2599:
118:
2606:
3989:
1843:
407:. The teeth were very small and are poorly preserved in all known specimens. At first, this led scientists to conclude that the teeth were absent in both the upper and lower jaws, probably replaced with a beak. However, later study of the type specimen showed that tooth sockets were present in the preserved parts of the jaw, and comparison with related forms showed that it did have teeth. The discovery of a more well preserved specimen confirmed the presence of teeth in at least the
3550:
956:
3555:
136:
2592:
1837:
394:
1831:
577:
4049:
529:
3995:
483:
341:. The holotype specimen, recovered in 2005, is currently held by the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing. It was found in the Jianshangou fossil beds, dated to 124.6 million years ago. Three additional specimens have been reported, though only one of those has been definitively identified as belonging to
503:), more than in other primitive fan-tailed birds. The overall shape of the tail was rounded and wedge-shaped when viewed from above; due to the symmetrical feathers, the sides of the tail were probably not held fully fanned into the wind but swept back, forming a partially fanned wedge, as in some modern birds like
588:
were broad and tapered, with an average wing area and wing loading compared to modern birds in the same size range. The presence or absence of slotting at the wing tips cannot be determined with known specimens, but modern birds with similar size and wing shape tend to lack wing slotting. The absence
462:
The wings were long and broad, but tapered and pointed at the tips. The first few primary flight feathers were much shorter than the rest. The total wing area was 0.016 square meters. The wing digits bore small claws, with the claw on the first finger (the alular digit) much larger than that of the
458:
noted the apparent presence of a large feathered crest on the head, though the feather traces are extremely poor quality and it may be an artifact of preservation. A second specimen from different fossil beds did not have long feathers on the head, but rather showed feathers which became shorter
537:
re-interpretation of their ecological niche. Though still considered probably wading birds, they probably had a more generalized diet than previously assumed, with the different snout shapes present in different members of the group indicating niche portioning within a general wading ecology (
536:
Due to the assumption of toothlessness, hongshanornithids were originally interpreted as having a very specialized diet and ecology, perhaps as waders or shorebirds due to their slim snouts and long legs. However, the confirmation that they did in fact have teeth in both jaws has led to a
597:
probably flapped continuously when flying at lower speeds, and switched to bounding flight (rapid flapping alternating with periods of ballistic forward motion with the wings partly folded) at higher speeds. Overall, the wing and tail anatomy, and therefore probably flight style, of
498:
bone, to which the tail feathers anchored. A mass of muscles, called the rectorial bulb, probably was present to control the fanning of the trail feathers. The tail feathers were long, with symmetrical vanes. There were at least 10 tail feathers
2598:
4114:
390:, and adult specimens are estimated to have weighed about 50 grams (1.8 oz) in life, with a wingspan of about 320 millimetres (1.05 ft).
4168:
4183:
989:
490:
The bones of the tail have not been preserved in any known specimen, but comparison with related species suggest it was short with a small,
401:
The skull in all known specimens is poorly preserved, but in general appears to have had a narrow snout compared to the closely related
117:
1842:
3988:
386:
was a small species, especially compared to other early ornithuromorphs (birds with a modern tail anatomy), about the size of a
3549:
2605:
685:
Chiappe, L. M.; Zhao, B.; o’Connor, J. K.; Chunling, G.; Wang, X.; Habib, M.; Marugan-Lobon, J.; Meng, Q.; Cheng, X. (2014).
553:) of various sizes, which is usually an indication of an herbivorous diet. Another specimen originally assigned to the genus
2591:
415:(lower jaw). The snout appears to have lacked feathers, though whether it was only covered in skin or some parts bore a
135:
3554:
4178:
1836:
1782:
982:
897:"Reinterpretation of a previously described Jehol bird clarifies early trophic evolution in the Ornithuromorpha"
2135:
1080:
1830:
747:"A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity"
593:
tended to fly mainly at relatively high speeds. Given the overall wing shape and comparison to modern birds,
3674:
2539:
4069:
4052:
3651:
3595:
946:
345:. This latter specimen was found in the Dawangzhangzi fossil beds, which are about 122 million years old.
4173:
4140:
3911:
2161:
1726:
286:
3882:
4106:
3994:
975:
2943:
2438:
2304:
1939:
961:
844:
Xiaoting Zheng; Larry D. Martin; Zhonghe Zhou; David A. Burnham; Fucheng Zhang; Desui Miao (2011).
372:
479:) was very small, and the second toe was much shorter than the fourth. The third toe was longest.
3939:
3071:
3020:
2667:
2407:
1630:
1107:
769:
352:
245:
130:
4145:
2848:
2768:
3839:
3223:
545:, and both were very similar to each other except for the shape of the snout). One specimen of
4127:
3791:
3050:
2778:
2293:
2078:
1682:
1049:
926:
877:
823:
722:
508:
445:
lacks the characteristic pits and grooves associated with the beak in early beaked birds like
367:
4132:
4022:
3947:
3889:
3482:
3373:
3080:
2758:
2482:
2461:
1771:
1705:
1612:
1249:
916:
908:
867:
857:
813:
803:
761:
712:
702:
638:
330:
30:
792:"Discovery of an ornithurine bird and its implication for Early Cretaceous avian radiation"
393:
3969:
3962:
3925:
3846:
3830:
3410:
3382:
3029:
2657:
2516:
2447:
2319:
2282:
2124:
2109:
2028:
1984:
1963:
1740:
1619:
1576:
1401:
1332:
1065:
447:
423:
noted a unique bone in the end of the lower jaw which they equated with the beak-bearing "
322:
746:
4012:
3954:
3918:
3815:
3747:
3722:
3695:
3663:
3307:
3277:
3142:
2981:
2899:
2788:
2528:
2454:
2417:
1915:
1712:
1471:
1367:
1306:
1285:
921:
896:
872:
845:
818:
791:
717:
686:
576:
558:
334:
627:"Evolutionary radiation of the Jehol Biota: chronological and ecological perspectives"
4162:
4032:
4027:
3896:
3756:
3640:
3584:
3263:
3182:
3126:
3096:
3043:
2922:
2913:
2697:
2677:
2220:
2209:
2095:
2064:
2021:
1970:
1956:
1650:
1382:
1360:
1345:
1263:
832:
437:. However, other scientists have pointed out that the "predentary" (or, technically,
403:
357:
68:
773:
4042:
3904:
3631:
3505:
3498:
3437:
3355:
3088:
2967:
2879:
2828:
2798:
2747:
2687:
2505:
2358:
2343:
2328:
2262:
2150:
2102:
2014:
1904:
1759:
1719:
1698:
1691:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1604:
1589:
1525:
1482:
1443:
1313:
1292:
1223:
1201:
428:
528:
895:
Xiaoting Zheng; Jingmai K. O'Connor; Xiaoli Wang; Yan Wang; Zhonghe Zhou (2018).
3867:
3777:
3712:
3453:
3403:
3334:
3286:
3111:
3057:
3005:
2952:
2838:
2808:
2727:
2491:
2241:
2231:
1894:
1733:
1498:
1457:
1428:
1421:
1389:
1299:
1233:
1173:
1160:
1119:
998:
563:
433:
43:
4092:
850:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
397:
Interpretive drawing of specimen DNHM D2946, showing location of gizzard stones
3932:
3800:
3607:
3491:
3461:
3428:
3396:
3362:
3348:
3341:
3165:
3135:
2929:
2889:
2818:
2707:
2636:
2623:
2551:
2498:
2374:
2351:
2336:
2272:
2199:
2087:
2057:
2050:
1993:
1949:
1643:
1532:
1516:
1505:
1464:
1450:
1414:
1375:
1353:
951:
765:
550:
512:
424:
326:
232:
193:
88:
53:
4037:
4017:
3853:
3808:
3770:
3763:
3320:
3253:
3233:
3213:
3203:
3193:
2997:
2990:
2959:
2424:
2251:
2043:
1925:
1597:
1539:
1491:
1435:
1321:
1190:
1092:
1040:
862:
808:
603:
504:
495:
491:
206:
147:
93:
37:
930:
912:
881:
827:
726:
482:
561:; however, this specimen was subsequently transferred to a distinct taxon
4086:
3860:
3732:
3389:
3327:
3149:
3103:
2717:
2468:
2392:
2036:
2000:
1546:
1278:
1031:
1022:
180:
167:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
4119:
4101:
3874:
3620:
3468:
3293:
2868:
2178:
2007:
1873:
1860:
1794:
431:
dinosaurs. Such bones have also been found in more advanced birds like
412:
408:
219:
98:
73:
707:
3445:
3243:
2858:
2737:
1212:
1016:
387:
157:
4063:
691:: Insights into the aerodynamics and diet of a basal ornithuromorph"
643:
626:
846:"Fossil evidence of avian crops from the Early Cretaceous of China"
1270:
575:
527:
481:
392:
338:
318:
475:). The toes were long and thin, with small claws. The first toe (
365:
3572:
3517:
416:
4067:
3570:
2621:
1858:
1158:
1009:
971:
967:
947:
Information and photograph of the type specimen, Palaeocritti
471:) more than one and a half times longer than the upper leg (
451:, and that the presence or absence of any beak is unclear.
467:
is characterized by very long legs, with the lower leg (
901:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
785:
783:
355:, to which it lent its name. It is closely related to
3827:
3788:
3744:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3479:
3425:
3304:
3274:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3219:
3209:
3199:
3189:
3178:
3123:
3068:
3017:
2978:
2940:
2910:
2895:
2885:
2875:
2864:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2754:
2743:
2733:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2525:
2479:
2435:
2404:
2387:
2316:
2300:
2289:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2216:
2205:
2195:
2147:
2121:
2075:
1981:
1936:
1921:
1911:
1900:
1890:
1768:
1573:
1246:
1229:
1219:
1208:
1197:
1186:
4076:
3826:
3787:
3743:
3693:
3662:
3639:
3630:
3606:
3583:
3516:
3478:
3424:
3372:
3303:
3273:
3163:
3122:
3067:
3016:
2977:
2939:
2909:
2634:
2550:
2524:
2515:
2478:
2434:
2403:
2372:
2315:
2176:
2146:
2120:
2074:
1980:
1935:
1871:
1793:
1767:
1758:
1681:
1629:
1572:
1515:
1481:
1400:
1331:
1244:
1171:
1118:
1091:
1064:
745:O'Connor, J.K.; Gao, K.-Q.; Chiappe, L.M. (2010).
532:Skull of specimen DNHM D2945, highlighting teeth
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
983:
687:"A new specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird
8:
4064:
3701:
3636:
3612:
3580:
3567:
3312:
3171:
2646:
2642:
2631:
2618:
2521:
2380:
2188:
2184:
1883:
1879:
1868:
1855:
1764:
1635:
1581:
1569:
1406:
1337:
1255:
1179:
1168:
1155:
1097:
1070:
1061:
1006:
990:
976:
968:
620:
618:
116:
20:
920:
871:
861:
817:
807:
716:
706:
642:
419:is currently unknown. The describers of
740:
738:
736:
614:
7:
589:of wing slotting would suggest that
580:Diagram of the wing and tail profile
541:lived alongside the closely related
790:Zhou, Z; Zhang, F (December 2005).
754:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
557:preserved fossilized seeds in the
549:preserved several gizzard stones (
439:mandibular symphysial ossification
427:bone" similar to the one found in
14:
602:was similar to many medium-sized
4048:
4047:
3993:
3987:
3553:
3548:
2604:
2597:
2590:
1841:
1835:
1829:
954:
134:
4169:Early Cretaceous birds of Asia
411:(middle of the upper jaw) and
1:
4184:Fossil taxa described in 2005
463:second finger (major digit).
796:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
454:The original describers of
4200:
361:, which existed alongside
4078:Hongshanornis longicresta
4007:
3985:
3704:
3615:
3579:
3566:
3546:
3315:
3174:
2649:
2645:
2630:
2617:
2588:
2383:
2191:
2187:
1886:
1882:
1867:
1854:
1827:
1638:
1584:
1568:
1409:
1340:
1258:
1182:
1167:
1154:
1100:
1073:
1060:
1005:
766:10.1080/02724631003617498
689:Hongshanornis longicresta
384:Hongshanornis longicresta
351:is a member of the group
299:Hongshanornis longicresta
292:
285:
131:Scientific classification
129:
124:
115:
23:
863:10.1073/pnas.1112694108
809:10.1073/pnas.0507106102
325:birds known from early
913:10.1098/rspb.2017.2494
833:Supporting Information
581:
533:
487:
398:
305:Zhou & Zhang, 2005
265:Zhou & Zhang, 2005
16:Extinct genus of birds
4141:Paleobiology Database
1727:Paralitherizinosaurus
579:
531:
485:
459:closer to the snout.
396:
329:lake deposits of the
2944:Patagopterygiformes
2439:Confuciusornithidae
2305:Scansoriopterygidae
1940:Scansoriopterygidae
962:Paleontology portal
856:(38): 15904–15907.
373:Jiufotang Formation
278:H. longicresta
3072:Songlingornithidae
3021:Hongshanornithidae
2408:Omnivoropterygidae
2320:Jeholornithiformes
1631:Therizinosauroidea
907:(1871): 20172494.
802:(52): 18998–9002.
631:Geological Journal
582:
534:
509:tyrant flycatchers
488:
399:
353:Hongshanornithidae
246:Hongshanornithidae
4179:Hongshanornithids
4156:
4155:
4128:Open Tree of Life
4070:Taxon identifiers
4061:
4060:
4003:
4002:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3883:Lutetodontopteris
3792:Gastornithiformes
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3573:Aves / Neornithes
3562:
3561:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3518:Aves / Neornithes
3420:
3419:
3159:
3158:
3051:Parahongshanornis
2613:
2612:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2368:
2367:
2294:Archaeopterygidae
2172:
2171:
2079:Archaeopterygidae
1850:
1849:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1683:Therizinosauridae
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1050:Maniraptoriformes
708:10.7717/peerj.234
625:Zhou, Z. (2006).
368:Parahongshanornis
310:
309:
266:
4191:
4149:
4148:
4136:
4135:
4123:
4122:
4110:
4109:
4107:3325A79A2E8701E6
4097:
4096:
4095:
4065:
4051:
4050:
4023:Deinonychosauria
3998:
3997:
3991:
3948:Protodontopteryx
3890:Macrodontopteryx
3829:
3790:
3746:
3730:
3720:
3710:
3702:
3637:
3613:
3581:
3568:
3557:
3552:
3483:Cimolopterygidae
3481:
3427:
3374:Hesperornithidae
3313:
3306:
3276:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3201:
3191:
3180:
3172:
3125:
3070:
3019:
2980:
2942:
2912:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2745:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2632:
2619:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2527:
2522:
2483:Jinguofortisidae
2481:
2462:Eoconfuciusornis
2437:
2406:
2389:
2381:
2318:
2302:
2291:
2280:
2270:
2260:
2249:
2239:
2229:
2218:
2207:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2149:
2123:
2077:
1983:
1938:
1923:
1913:
1902:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1869:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1783:Oviraptorosauria
1772:Oviraptorosauria
1770:
1765:
1706:Nanshiungosaurus
1636:
1613:Jianchangosaurus
1582:
1575:
1570:
1407:
1338:
1256:
1250:Alvarezsauroidea
1248:
1231:
1221:
1210:
1199:
1188:
1180:
1169:
1156:
1098:
1071:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1007:
992:
985:
978:
969:
964:
959:
958:
957:
935:
934:
924:
892:
886:
885:
875:
865:
841:
835:
831:
821:
811:
787:
778:
777:
751:
742:
731:
730:
720:
710:
682:
649:
648:
646:
637:(3–4): 377–393.
622:
524:Diet and ecology
331:Yixian Formation
301:
297:
264:
257:
244:
139:
138:
125:Fossil specimen
120:
110:
40:
31:Early Cretaceous
29:Temporal range:
21:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4144:
4139:
4131:
4126:
4118:
4113:
4105:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4072:
4062:
4057:
3999:
3992:
3975:
3970:Tympanonesiotes
3963:Pseudodontornis
3926:Palaeochenoides
3847:Caspiodontornis
3831:Pelagornithidae
3822:
3783:
3739:
3681:
3658:
3626:
3602:
3575:
3558:
3532:
3512:
3474:
3416:
3411:Parahesperornis
3383:Asiahesperornis
3368:
3299:
3269:
3168:
3155:
3118:
3063:
3030:Archaeornithura
3012:
2973:
2935:
2905:
2658:Archaeorhynchus
2639:
2626:
2609:
2596:
2566:
2546:
2517:Ornithothoraces
2511:
2474:
2448:Changchengornis
2430:
2399:
2377:
2364:
2311:
2283:Anchiornithidae
2181:
2168:
2142:
2136:Dromaeosauridae
2125:Dromaeosauridae
2116:
2110:Anchiornithidae
2070:
2029:Liaoningvenator
1985:Anchiornithidae
1976:
1964:Scansoriopteryx
1931:
1876:
1863:
1846:
1809:
1789:
1746:
1741:Therizinosaurus
1677:
1625:
1620:Lingyuanosaurus
1577:Therizinosauria
1552:
1511:
1477:
1402:Parvicursorinae
1396:
1333:Alvarezsauridae
1327:
1252:
1240:
1176:
1163:
1134:
1114:
1087:
1081:Avemetatarsalia
1066:Avemetatarsalia
1056:
1012:
1011:
1001:
996:
960:
955:
953:
943:
938:
894:
893:
889:
843:
842:
838:
789:
788:
781:
749:
744:
743:
734:
684:
683:
652:
644:10.1002/gj.1045
624:
623:
616:
612:
574:
526:
521:
448:Archaeorhynchus
381:
306:
303:
295:
294:
281:
263:
255:
242:
233:Ornithuromorpha
133:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
36:124.6–122
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4197:
4195:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4137:
4124:
4111:
4098:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4013:Archaeornithes
4008:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3955:Protopelicanus
3951:
3944:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3919:Osteodontornis
3915:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:Dromornithidae
3812:
3805:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3750:
3748:Dromornithidae
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3726:
3723:Perplexicervix
3716:
3705:
3699:
3696:Incertae sedis
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3675:Pangalliformes
3668:
3666:
3664:Pangalliformes
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3645:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3310:
3308:Hesperornithes
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3280:
3278:Ichthyornithes
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3247:
3237:
3227:
3217:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3175:
3169:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3143:Similiyanornis
3139:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3076:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2984:
2982:Ambiortiformes
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2900:Zhongjianornis
2893:
2883:
2873:
2862:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2789:Jianchangornis
2782:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2650:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2540:Enantiornithes
2533:
2531:
2529:Enantiornithes
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2455:Confuciusornis
2451:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2418:Omnivoropteryx
2413:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2287:
2276:
2266:
2256:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2214:
2203:
2192:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1916:Pneumatoraptor
1909:
1898:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1713:Neimongosaurus
1709:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1472:Trierarchuncus
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1368:Bonapartenykus
1364:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1307:Shishugounykus
1303:
1296:
1289:
1286:Bonapartenykus
1282:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1217:
1206:
1195:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1010:
1003:
1002:
997:
995:
994:
987:
980:
972:
966:
965:
950:
949:
942:
941:External links
939:
937:
936:
887:
836:
779:
760:(2): 311–321.
732:
650:
613:
611:
608:
586:H. longicresta
573:
570:
525:
522:
520:
517:
380:
377:
335:Inner Mongolia
323:ornithuromorph
308:
307:
304:
290:
289:
283:
282:
274:
272:
268:
267:
253:
249:
248:
240:
236:
235:
230:
223:
222:
217:
210:
209:
204:
197:
196:
191:
184:
183:
178:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4196:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4054:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:Odontornithes
4031:
4029:
4028:Odontognathae
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4006:
3996:
3990:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3757:Barawertornis
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3652:Anserimorphae
3649:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3641:Anserimorphae
3638:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3596:Palaeognathae
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3585:Palaeognathae
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3551:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3264:Tingmiatornis
3258:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:Antarcticavis
3177:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3127:Yanornithidae
3121:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3097:Songlingornis
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3044:Longicrusavis
3041:
3039:
3038:
3037:Hongshanornis
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:Mengciusornis
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2914:Schizoouridae
2908:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2698:Changzuiornis
2692:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:Brevidentavis
2672:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2593:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:Cretaaviculus
2215:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:Archaeopteryx
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2065:Yixianosaurus
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:Fujianvenator
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1957:Epidexipteryx
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1651:Beipiaosaurus
1648:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1383:Heptasteornis
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1361:Alvarezsaurus
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:Achillesaurus
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1264:Achillesaurus
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
988:
986:
981:
979:
974:
973:
970:
963:
952:
948:
945:
944:
940:
932:
928:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
834:
829:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
741:
739:
737:
733:
728:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
690:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
651:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
619:
615:
609:
607:
605:
601:
600:Hongshanornis
596:
595:Hongshanornis
592:
591:Hongshanornis
587:
584:The wings of
578:
571:
569:
567:
565:
560:
556:
555:Hongshanornis
552:
548:
547:Hongshanornis
544:
543:Longicrusavis
540:
539:Hongshanornis
530:
523:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Hongshanornis
460:
457:
456:Hongshanornis
452:
450:
449:
444:
443:Hongshanornis
440:
436:
435:
430:
429:ornithischian
426:
422:
421:Hongshanornis
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
404:Longicrusavis
395:
391:
389:
385:
378:
376:
374:
370:
369:
364:
363:Hongshanornis
360:
359:
358:Longicrusavis
354:
350:
349:Hongshanornis
346:
344:
343:Hongshanornis
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
314:Hongshanornis
302:
300:
291:
288:
287:Binomial name
284:
280:
279:
273:
270:
269:
262:
261:
260:Hongshanornis
254:
251:
250:
247:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
25:Hongshanornis
22:
19:
4174:Yixian fauna
4077:
4043:Unenlagiidae
3968:
3961:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3905:Odontopteryx
3903:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3694:
3632:Galloanserae
3619:
3506:Lamarqueavis
3504:
3499:Cimolopteryx
3497:
3490:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3438:Australornis
3436:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3361:
3356:Pasquiaornis
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3292:
3285:
3262:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3181:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3110:
3102:
3095:
3089:Piscivoravis
3087:
3079:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3004:
2996:
2989:
2968:Patagopteryx
2966:
2958:
2951:
2928:
2921:
2898:
2888:
2880:Xinghaiornis
2878:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2829:Khinganornis
2827:
2817:
2807:
2799:Jiuquanornis
2797:
2787:
2777:
2767:
2757:
2748:Gargantuavis
2746:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2688:Changmaornis
2686:
2676:
2666:
2656:
2595:
2506:Jinguofortis
2504:
2497:
2490:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2423:
2416:
2390:
2359:Neimengornis
2357:
2350:
2344:Jixiangornis
2342:
2335:
2329:Dalianraptor
2327:
2303:
2292:
2281:
2271:
2263:Yandangornis
2261:
2250:
2240:
2230:
2219:
2208:
2198:
2162:Troodontidae
2151:Troodontidae
2108:
2103:Wellnhoferia
2101:
2094:
2086:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2015:Eosinopteryx
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1924:
1914:
1905:Palaeopteryx
1903:
1893:
1834:
1760:Pennaraptora
1739:
1732:
1725:
1720:Nothronychus
1718:
1711:
1704:
1699:Erlikosaurus
1697:
1692:Erliansaurus
1690:
1672:Suzhousaurus
1670:
1665:Martharaptor
1663:
1658:Enigmosaurus
1656:
1649:
1642:
1618:
1611:
1605:Fukuivenator
1603:
1596:
1590:Eshanosaurus
1588:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1526:Albertonykus
1524:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:Ceratonykini
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1444:Nemegtonykus
1442:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1320:
1314:Tugulusaurus
1312:
1305:
1298:
1293:Haplocheirus
1291:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1262:
1232:
1224:Migmanychion
1222:
1211:
1202:Fukuivenator
1200:
1189:
1045:
1036:
1027:
904:
900:
890:
853:
849:
839:
799:
795:
757:
753:
698:
694:
688:
634:
630:
599:
594:
590:
585:
583:
562:
554:
546:
542:
538:
535:
500:
489:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
455:
453:
446:
442:
438:
432:
420:
402:
400:
383:
382:
366:
362:
356:
348:
347:
342:
313:
312:
311:
298:
293:
277:
276:
259:
258:
226:
213:
200:
187:
174:
24:
18:
3940:Proceriavis
3912:Odontoptila
3868:Gigantornis
3778:Ilbandornis
3713:Asteriornis
3454:Neogaeornis
3404:Hesperornis
3335:Chupkaornis
3287:Ichthyornis
3112:Yixianornis
3058:Tianyuornis
3006:Palintropus
2953:Alamitornis
2839:Meemannavis
2809:Juehuaornis
2728:Eogranivora
2668:Bellulornis
2492:Chongmingia
2242:Overoraptor
2232:Fukuipteryx
1895:Imperobator
1734:Segnosaurus
1499:Ceratonykus
1458:Parvicursor
1429:Khulsanurus
1422:Jaculinykus
1390:Patagonykus
1300:Patagonykus
1234:Yaverlandia
1174:Maniraptora
1161:Maniraptora
1120:Maniraptora
999:Maniraptora
564:Eogranivora
551:gastroliths
513:sunbitterns
486:Restoration
469:tibiotarsus
434:Hesperornis
379:Description
4163:Categories
4011:See also:
3933:Pelagornis
3801:Brontornis
3608:Neognathae
3527:see below↓
3492:Ceramornis
3462:Polarornis
3429:Vegaviidae
3397:Fumicollis
3363:Potamornis
3349:Judinornis
3342:Enaliornis
3166:Ornithurae
3136:Abitusavis
2930:Schizooura
2890:Yumenornis
2849:Platanavis
2819:Kaririavis
2769:Horezmavis
2708:Chaoyangia
2637:Euornithes
2624:Euornithes
2561:see below↓
2552:Euornithes
2499:Cratonavis
2375:Pygostylia
2352:Kompsornis
2337:Jeholornis
2273:Zhongornis
2200:Alcmonavis
2088:Alcmonavis
2058:Xiaotingia
2051:Serikornis
1994:Anchiornis
1950:Ambopteryx
1804:see below↓
1644:Alxasaurus
1533:Linhenykus
1517:Mononykini
1506:Xixianykus
1465:Qiupanykus
1451:Ondogurvel
1415:Dzharaonyx
1376:Bradycneme
1354:Alnashetri
1129:see below↓
1032:Dinosauria
610:References
566:edentulata
505:accipiters
425:predentary
327:Cretaceous
194:Saurischia
181:Dinosauria
4038:Sauriurae
4018:Carinatae
3854:Cyphornis
3840:Aequornis
3809:Gastornis
3771:Genyornis
3764:Dromornis
3321:Baptornis
3254:Limenavis
3234:Iaceornis
3224:Guildavis
3214:Gallornis
3204:Cerebavis
3194:Apatornis
2998:Apsaravis
2991:Ambiortus
2960:Kuszholia
2425:Sapeornis
2252:Rahonavis
2044:Pedopenna
1926:Rahonavis
1598:Falcarius
1540:Mononykus
1492:Albinykus
1322:Xiyunykus
1191:Elopteryx
1108:Theropoda
1093:Theropoda
1041:Theropoda
1015:Kingdom:
604:passerine
501:rectrices
496:pygostyle
492:plowshare
371:from the
271:Species:
207:Theropoda
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
4093:Q3029892
4087:Wikidata
4053:Category
3861:Dasornis
3733:Qinornis
3390:Canadaga
3328:Brodavis
3150:Yanornis
3104:Yanornis
3081:Hollanda
2779:Iteravis
2759:Hollanda
2718:Dingavis
2469:Yangavis
2393:Proornis
2037:Ostromia
2001:Aurornis
1547:Shuvuuia
1279:Bannykus
1023:Chordata
1021:Phylum:
1017:Animalia
931:29386367
882:21896733
828:16344487
774:53489175
727:24482756
701:: e234.
494:-shaped
239:Family:
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
4133:4143599
4120:4966872
4102:Avibase
3875:Laornis
3621:Neoaves
3469:Vegavis
3294:Janavis
2869:Wyleyia
2179:Avialae
2008:Caihong
1874:Paraves
1861:Paraves
1795:Paraves
922:5805944
873:3179114
819:1323170
718:3898307
606:birds.
519:Biology
413:dentary
409:maxilla
296:†
275:†
252:Genus:
220:Avialae
105:↓
4146:119299
3446:Maaqwi
3244:Kookne
2859:Vorona
2738:Gansus
2210:Balaur
1213:Kakuru
929:
919:
880:
870:
826:
816:
772:
725:
715:
572:Flight
477:hallux
388:thrush
1271:Aorun
1046:Clade
1037:Clade
1028:Clade
770:S2CID
750:(PDF)
695:PeerJ
473:femur
441:) of
339:China
319:genus
317:is a
227:Clade
214:Clade
201:Clade
188:Clade
175:Clade
4115:GBIF
3897:Manu
3673:see
3650:see
3594:see
2538:see
2160:see
2134:see
1781:see
1106:see
1079:see
927:PMID
878:PMID
824:PMID
723:PMID
559:crop
511:and
417:beak
44:PreꞒ
1436:Kol
917:PMC
909:doi
905:285
868:PMC
858:doi
854:108
814:PMC
804:doi
800:102
762:doi
713:PMC
703:doi
639:doi
321:of
4165::
4143::
4130::
4117::
4104::
4089::
1971:Yi
1048::
1039::
1030::
925:.
915:.
903:.
899:.
876:.
866:.
852:.
848:.
822:.
812:.
798:.
794:.
782:^
768:.
758:30
756:.
752:.
735:^
721:.
711:.
697:.
693:.
653:^
635:41
633:.
629:.
617:^
568:.
515:.
507:,
375:.
337:,
333:,
229::
216::
203::
190::
177::
94:Pg
38:Ma
33:,
3958:?
3943:?
3900:?
3878:?
3828:†
3819:?
3804:?
3789:†
3745:†
3736:?
3729:†
3719:†
3709:†
3509:?
3480:†
3457:?
3449:?
3441:?
3426:†
3305:†
3275:†
3260:†
3250:†
3240:†
3230:†
3220:†
3210:†
3200:†
3190:†
3186:?
3179:†
3124:†
3115:?
3107:?
3092:?
3084:?
3069:†
3018:†
3009:?
3001:?
2979:†
2963:?
2941:†
2911:†
2896:†
2886:†
2876:†
2872:?
2865:†
2855:†
2845:†
2835:†
2825:†
2815:†
2805:†
2795:†
2785:†
2775:†
2765:†
2755:†
2751:?
2744:†
2734:†
2724:†
2714:†
2704:†
2694:†
2684:†
2674:†
2664:†
2654:†
2526:†
2480:†
2436:†
2410:?
2405:†
2395:"
2391:"
2388:†
2347:?
2332:?
2317:†
2308:?
2301:†
2297:?
2290:†
2286:?
2279:†
2269:†
2259:†
2255:?
2248:†
2238:†
2228:†
2224:?
2217:†
2213:?
2206:†
2196:†
2148:†
2122:†
2113:?
2091:?
2076:†
2032:?
1982:†
1942:?
1937:†
1922:†
1912:†
1908:?
1901:†
1891:†
1769:†
1608:?
1593:?
1574:†
1439:?
1393:?
1371:?
1349:?
1317:?
1274:?
1247:†
1237:?
1230:†
1220:†
1216:?
1209:†
1205:?
1198:†
1194:?
1187:†
991:e
984:t
977:v
933:.
911::
884:.
860::
830:.
806::
776:.
764::
729:.
705::
699:2
647:.
641::
499:(
256:†
243:†
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
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