914:. There have never been any indications that it has been assimilated by its colonizers or that it has thoughts of returning to them." However Wilson Wong, a political scholar from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, believes that Hong Kong as an independent entity had already undergone a massive transformation by 1997: "The Chinese Central Government has been worried about the nation splitting up, so Hong Kong is currently being erased from every angle in a way that has never been seen before, with an aim to completely wipe out Hong Kong's individuality in terms of its history, its values, and its identity." Other scholars that have analyzed the situation from a geopolitical standpoint have pointed out that the United Kingdom is an island nation, and that Hong Kong, like Singapore, faces the ocean on all sides and has the make-up of an island city, while also being international and outward-facing. In the era of British rule, the focus was on Hong Kong's role in the Asia Pacific region; but as a
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906:, still adopted the governing practice of the former imperial era. The founder of the Hong Kong Economic Journal, Lam Hang Chi, once commented on the subject of Hong Kong independence under British rule, stating: "Hong Kong and the United Kingdom are very far apart, and in the case of some of its customs, histories, and culture, Hong Kong has undergone over a hundred years of development. In this time, Hong Kong has developed from a small fishing port to a capital of light industry. It was once the head of our
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single democratic model that is universally acceptable. The white paper states that Hong Kong's democracy should not be a replica of some other democratic model and that in the central government's view, principles of national sovereignty and security require that central authorities have the final say in determining Hong Kong's method of democracy.
870:” policy. These Hongkongers believed that the Chinese Central Government and Chinese non-governmental scholars looked down upon the policy, and worried that the Hong Kong Government would put the interests of the Mainland Chinese above the interests of the Hong Kong people, weakening the rights of Hong Kong citizens. In 2012, after
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and confirming the significant functions and positioning of Hong Kong's cooperation with
Guangdong and Mainland China under the Framework Agreement on Hong Kong-Guangdong Cooperation. Currently, forums attended by the Special Administrative Region to discuss cooperation with the Chinese Mainland include:
878:, he rapidly pushed for proposals that would deepen ties between Hong Kong and Shenzhen, including introducing a surplus of tourists and new migrants to Hong Kong without considering the carrying capacity of the region, leading to various difficulties and further stoking tensions between the two sides.
1012:
On
December 20, 2021, China's central government issued a white paper on its view of democracy in Hong Kong, which it framed as an executive-led governance arrangement designed to ensure Hong Kong's capacity and efficacy. According to this view, there is no single set of criteria for democracy and no
364:
was founded. They rejected the claim that Hong Kong was a territory of the United
Kingdom and demanded that the United Kingdom return Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories to China. The British government ultimately decided to give up any claims to their sovereignty over Hong Kong. On 19
965:
Since 1997, Hong Kong has cooperated with the mainland on a larger and larger scale and to an ever-increasing degree. The
Twelfth Five-Year Guideline published in March 2011 outlines support for deepening economic cooperation between the Mainland and Hong Kong; continuing the implementation of CEPA;
1008:
Through the forums listed above, Hong Kong and the
Mainland can cooperate in areas including cross-boundary infrastructure, promoting the flow of people and goods, promoting trade investments, environmental protection, food safety, information technology, urban construction, tourism partnerships,
272:. The United Kingdom also demanded that China give their written consent that the Kowloon concession was not included within the unequal treaties, or else they would refuse to sign, so China was forced to drop the concession of Kowloon from the agenda. Finally, in 1943, the two sides signed the
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have also given
Mainland Chinese people a negative impression of Hong Kong, and they have generally felt suspicious, confused, or even upset with the sense of "Hong Kong uniqueness" that has been advocated by Hongkongers, leading to incidents of verbal abuse, such as the
268:, attempted to put the issue of Hong Kong onto the two parties' agenda, suggesting that the Kowloon concession should be returned to China along with the other foreign concessions. This was fiercely rejected by the United Kingdom's prime minister at the time,
881:
Furthermore, as conflicts have increased, some
Hongkongers have taken their dissatisfaction with Hong Kong government policies relating to the economy, trade, and culture, and brought these to the constitutional government level, giving rise to the
99:
1097:
937:, and Hong Kong differs from Mainland China in many ways, including in its politics, its systems, and its culture and customs. The conflicts between Hong Kong and Mainland China mean that many Hongkongers identify less and less with
263:
repealed the "unequal treaties" and began negotiations with the United
Kingdom on the establishment of a new, fairer treaty. The highest authority in China, the Chairman of the Military Affairs Commission of the National Government,
957:. In recent years, the number of Hongkongers that have emigrated to Taiwan, Canada, and other such places has increased out of concern for the future of Hong Kong's society, politics, and the one nation, two systems policy.
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During the more than 150 years that it was under
British rule, Hong Kong was a self-governing free economic zone which followed the international model in terms of its administration and laws; but the
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369:, which stated that starting on 1 July 1997, the People's Republic of China would resume sovereignty over Hong Kong, establish the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, enact the
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348:. In 1982, China and the United Kingdom began formal negotiations on how to address the issue of Hong Kong. China refused to continue the three international treaties (the
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cooperated on various
Central Government policies and measures, which led to the dissatisfaction of Hong Kong's localist groups. Differences also emerged between some
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On 29 June and 29 September 2003, the Chinese central government and the Hong Kong government signed the main document and 6 appendices of the
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and other neighbouring islands) to the United Kingdom indefinitely. In 1860, the Qing empire was defeated again by Anglo-French forces in the
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214:) to the United Kingdom for 99 years. These three treaties helped determine the territory of the modern-day Hong Kong administrative region.
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In 2020, mainland China legislated a new security law that extends its powers over HK in contravention of the terms of that transfer from
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The Apple Daily has stated that the conflicts between Hong Kong and Mainland China are still a battle between legal institutions.
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1238:一、中华人民共和国政府声明：收回香港地区（包括香港岛、九龙和"新界"，以下称香港）是全中国人民的共同愿望，中华人民共和国政府决定于1997年7月1日对香港恢复行使主权。 二、联合王国政府声明：联合王国政府于1997年7月1日将香港交还给中华人民共和国。
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423:(CCP) is signaling its determination to expand its area of control and influence even in the face of global criticism.
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154:, the Hong Kong region was part of Panyu County. Between the Eastern Jin dynasty and the Tang dynasty, it was part of
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signed the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement to liberalize trade in services within the
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was the legal government of China. On 13 March 1972, the two nations issued a joint statement, agreeing that the
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and are calling for stronger protections of Hong Kongese nationalism, and have also allied themselves with the
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on the other. This has also led to opposition between some Hong Kong people and some Mainland Chinese people.
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198:(including Stonecutters Island) to the United Kingdom in perpetuity. In 1898, the United Kingdom signed the
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162:, it was part of Xin'an County. At the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1842, due to its defeat during the
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1889:
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918:, China emphasizes a focus on centralized state power and is less tolerant of regional variations.
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intercultural activities, promoting sporting events, and training for medical professionals.
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believed, however, that at heart, the conflicts were a clash between civilizations. Many
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and the Chinese Central and Hong Kong governments over their understanding of the “
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Office of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in Beijing
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1100: – decision of the PRC National People's Congress approved on 28 May 2020
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National People's Congress decision on Hong Kong national security legislation
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The Hong Kong-Shenzhen Cooperation Joint Conference and related content (see:
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After Hong Kong came under the control of the People's Republic of China, the
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The Hong Kong-Macau Cooperation High Level Meeting and related content (see:
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On 6 January 1950, the United Kingdom conceded that the government of the
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Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Hong Kong
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1067: – Bilateral relations between Mainland China (PRC) and Taiwan (ROC)
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The Hong Kong-Guangdong Cooperation Joint Conference and related content;
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Real threat to rule of law lies in NPC's reform ruling 南華早報 2014年10月14日
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The Hong Kong-Shanghai Economic and Trade Cooperation Conference (see:
191:
980:
The Pan-Pearl River Delta Regional Cooperation and Development Forum;
1308:"The Chinese Application of the Security Law in Hong Kong—Why Now?"
1121: – Hong Kong political faction in favour of universal suffrage
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1357:給《致香港人》一個「讚」引發的陸港矛盾 頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館. 輔仁媒體. 白恩樑. 31 October 2012.
1576:(in Traditional Chinese). 《南華早報》. 12 August 2014. Archived from
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The Hong Kong-Beijing Economic and Trade Cooperation Conference;
1641:
398:
Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
1267:(in Simplified Chinese). 北京: 中華人民共和國外交部. 19 December 1984
1285:全國人民代表大會常務委員會關於《中華人民共和國國籍法》在香港特別行政區實施的幾個問題的解釋。 1996-5月-日
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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886:. Mainland media reporting, unfriendly comments, and
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1088: – Mass arrest of Hong Kong democracy advocates
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on one side, and the Chinese Central Government and
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1082: – Annual protest rally of Hong Kong on 1 July
1076: – 1997 handover of Hong Kong from UK to China
389:received Chinese citizenship and could apply for a
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Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
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Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
158:. Then, from the Ming dynasty until the end of the
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1000:The Hong Kong-Fujian Cooperation Conference (see:
843:, which primarily manifested as conflicts between
945:. Some young Hongkongers have started supporting
419:hands to China in 1997. By taking this step, the
381:as head of the government in accordance with the
1094: – Relationship between Hong Kong and China
391:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport
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1915:Hongkongers by ethnicity and national origin
342:government of the People's Republic of China
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1487:黃偉豪：〈消滅香港──清洗香港人的歷史、身分和價值〉，《明報》，2013-11-11。
1905:Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau
1660:
1646:
1638:
1249:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1478:林行止：〈高度自治被矮化 思想回歸死胡同之一〉，《信報》，2012年10月24日。
1900:Commerce and Economic Development Bureau
1378:中港矛盾的實質是文明的衝突 何清漣 阿波羅新聞 17 February 2012
1312:Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies
1115: – Political alignment in Hong Kong
1109: – Chinese constitutional principle
1055: – Series of sit-in street protests
835:, a series of conflicts emerged between
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1606:
1604:
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841:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
1265:"中華人民共和國政府和大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國政府關於香港問題的聯合聲明"
1242:
281:
219:
31:
1127: – 2021 police raid in Hong Kong
365:December 1984, both sides signed the
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1874:Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices
1225:中华人民共和国政府和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府关于香港问题的联合声明
134:. In principle, Hong Kong became an
1930:Hong Kong Trade Development Council
1419:港人「討厭認同感被中國貶低」 蘋果日報 (台灣) 2012年6月30日
360:) that came into effect before the
1966:Hong Kong–mainland China relations
1531:港大民研發放最新香港民眾身分認同調查結果, 10-13/6/2013
1366:下半旗掩不住陸港矛盾 蘋果日報 奉己. 8 October 2012
375:autonomous administrative division
346:China's only legitimate government
283:Hong Kong–mainland China relations
221:Hong Kong–mainland China relations
202:with the Qing court to lease the "
136:autonomous administrative division
110:refer to the relationship between
108:Hong Kong–mainland China relations
33:Hong Kong–mainland China relations
25:
18:Hong Kong-mainland China relations
1853:Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict
1092:Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict
1031:People's Republic of China portal
1961:Bilateral relations of Hong Kong
1823:
1669:
1554:(in Traditional Chinese). e-Zone
1222:(19 December 1984). 中英双方 (ed.).
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1306:Yellinek, Roie (14 July 2020).
1295:香港政府網站，本港居民入境事務，香港身份證及居留權：合資格人士
1869:Consular missions in Hong Kong
1676:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
1119:Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)
845:Hong Kong's pro-democracy camp
509:Sino-British Joint Declaration
367:Sino-British Joint Declaration
120:Sino-British Joint Declaration
1:
1460:陳冠中：中國天朝主義與香港 蘋果日報 2011年1月30日
1176:"新中国建交内情（十二）（礼仪漫谈）——与英国建交（上）"
823:On 1 January 1997, after the
402:Trade and Industry Department
274:Sino-British New Equal Treaty
132:special administrative region
1615:Reinventing the Chinese City
1540:孔誥峰：香港年輕人「本土認同」超過「大中華認同」統獨民調
1125:Stand News raids and arrests
1113:Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)
1059:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
985:Hong Kong-Shanghai relations
975:Hong Kong-Shenzhen relations
951:Taiwan independence movement
876:Chief Executive of Hong Kong
849:Hong Kong's pro-Beijing camp
497:Lease of the New Territories
379:Chief Executive of Hong Kong
166:, the Great Qing signed the
1190:"1972年3月13日 我国与英国外交关系升为大使级"
893:2012 Kong Qingdong incident
400:. On 18 December 2014, the
124:handed control of Hong Kong
1982:
1002:Hong Kong-Fujian relations
900:People's Republic of China
833:People's Republic of China
751:People's Republic of China
362:People's Republic of China
338:People's Republic of China
128:People's Republic of China
1821:
1619:Columbia University Press
1162:"中華民國政府對「九七」香港情勢的立場與政策說帖"
995:Hong Kong-Macau relations
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1895:One country, two systems
1400:自治 Autonomy - 維基百科 (英文版)
1145:"蔣介石對中英新約的態度（1942-1943）"
1107:One country, two systems
1080:Hong Kong 1 July marches
868:one country, two systems
674:Joins the United Nations
638:Second Sino-Japanese War
371:one country, two systems
150:At the beginning of the
118:. According to the 1997
91:Hong Kong Liaison Office
1940:Transfer of sovereignty
1469:《中國天朝主義與香港》 陳冠中 牛津大學出版社
1053:2014 Hong Kong protests
904:Chinese Communist Party
856:Government of Hong Kong
698:First Sino-Japanese War
421:Chinese Communist Party
1506:孫進 (2 February 2012).
1065:Cross-Strait relations
947:Hong Kong independence
373:principle, set up the
1925:Hong Kong nationalism
1910:Free trade agreements
1429:廖美香 (5 August 2014).
1074:Handover of Hong Kong
888:controversial actions
485:Handover of Hong Kong
190:, ceding the part of
122:, the United Kingdom
1613:Hu, Richard (2023).
521:Convention of Peking
436:History of Hong Kong
406:Hong Kong Government
377:, and establish the
354:Convention of Peking
194:south of modern day
188:Convention of Peking
1935:Hong Kong returnees
1920:Hong Kong diasporas
1550:菲立斯 (3 June 2015).
1431:"香港观察：香港，中国人不再为妳疯狂"
1196:on 30 November 2016
955:Pan-Green Coalition
908:Four Little Dragons
884:Umbrella Revolution
461:Japanese occupation
387:Hong Kong residents
383:Hong Kong Basic Law
284:
279:Bilateral relations
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217:Bilateral relations
140:Hong Kong Basic Law
34:
29:Bilateral relations
1580:on 5 February 2016
1574:"不滿香港社會 港人移民加拿大升溫"
1390:反國教運動與政治傳播的動向 香港電台
1339:. 17 February 2012
916:continental nation
902:, as ruled by the
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473:Surrender of Japan
385:. The majority of
206:" (which included
85:Diplomatic mission
1948:
1947:
1833:Relations within
1628:978-0-231-21101-7
1598:與內地區域合作2016-07-15
935:Hong Kong culture
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186:and signed the
164:First Opium War
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259:In 1942, the
252:
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210:and over 230
209:
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156:Bao'an County
153:
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138:based on the
137:
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27:
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1847:
1785:South Africa
1617:. New York:
1614:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1578:the original
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:"【逃出香港】移民台灣"
1545:
1536:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1501:
1496:《港英時代》導論 鄺健銘
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1406:
1395:
1362:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1336:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1301:
1290:
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1259:
1237:
1230:. Retrieved
1224:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1184:
1170:
1156:
1139:
1086:Hong Kong 47
1011:
1007:
964:
920:
897:
880:
853:
822:
709:Qing dynasty
619:
531:Qing dynasty
434:
414:
395:
335:
258:
178:(along with
160:Qing dynasty
149:
126:over to the
107:
106:
26:
1795:Switzerland
1770:Philippines
1755:North Korea
1584:2 September
1558:2 September
1508:"港中矛盾乃法制之爭"
961:Cooperation
931:identifying
927:Hongkongers
923:He Qinglian
874:became the
864:Hongkongers
208:New Kowloon
180:Ap Lei Chau
152:Qin dynasty
1955:Categories
1683:By country
1517:7 February
1343:7 February
1200:16 January
1132:References
650:Korean War
356:, and the
174:and ceded
1890:Basic Law
1780:Singapore
1750:Nicaragua
1720:Indonesia
1690:Australia
1451:《港英時代》鄺健銘
1437:8 October
1337:明報通識網LIFE
1271:1 October
1245:cite book
1216:中华人民共和国政府
662:Opium War
325:Hong Kong
248:Hong Kong
170:with the
116:Hong Kong
75:Hong Kong
1862:Missions
1805:Thailand
1760:Pakistan
1740:Maldives
1735:Malaysia
1433:. BBC中文网
1017:See also
941:and the
858:and the
839:and the
819:Conflict
1745:Namibia
1710:Germany
1705:Georgia
1317:21 July
1232:16 June
831:to the
404:of the
146:History
1800:Taiwan
1725:Israel
1700:France
1695:Canada
1625:
1333:"中港矛盾"
616:
431:
352:, the
1843:Macau
1835:China
1790:Spain
1775:Qatar
1715:India
1148:(PDF)
939:China
933:with
564:Japan
314:China
237:China
64:China
1765:Peru
1623:ISBN
1586:2015
1560:2015
1519:2017
1512:苹果日报
1439:2014
1345:2017
1319:2020
1273:2013
1251:link
1234:2016
1202:2020
827:had
811:1995
805:1970
799:1945
793:1920
787:1895
781:1870
775:1845
769:1820
344:was
114:and
636:to
1957::
1621:.
1603:^
1510:.
1383:^
1371:^
1335:.
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1588:.
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1347:.
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1253:)
1204:.
1178:.
1164:.
1150:.
809:│
803:│
797:│
791:│
785:│
779:│
773:│
767:│
694:↓
682:↓
670:↓
658:↓
646:↓
630:↓
517:↓
505:↓
493:↓
481:↓
469:↓
457:↓
445:↓
20:)
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