903:. There have never been any indications that it has been assimilated by its colonizers or that it has thoughts of returning to them." However Wilson Wong, a political scholar from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, believes that Hong Kong as an independent entity had already undergone a massive transformation by 1997: "The Chinese Central Government has been worried about the nation splitting up, so Hong Kong is currently being erased from every angle in a way that has never been seen before, with an aim to completely wipe out Hong Kong's individuality in terms of its history, its values, and its identity." Other scholars that have analyzed the situation from a geopolitical standpoint have pointed out that the United Kingdom is an island nation, and that Hong Kong, like Singapore, faces the ocean on all sides and has the make-up of an island city, while also being international and outward-facing. In the era of British rule, the focus was on Hong Kong's role in the Asia Pacific region; but as a
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895:, still adopted the governing practice of the former imperial era. The founder of the Hong Kong Economic Journal, Lam Hang Chi, once commented on the subject of Hong Kong independence under British rule, stating: "Hong Kong and the United Kingdom are very far apart, and in the case of some of its customs, histories, and culture, Hong Kong has undergone over a hundred years of development. In this time, Hong Kong has developed from a small fishing port to a capital of light industry. It was once the head of our
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single democratic model that is universally acceptable. The white paper states that Hong Kong's democracy should not be a replica of some other democratic model and that in the central government's view, principles of national sovereignty and security require that central authorities have the final say in determining Hong Kong's method of democracy.
859:” policy. These Hongkongers believed that the Chinese Central Government and Chinese non-governmental scholars looked down upon the policy, and worried that the Hong Kong Government would put the interests of the Mainland Chinese above the interests of the Hong Kong people, weakening the rights of Hong Kong citizens. In 2012, after
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and confirming the significant functions and positioning of Hong Kong's cooperation with
Guangdong and Mainland China under the Framework Agreement on Hong Kong-Guangdong Cooperation. Currently, forums attended by the Special Administrative Region to discuss cooperation with the Chinese Mainland include:
867:, he rapidly pushed for proposals that would deepen ties between Hong Kong and Shenzhen, including introducing a surplus of tourists and new migrants to Hong Kong without considering the carrying capacity of the region, leading to various difficulties and further stoking tensions between the two sides.
1001:
On
December 20, 2021, China's central government issued a white paper on its view of democracy in Hong Kong, which it framed as an executive-led governance arrangement designed to ensure Hong Kong's capacity and efficacy. According to this view, there is no single set of criteria for democracy and no
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was founded. They rejected the claim that Hong Kong was a territory of the United
Kingdom and demanded that the United Kingdom return Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories to China. The British government ultimately decided to give up any claims to their sovereignty over Hong Kong. On 19
954:
Since 1997, Hong Kong has cooperated with the mainland on a larger and larger scale and to an ever-increasing degree. The
Twelfth Five-Year Guideline published in March 2011 outlines support for deepening economic cooperation between the Mainland and Hong Kong; continuing the implementation of CEPA;
997:
Through the forums listed above, Hong Kong and the
Mainland can cooperate in areas including cross-boundary infrastructure, promoting the flow of people and goods, promoting trade investments, environmental protection, food safety, information technology, urban construction, tourism partnerships,
261:. The United Kingdom also demanded that China give their written consent that the Kowloon concession was not included within the unequal treaties, or else they would refuse to sign, so China was forced to drop the concession of Kowloon from the agenda. Finally, in 1943, the two sides signed the
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have also given
Mainland Chinese people a negative impression of Hong Kong, and they have generally felt suspicious, confused, or even upset with the sense of "Hong Kong uniqueness" that has been advocated by Hongkongers, leading to incidents of verbal abuse, such as the
257:, attempted to put the issue of Hong Kong onto the two parties' agenda, suggesting that the Kowloon concession should be returned to China along with the other foreign concessions. This was fiercely rejected by the United Kingdom's prime minister at the time,
870:
Furthermore, as conflicts have increased, some
Hongkongers have taken their dissatisfaction with Hong Kong government policies relating to the economy, trade, and culture, and brought these to the constitutional government level, giving rise to the
88:
1086:
926:, and Hong Kong differs from Mainland China in many ways, including in its politics, its systems, and its culture and customs. The conflicts between Hong Kong and Mainland China mean that many Hongkongers identify less and less with
252:
repealed the "unequal treaties" and began negotiations with the United
Kingdom on the establishment of a new, fairer treaty. The highest authority in China, the Chairman of the Military Affairs Commission of the National Government,
946:. In recent years, the number of Hongkongers that have emigrated to Taiwan, Canada, and other such places has increased out of concern for the future of Hong Kong's society, politics, and the one nation, two systems policy.
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During the more than 150 years that it was under
British rule, Hong Kong was a self-governing free economic zone which followed the international model in terms of its administration and laws; but the
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358:, which stated that starting on 1 July 1997, the People's Republic of China would resume sovereignty over Hong Kong, establish the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, enact the
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337:. In 1982, China and the United Kingdom began formal negotiations on how to address the issue of Hong Kong. China refused to continue the three international treaties (the
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cooperated on various
Central Government policies and measures, which led to the dissatisfaction of Hong Kong's localist groups. Differences also emerged between some
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On 29 June and 29 September 2003, the Chinese central government and the Hong Kong government signed the main document and 6 appendices of the
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and other neighbouring islands) to the United Kingdom indefinitely. In 1860, the Qing empire was defeated again by Anglo-French forces in the
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203:) to the United Kingdom for 99 years. These three treaties helped determine the territory of the modern-day Hong Kong administrative region.
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In 2020, mainland China legislated a new security law that extends its powers over HK in contravention of the terms of that transfer from
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265:, with China writing a formal letter to the United Kingdom and securing the right to raise the issue of Hong Kong on a later occasion.
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The Apple Daily has stated that the conflicts between Hong Kong and Mainland China are still a battle between legal institutions.
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1227:一、中华人民共和国政府声明：收回香港地区（包括香港岛、九龙和"新界"，以下称香港）是全中国人民的共同愿望，中华人民共和国政府决定于1997年7月1日对香港恢复行使主权。 二、联合王国政府声明：联合王国政府于1997年7月1日将香港交还给中华人民共和国。
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412:(CCP) is signaling its determination to expand its area of control and influence even in the face of global criticism.
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143:, the Hong Kong region was part of Panyu County. Between the Eastern Jin dynasty and the Tang dynasty, it was part of
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signed the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement to liberalize trade in services within the
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was the legal government of China. On 13 March 1972, the two nations issued a joint statement, agreeing that the
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and are calling for stronger protections of Hong Kongese nationalism, and have also allied themselves with the
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on the other. This has also led to opposition between some Hong Kong people and some Mainland Chinese people.
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187:(including Stonecutters Island) to the United Kingdom in perpetuity. In 1898, the United Kingdom signed the
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151:, it was part of Xin'an County. At the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1842, due to its defeat during the
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907:, China emphasizes a focus on centralized state power and is less tolerant of regional variations.
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intercultural activities, promoting sporting events, and training for medical professionals.
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believed, however, that at heart, the conflicts were a clash between civilizations. Many
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and the Chinese Central and Hong Kong governments over their understanding of the “
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Office of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in Beijing
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1089: – decision of the PRC National People's Congress approved on 28 May 2020
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National People's Congress decision on Hong Kong national security legislation
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The Hong Kong-Shenzhen Cooperation Joint Conference and related content (see:
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After Hong Kong came under the control of the People's Republic of China, the
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The Hong Kong-Macau Cooperation High Level Meeting and related content (see:
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On 6 January 1950, the United Kingdom conceded that the government of the
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Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Hong Kong
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1056: – Bilateral relations between Mainland China (PRC) and Taiwan (ROC)
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The Hong Kong-Guangdong Cooperation Joint Conference and related content;
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Real threat to rule of law lies in NPC's reform ruling 南華早報 2014年10月14日
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The Hong Kong-Shanghai Economic and Trade Cooperation Conference (see:
180:
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The Pan-Pearl River Delta Regional Cooperation and Development Forum;
1297:"The Chinese Application of the Security Law in Hong Kong—Why Now?"
1110: – Hong Kong political faction in favour of universal suffrage
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1346:給《致香港人》一個「讚」引發的陸港矛盾 頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館. 輔仁媒體. 白恩樑. 31 October 2012.
1565:(in Traditional Chinese). 《南華早報》. 12 August 2014. Archived from
979:
The Hong Kong-Beijing Economic and Trade Cooperation Conference;
1630:
387:
Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
1256:(in Simplified Chinese). 北京: 中華人民共和國外交部. 19 December 1984
1274:全國人民代表大會常務委員會關於《中華人民共和國國籍法》在香港特別行政區實施的幾個問題的解釋。 1996-5月-日
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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875:. Mainland media reporting, unfriendly comments, and
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1077: – Mass arrest of Hong Kong democracy advocates
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on one side, and the Chinese Central Government and
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1071: – Annual protest rally of Hong Kong on 1 July
1065: – 1997 handover of Hong Kong from UK to China
378:received Chinese citizenship and could apply for a
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Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
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Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
147:. Then, from the Ming dynasty until the end of the
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989:The Hong Kong-Fujian Cooperation Conference (see:
832:, which primarily manifested as conflicts between
934:. Some young Hongkongers have started supporting
408:hands to China in 1997. By taking this step, the
370:as head of the government in accordance with the
1083: – Relationship between Hong Kong and China
380:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport
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1904:Hongkongers by ethnicity and national origin
331:government of the People's Republic of China
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1476:黃偉豪：〈消滅香港──清洗香港人的歷史、身分和價值〉，《明報》，2013-11-11。
1894:Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau
1649:
1635:
1627:
1238:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1467:林行止：〈高度自治被矮化 思想回歸死胡同之一〉，《信報》，2012年10月24日。
1889:Commerce and Economic Development Bureau
1367:中港矛盾的實質是文明的衝突 何清漣 阿波羅新聞 17 February 2012
1301:Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies
1104: – Political alignment in Hong Kong
1098: – Chinese constitutional principle
1044: – Series of sit-in street protests
824:, a series of conflicts emerged between
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830:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
1254:"中華人民共和國政府和大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國政府關於香港問題的聯合聲明"
1231:
270:
208:
20:
1116: – 2021 police raid in Hong Kong
354:December 1984, both sides signed the
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1863:Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices
1214:中华人民共和国政府和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府关于香港问题的联合声明
123:. In principle, Hong Kong became an
1919:Hong Kong Trade Development Council
1408:港人「討厭認同感被中國貶低」 蘋果日報 (台灣) 2012年6月30日
349:) that came into effect before the
1955:Hong Kong–mainland China relations
1520:港大民研發放最新香港民眾身分認同調查結果, 10-13/6/2013
1355:下半旗掩不住陸港矛盾 蘋果日報 奉己. 8 October 2012
364:autonomous administrative division
335:China's only legitimate government
272:Hong Kong–mainland China relations
210:Hong Kong–mainland China relations
191:with the Qing court to lease the "
125:autonomous administrative division
99:refer to the relationship between
97:Hong Kong–mainland China relations
22:Hong Kong–mainland China relations
14:
1842:Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict
1081:Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict
1020:People's Republic of China portal
1950:Bilateral relations of Hong Kong
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1543:(in Traditional Chinese). e-Zone
1211:(19 December 1984). 中英双方 (ed.).
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1295:Yellinek, Roie (14 July 2020).
1284:香港政府網站，本港居民入境事務，香港身份證及居留權：合資格人士
1858:Consular missions in Hong Kong
1665:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
1108:Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)
834:Hong Kong's pro-democracy camp
498:Sino-British Joint Declaration
356:Sino-British Joint Declaration
109:Sino-British Joint Declaration
1:
1449:陳冠中：中國天朝主義與香港 蘋果日報 2011年1月30日
1165:"新中国建交内情（十二）（礼仪漫谈）——与英国建交（上）"
812:On 1 January 1997, after the
391:Trade and Industry Department
263:Sino-British New Equal Treaty
121:special administrative region
1604:Reinventing the Chinese City
1529:孔誥峰：香港年輕人「本土認同」超過「大中華認同」統獨民調
1114:Stand News raids and arrests
1102:Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)
1048:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
974:Hong Kong-Shanghai relations
964:Hong Kong-Shenzhen relations
940:Taiwan independence movement
865:Chief Executive of Hong Kong
838:Hong Kong's pro-Beijing camp
486:Lease of the New Territories
368:Chief Executive of Hong Kong
155:, the Great Qing signed the
1179:"1972年3月13日 我国与英国外交关系升为大使级"
882:2012 Kong Qingdong incident
389:. On 18 December 2014, the
113:handed control of Hong Kong
1971:
991:Hong Kong-Fujian relations
889:People's Republic of China
822:People's Republic of China
740:People's Republic of China
351:People's Republic of China
327:People's Republic of China
117:People's Republic of China
1810:
1608:Columbia University Press
1151:"中華民國政府對「九七」香港情勢的立場與政策說帖"
984:Hong Kong-Macau relations
319:
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1884:One country, two systems
1389:自治 Autonomy - 維基百科 (英文版)
1134:"蔣介石對中英新約的態度（1942-1943）"
1096:One country, two systems
1069:Hong Kong 1 July marches
857:one country, two systems
663:Joins the United Nations
627:Second Sino-Japanese War
360:one country, two systems
139:At the beginning of the
107:. According to the 1997
80:Hong Kong Liaison Office
1929:Transfer of sovereignty
1458:《中國天朝主義與香港》 陳冠中 牛津大學出版社
1042:2014 Hong Kong protests
893:Chinese Communist Party
845:Government of Hong Kong
687:First Sino-Japanese War
410:Chinese Communist Party
1495:孫進 (2 February 2012).
1054:Cross-Strait relations
936:Hong Kong independence
362:principle, set up the
1914:Hong Kong nationalism
1899:Free trade agreements
1418:廖美香 (5 August 2014).
1063:Handover of Hong Kong
877:controversial actions
474:Handover of Hong Kong
179:, ceding the part of
111:, the United Kingdom
1602:Hu, Richard (2023).
510:Convention of Peking
425:History of Hong Kong
395:Hong Kong Government
366:, and establish the
343:Convention of Peking
183:south of modern day
177:Convention of Peking
1924:Hong Kong returnees
1909:Hong Kong diasporas
1539:菲立斯 (3 June 2015).
1420:"香港观察：香港，中国人不再为妳疯狂"
1185:on 30 November 2016
944:Pan-Green Coalition
897:Four Little Dragons
873:Umbrella Revolution
450:Japanese occupation
376:Hong Kong residents
372:Hong Kong Basic Law
273:
268:Bilateral relations
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206:Bilateral relations
129:Hong Kong Basic Law
23:
18:Bilateral relations
1569:on 5 February 2016
1563:"不滿香港社會 港人移民加拿大升溫"
1379:反國教運動與政治傳播的動向 香港電台
1328:. 17 February 2012
905:continental nation
891:, as ruled by the
725:
462:Surrender of Japan
374:. The majority of
195:" (which included
74:Diplomatic mission
1937:
1936:
1822:Relations within
1617:978-0-231-21101-7
1587:與內地區域合作2016-07-15
924:Hong Kong culture
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193:New Territories
185:Boundary Street
175:and signed the
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248:In 1942, the
241:
238:
227:
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199:and over 230
198:
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145:Bao'an County
142:
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127:based on the
126:
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34:
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25:
16:
1836:
1774:South Africa
1606:. New York:
1603:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:the original
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:"【逃出香港】移民台灣"
1534:
1525:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1490:
1485:《港英時代》導論 鄺健銘
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1413:
1404:
1395:
1384:
1351:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1325:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:
1290:
1279:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1248:
1226:
1219:. Retrieved
1213:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:the original
1173:
1159:
1145:
1128:
1075:Hong Kong 47
1000:
996:
953:
909:
886:
869:
842:
811:
698:Qing dynasty
608:
520:Qing dynasty
423:
403:
384:
324:
247:
167:(along with
149:Qing dynasty
138:
115:over to the
96:
95:
15:
1784:Switzerland
1759:Philippines
1744:North Korea
1573:2 September
1547:2 September
1497:"港中矛盾乃法制之爭"
950:Cooperation
920:identifying
916:Hongkongers
912:He Qinglian
863:became the
853:Hongkongers
197:New Kowloon
169:Ap Lei Chau
141:Qin dynasty
1944:Categories
1672:By country
1506:7 February
1332:7 February
1189:16 January
1121:References
639:Korean War
345:, and the
163:and ceded
1879:Basic Law
1769:Singapore
1739:Nicaragua
1709:Indonesia
1679:Australia
1440:《港英時代》鄺健銘
1426:8 October
1326:明報通識網LIFE
1260:1 October
1234:cite book
1205:中华人民共和国政府
651:Opium War
314:Hong Kong
237:Hong Kong
159:with the
105:Hong Kong
64:Hong Kong
1851:Missions
1794:Thailand
1749:Pakistan
1729:Maldives
1724:Malaysia
1422:. BBC中文网
1006:See also
930:and the
847:and the
828:and the
808:Conflict
1734:Namibia
1699:Germany
1694:Georgia
1306:21 July
1221:16 June
820:to the
393:of the
135:History
1789:Taiwan
1714:Israel
1689:France
1684:Canada
1614:
1322:"中港矛盾"
605:
420:
341:, the
1832:Macau
1824:China
1779:Spain
1764:Qatar
1704:India
1137:(PDF)
928:China
922:with
553:Japan
303:China
226:China
53:China
1754:Peru
1612:ISBN
1575:2015
1549:2015
1508:2017
1501:苹果日报
1428:2014
1334:2017
1308:2020
1262:2013
1240:link
1223:2016
1191:2020
816:had
800:1995
794:1970
788:1945
782:1920
776:1895
770:1870
764:1845
758:1820
333:was
103:and
625:to
1946::
1610:.
1592:^
1499:.
1372:^
1360:^
1324:.
1299:.
1236:}}
1232:{{
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406:UK
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1643:t
1636:v
1620:.
1577:.
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1336:.
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1242:)
1193:.
1167:.
1153:.
1139:.
798:│
792:│
786:│
780:│
774:│
768:│
762:│
756:│
683:↓
671:↓
659:↓
647:↓
635:↓
619:↓
506:↓
494:↓
482:↓
470:↓
458:↓
446:↓
434:↓
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