:, including Hong Kong, in the same year. Continued application of the ICCPR in the
968:
One Country, Two Systems" in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation Since the Handover
652:
947:
Chen, Albert H.Y. (2006). "Constitutional Adjudication in Post-1997 Hong Kong".
722:"Introduction to the first issue, Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap. 383)"
604:
in achieving the rights to privacy as provided in article 14 of the HKBORO, the
409:
as part of the laws of the Hong Kong SAR in accordance with the Decision of the
1021:
49:
526:
500:
488:
435:
300:
207:
228:
71:
883:
Leung, Frankie Fook-lun (1991). "Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance".
760:
707:
653:"Enactment History of Cap. 383 Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance"
558:
of legislation flourished. Constitutional review principles like
505:
Gurung Kesh Bahadur v Director of Immigration (2002) 5 HKCFAR 480
493:
Gurung Kesh Bahadur v Director of Immigration (2002) 5 HKCFAR 480
387:
The HKBORO was given an entrenched status by an amendment to the
685:
Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau, HKSAR Government
316:
the maintenance of public order, and inconsistent with the
233:
219:
839:. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. p. 181.
678:"An Introduction to Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance"
348:
HKBORO contains 14 sections divided into three parts:
411:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
293:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
273:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
295:(ICCPR) on 20 May 1976. The ICCPR was extended to
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132:
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67:
37:
23:
577:Restrictions on peaceful assembly provided in the
851:"HKSAR v. Ng Kung Siu, (1999) 2 H.K.C.F.A.R. 442"
936:. Hong Kong: Sweet & Maxwell/Thomson Reuter.
921:. Hong Kong: Sweet & Maxwell/Thomson Reuter.
517:
479:
426:
982:"Leung Kwok Hung v HKSAR (2005) 8 HKCFAR 229"
932:Ramsden, Michael; Hargreaves, Stuart (2019).
917:Ramsden, Michael; Hargreaves, Stuart (2019).
904:Human Rights: Source, Content and Enforcement
189:
8:
872:. Hong Kong: Sweet and Maxwell. p. 569.
750:. Hong Kong: Sweet and Maxwell. p. 567.
657:Cap. 383 Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance
308:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
934:Hong Kong Basic Law Handbook (2nd Edition)
919:Hong Kong Basic Law Handbook (2nd Edition)
761:Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau
708:Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau
610:Koo Sze Yiu v Chief Executive of the HKSAR
543:Leung Kwok Hung v HKSAR(2005) 8 HKCFAR 229
513:Leung Kwok Hung v HKSAR(2005) 8 HKCFAR 229
198:
332:The Bill of Rights was introduced to the
574:concerning the presumption of innocence.
1027:Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance 1991
644:
301:Hong Kong Special Administration Region
221:Hēung góng yàhn kyùhn faat on tìuh laih
55:
1053:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
970:. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 78.
171:
20:
7:
786:"Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance"
235:Hoeng gong jan kyun faat on tiu lai
949:Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal
868:Chan, Johannes; Lim, C.L. (2015).
772:
746:Chan, Johannes; Lim, C.L. (2015).
253:Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance
175:Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance
158:1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2017
24:Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance
14:
1048:National human rights instruments
870:Law of the Hong Kong Constitution
748:Law of the Hong Kong Constitution
726:Annotated Ordinances of Hong Kong
550:Notable applications and case law
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82:Legislative Council of Hong Kong
39:Legislative Council of Hong Kong
29:
1000:"Koo Sze Yiu v Chief Executive"
906:. Hong Kong: Sweet and Maxwell.
566:The first Bill of Rights case,
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220:
372:Status in the hierarchy of law
326:Sino-British Joint Declaration
190:
1:
885:International Legal Materials
297:British Dependent Territories
633:United States Bill of Rights
570:1 HKCLR 127, decided by the
259:), often referred to as the
562:have since been developed.
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835:Chen, Albert H.Y. (2007).
623:Human rights in Hong Kong
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720:Lo, P. Y. (March 2007).
537:and Non-permanent Judge
463:Hong Kong Letters Patent
389:Hong Kong Letters Patent
263:, is Chapter 383 of the
261:Hong Kong Bill of Rights
185:Traditional Chinese
902:Bokhary, Kemal (2015).
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790:Hong Kong e-Legislation
585:Leung Kwok Hung v HKSAR
579:Public Order Ordinance
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394:Public Order Ordinance
287:The Government of the
16:Ordinance of Hong Kong
1043:Hong Kong legislation
628:Human Rights Act 1998
556:constitutional review
459:constitutional review
422:Court of Final Appeal
413:on 23 February 1997.
606:Hong Kong Government
594:proportionality test
509:proportionality test
507:. Subsequently, the
454:Albert Chen Hung-yee
442:(1999) 2 HKCFAR 442
440:HKSAR v. Ng Kung Siu
313:Hong Kong Government
279:into Hong Kong law.
966:Wong, Y.C. (2008).
531:Patrick Chan Siu-oi
529:, Permanent Judges
334:Legislative Council
166:Current legislation
96:Legislative history
473:After the Handover
1025:The full text of
539:Sir Anthony Mason
511:was developed in
404:entrenched status
265:Laws of Hong Kong
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639:References
306:After the
283:Background
269:transposed
153:Amended by
115:Introduced
50:Long title
589:Appellant
527:Andrew Li
520:question.
501:Andrew Li
489:Andrew Li
436:Andrew Li
418:Basic Law
344:Structure
318:Basic Law
88:Commenced
662:22 March
617:See also
523:—
485:—
432:—
402:handover
365:Part III
267:, which
229:Jyutping
191:香港人權法案條例
72:Cap. 383
68:Citation
773:Lo 2007
429:ICCPR”.
359:Part II
164:Status:
353:Part I
257:HKBORO
1004:HKLII
986:HKLII
855:HKLII
681:(PDF)
400:Post-
822:2022
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733:2022
692:2022
664:2018
533:and
503:in
482:Law.
271:the
251:The
107:Sir
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