214:
736:
776:
613:
33:
772:, both in the sea and on land, making use of smaller animals to clean them of parasites. Cleaners include fish, shrimps and birds; hosts or clients include a much wider range of fish, marine reptiles including turtles and iguanas, octopus, whales, and terrestrial mammals. The host appears to benefit from the interaction, but biologists have disputed whether this is a truly mutualistic relationship or something closer to parasitism by the cleaner.
404:
541:
species are able to feed on the tender young foliage with high concentrations of damaging chemicals on which polyphagous species cannot feed, having to make do with older leaves. There is a trade off between offspring quality and quantity; the specialist maximises the chances of its young thriving by paying great attention to the choice of host, while the generalist produces larger numbers of eggs in sub-optimal conditions.
526:
677:, a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular host plant. The fungus receives carbohydrates, the products of photosynthesis, while the plant receives phosphates and nitrogenous compounds acquired by the fungus from the soil. Over 95% of plant families have been shown to have mycorrhizal associations. Another such relationship is between
293:
It is not always easy or even possible to identify which host is definitive and which secondary. The life cycles of many parasites are not well understood, and the subjectively or economically more important organism may initially be designated incorrectly as primary. Mislabelling may continue even
540:
to deter herbivores from feeding on them. Monophagous insects have developed specific adaptations to overcome those in their specialist hosts, giving them an advantage over polyphagous species. However, this puts them at greater risk of extinction if their chosen hosts suffer setbacks. Monophagous
180:
Most parasites are only parasitic for part of their life cycle. By comparing parasites with their closest free-living relatives, parasitism has been shown to have evolved on at least 233 separate occasions. Some organisms live in close association with a host and only become parasitic when
661:, a deep sea giant tubeworm, has an obligate mutualistic association with internal, sulfide-oxidizing, bacterial symbionts. The tubeworm extracts the chemicals that the bacteria need from the sediment, and the bacteria supply the tubeworm, which has no mouth, with nutrients. Some
193:. Generally, the host is kept alive until the parasitoid is fully grown and ready to pass on to its next life stage. A guest's relationship with its host may be intermittent or temporary, perhaps associated with multiple hosts, making the relationship equivalent to the
1549:
584:
can result from pigs being infected with the virus from several different hosts (such as human and bird). This co-infection provides an opportunity for mixing of the viral genes between existing strains, thereby producing a new viral strain. An
164:
spans a wide variety of possible relationships between organisms, differing in their permanence and their effects on the two parties. If one of the partners in an association is much larger than the other, it is generally known as the host. In
279:– an organism that harbors the sexually immature parasite and is required by the parasite to undergo development and complete its life cycle. It often acts as a vector of the parasite to reach its definitive host. For example,
184:
A parasite may have a long-term relationship with its host, as is the case with all endoparasites. The guest seeks out the host and obtains food or another service from it, but does not usually kill it. In contrast, a
669:
on the shell in which they are living. These grow over and eventually dissolve away the mollusc shell; the crab may not ever need to replace its abode again and is well-camouflaged by the overgrowth of sponge.
350:, which then function as paratenic hosts: the mesocercariae do not undergo further development there, but may accumulate, and infect the definitive host once the snake is consumed by a canid. The nematode
685:
that form nodules on the roots of the plant. The host supplies the bacteria with the energy needed for nitrogen fixation and the bacteria provide much of the nitrogen needed by the host. Such crops as
364:– an organism that generally does not allow transmission to the definitive host, thereby preventing the parasite from completing its development. For example, humans and horses are dead-end hosts for
819:), and they spend most of their lives clinging to a host animal such as a whale, turtle or shark. However, the relationship may be mutualistic, as remoras, though not generally considered to be
454:
leaves being the only food consumed. More often, an insect with a limited host range is oligophagous, being restricted to a few closely related species, usually in the same plant family. The
2196:
651:, single-celled algae, in their tissues. The host provides a protected environment in a well-lit position for the algae, while benefiting itself from the nutrients produced by
375:
and birds. People and horses can become infected, but the level of virus in their blood does not become high enough to pass on the infection to mosquitoes that bite them.
3518:
1285:
3072:
2189:
1718:
309:. And where the host harbors the different parasite's phases at different sites within its body, the host is both intermediate and definitive: for example
1470:
1089:
1060:
593:
might not be effective against this new strain, which then requires a new influenza vaccine to be prepared for the protection of the human population.
2182:
189:
spends a large part of its life within or on a single host, ultimately causing the host's death, with some of the strategies involved verging on
3853:
3840:
2454:
2210:
390:
but suffers no ill effects. However, it serves as a source of infection to other species that are susceptible, with important implications for
346:, which are rarely eaten by the definitive canine host. The tadpoles (or the frogs, following metamorphosis) are more frequently preyed on by
332:
to progress. Paratenic hosts serve as "dumps" for non-mature stages of a parasite in which they can accumulate in high numbers. The trematode
249:
Parasites follow a wide variety of evolutionary strategies, placing their hosts in an equally wide range of relationships. Parasitism implies
3125:
1917:
1453:
1185:
981:
213:
3642:
3100:
356:
is another example, with slugs as the intermediate hosts, shrews and rodents as the paratenic hosts, and mustelids as the definitive hosts.
1796:
1587:
257:
in the host, where there is a trade-off between the advantage of resistance to a parasite and a cost such as disease caused by the gene.
1390:
564:
The host range is the set of hosts that a parasite can use as a partner. In the case of human parasites, the host range influences the
3845:
815:(also called suckerfish) can swim freely but have evolved suckers that enable them to adhere to smooth surfaces, gaining a free ride (
442:
insect feeds is known as its host range. This can be wide or narrow, but it never includes all plants. A small number of insects are
3275:
3270:
1426:
1336:
945:
422:
627:
Some hosts participate in fully mutualistic interactions with both organisms being completely dependent on the other. For example,
197:
of a wild-living animal. Another possibility is that the host–guest relationship may have no permanent physical contact, as in the
3901:
3354:
2761:
2377:
2948:
1307:
847:; for some this is a convenient arrangement, but for others it is an obligate form of commensalism and they live nowhere else.
3689:
3287:
3006:
2984:
428:
236:
232:
140:
2355:
250:
1288:. United States Geological Survey and NOAA Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System. 25 September 2012.
3657:
235:
compared. Their interactions with their hosts form a continuum. Micropredation and parasitoidism are now considered to be
3684:
3080:
2837:
2600:
2315:
3726:
3597:
3533:
3501:
3449:
2746:
2728:
3282:
2695:
2435:
431:
within parasitism, in which a small predator lives parasitically on a much larger host plant, eating parts of it.
3786:
3776:
3471:
3407:
3130:
3095:
2474:
2415:
2152:
1722:
1004:
1501:
1128:
735:
3911:
3604:
3466:
3341:
3195:
2310:
2300:
1224:
728:, bypasses the requirement for its host to biosynthesise tyramine. This product is then probably converted to
3791:
3709:
3575:
3105:
2903:
2779:
2610:
2548:
2382:
2350:
2157:
1933:
O’Donnell, Michael P.; Fox, Bennett W.; Chao, Pin-Hao; Schroeder, Frank C.; Sengupta, Piali (17 June 2020).
902:
844:
743:
718:
463:
2066:
Cressey, R.; Lachner, E. (1970). "The parasitic copepod diet and life history of diskfishes (Echeneidae)".
3378:
3163:
2913:
2786:
2392:
2249:
2239:
724:
657:
352:
893:
recorded human and animal parasites including roundworms, threadworms, the Guinea worm and tapeworms. In
294:
after the error becomes known. For example trout and salmon are sometimes said to be "primary hosts" for
285:, the heartworm of dogs, uses the mosquito as its intermediate host until it matures into the infective L
3906:
3814:
3699:
3331:
3200:
2708:
2615:
2534:
1548:
Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2023).
915:
329:
53:
2958:
775:
1518:
1146:
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3674:
3620:
3548:
3538:
3230:
3085:
2898:
2875:
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1946:
537:
3868:
3858:
3824:
3429:
2880:
2867:
2849:
2703:
2514:
620:
612:
607:
281:
174:
85:
1828:
Phylogenetic and ecologic aspects of mycotrophy in the angiosperms from an evolutionary standpoint
1223:
Woolhouse, M. E. J.; Webster, J. P.; Domingo, E.; Charlesworth, B.; Levin, B. R. (December 2002).
470:. Herbivorous insects with a wide range of hosts in various different plant families are known as
328:– an organism that harbors the sexually immature parasite but is not necessary for the parasite's
3592:
3587:
3496:
3476:
3110:
2953:
2918:
2772:
2738:
2288:
2083:
2048:
2007:
1835:
1667:
1493:
1369:
1267:
1120:
878:
816:
807:
790:
769:
759:
739:
1804:
3878:
3819:
3679:
3632:
3434:
2936:
2605:
2595:
2585:
2387:
2370:
2127:
1972:
1913:
1888:
1777:
1700:
1449:
1443:
1422:
1416:
1332:
1259:
1181:
1112:
1038:
977:
950:
545:
378:
254:
2165:
1907:
3873:
3809:
3796:
3625:
3614:
3506:
3486:
3321:
3235:
3210:
2941:
2827:
2718:
2661:
2467:
2365:
2293:
2119:
2075:
2038:
1999:
1962:
1954:
1878:
1767:
1757:
1692:
1561:
1485:
1361:
1249:
1241:
1201:
1175:
1104:
1028:
1020:
590:
532:
virus can change by genetic reassortment as it travels between different hosts in its range.
455:
334:
298:
2174:
1612:
3741:
3736:
3580:
3528:
3336:
3313:
3158:
3135:
2519:
2484:
2360:
2305:
1847:
1232:
907:
577:
365:
32:
1950:
1489:
1225:"Biological and biomedical implications of the coevolution of pathogens and their hosts"
403:
3771:
3704:
3647:
3419:
3308:
3300:
3178:
3173:
3120:
2844:
2625:
2620:
2529:
2494:
2268:
1967:
1934:
1772:
1745:
1643:"The Influenza (Flu) Viruses: Transmission of Influenza Viruses from Animals to People"
1033:
1008:
898:
874:
862:
652:
198:
144:
112:
45:
41:
3895:
3652:
3609:
3568:
3461:
3444:
3402:
3115:
2666:
2635:
2479:
2256:
2146:
1642:
1299:
870:
828:
747:
648:
451:
415:
339:
273:
reaches the adult stage and reproduces sexually, if possible. This is the final host.
217:
1497:
1373:
1271:
1124:
525:
3863:
3801:
3563:
3543:
3491:
3439:
3390:
3190:
3140:
2751:
2524:
2322:
1696:
894:
882:
820:
803:
783:
763:
732:
by the host enzyme tyramine β-hydroxylase and manipulates a host sensory decision.
565:
170:
147:. The host range is the collection of hosts that an organism can use as a partner.
89:
17:
99:). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include
1883:
1862:
1762:
1746:"Modeling the mutualistic interactions between tubeworms and microbial consortia"
3756:
3558:
3481:
3456:
3205:
3185:
3090:
3050:
2888:
2345:
2261:
2244:
779:
662:
519:
475:
471:
447:
443:
439:
411:
407:
310:
306:
302:
466:
feeds on potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco, all members of the same plant family,
3694:
3669:
3637:
3414:
3395:
3385:
3373:
3220:
2832:
2804:
2630:
2590:
2462:
2123:
1958:
1935:"A neurotransmitter produced by gut bacteria modulates host sensory behaviour"
1721:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 6 July 2017. Archived from
1108:
1024:
856:
840:
729:
674:
616:
467:
244:
225:
186:
166:
1683:
Sears CL (October 2005). "A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora".
1348:
Weber, J. -M.; Mermod, C. (1985). "Quantitative aspects of the life cycle of
3766:
3245:
2570:
2278:
2273:
2206:
644:
640:
636:
581:
549:
529:
314:
194:
190:
161:
156:
108:
37:
2131:
2107:
1976:
1892:
1781:
1744:
Cordes, E.E.; Arthur, M.A.; Shea, K.; Arvidson, R.S.; Fisher, C.R. (2005).
1704:
1418:
New
Directions in Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health
1263:
1116:
1042:
914:
Hosts to mutualistic symbionts were recognised more recently, when in 1877
552:
tree, and migrates during the summer to its secondary host, a plant in the
544:
Some insect micropredators migrate regularly from one host to another. The
1009:"Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics"
3749:
3664:
3240:
3225:
3215:
3168:
2713:
2509:
2489:
2283:
2226:
939:
890:
886:
866:
836:
713:
694:
682:
632:
553:
487:
459:
387:
372:
295:
270:
229:
221:
136:
128:
124:
116:
96:
81:
77:
73:
65:
49:
3553:
3424:
2677:
2234:
2087:
2052:
2011:
1990:
Losey, G.S. (1972). "The
Ecological Importance of Cleaning Symbiosis".
1365:
1245:
832:
824:
698:
628:
586:
511:
391:
343:
61:
3761:
3326:
2979:
2575:
1565:
927:
919:
827:: for example, these are found in the stomach contents of 70% of the
812:
786:
702:
678:
666:
515:
483:
394:
control. A reservoir host individual may be reinfected several times.
347:
318:
202:
132:
100:
2079:
2043:
2026:
2003:
1254:
2990:
2502:
774:
734:
706:
611:
524:
507:
503:
499:
495:
479:
435:
402:
369:
212:
120:
31:
2974:
2443:
2340:
923:
686:
104:
2178:
690:
491:
1672:. Krishna Prakashan Media. pp. 66–67. GGKEY:08L5EQSR3JF.
1352:, a parasitic nematode of the frontal sinuses of mustelids".
1204:. Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
1147:"Parasite Evolution: Here's How Some Animals Became Moochers"
173:, the two live together without harming each other, while in
1415:
Aguirre, A. Alonso; Ostfeld, Richard; Daszak, Peter (2012).
2027:"Cleaning symbiosis: proximate and adaptive explanations"
1861:
Laranjo, Marta; Alexandre, Ana; Oliveira
Solange (2014).
1471:"Biology, ecology and management of the diamondback moth"
861:
The first host to be noticed in ancient times was human:
967:
965:
1863:"Legume growth-promoting rhizobia: An overview on the
1588:"Why Are Phytophagous Insects Typically Specialists?"
976:(6th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 540–541.
1090:"Cleaning symbioses from the parasites' perspective"
999:
997:
995:
993:
3833:
3725:
3517:
3366:
3353:
3258:
3149:
3071:
3043:
3029:
3015:
2999:
2967:
2929:
2858:
2820:
2813:
2795:
2727:
2694:
2687:
2651:
2644:
2556:
2547:
2434:
2331:
2225:
2218:
647:. Many corals and other marine invertebrates house
2145:
1645:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004
901:recorded animal parasites, while the microscopist
169:, the parasite benefits at the host's expense. In
1286:"Myxosporean parasite, salmonid whirling disease"
918:described the mutualistic relationship between a
722:bacteria, which colonize the gut of the nematode
701:are able to fix nitrogen in this way, and mixing
321:and reproductive adults in its digestive tract.
1558:Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants
1385:
1383:
317:, where the host has immature juveniles in its
458:is an example of this, feeding exclusively on
2190:
8:
681:and certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria called
2112:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
1083:
1081:
3363:
2817:
2691:
2648:
2553:
2222:
2197:
2183:
2175:
2101:
2099:
2097:
1662:
1660:
1169:
1167:
972:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2002).
536:Plants often produce toxic or unpalatable
2042:
1966:
1882:
1771:
1761:
1617:sp. group (Hawthorn - umbellifer aphids)"
1253:
1061:"How does the Remora develop its sucker?"
1054:
1052:
1032:
843:attach themselves to the carapace of the
143:relationship with their hosts similar to
1421:. Oxford University Press. p. 196.
1331:, 6th Ed. (Schmidt & Roberts, 2000)
635:that live in their gut and which digest
361:Dead-end, incidental, or accidental host
305:parasite reproduces sexually inside the
3271:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
2444:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
1007:; Randhawa, Haseeb S. (February 2015).
961:
905:observed and illustrated the protozoan
368:, whose life cycle is normally between
27:Organism that harbours another organism
3854:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
3746:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
1909:Competition and Succession in Pastures
1843:
1833:
768:Hosts of many species are involved in
181:environmental conditions deteriorate.
2108:"History of human parasitic diseases"
1469:Talekar, N.S.; Shelton, A.M. (1993).
1300:"CDC - DPDx - Trichinellosis - index"
673:An important hosting relationship is
7:
3101:Compartmental models in epidemiology
2166:participating institution membership
1391:"West Nile Virus Transmission Cycle"
942:(Pathogen-Host Interaction database)
623:between a plant's roots and a fungus
127:plant hosting mutualistic (helpful)
1803:. A Snail's Odyssey. Archived from
1490:10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001423
1177:Advances in Parasitology: Volume 14
548:overwinters on its primary host, a
1145:Pappas, Stephanie (21 July 2016).
1059:Jackson, John (30 November 2012).
342:stages of this parasite reside in
25:
2025:Poulin. R; Grutter, A.S. (1996).
1906:Tow, P.G.; Lazenby, Alec (2000).
946:Generalist and specialist species
709:increases the yield of pastures.
446:, feeding on a single plant. The
423:Larval food plants of Lepidoptera
139:to micropredators, which have an
3850:Economics of Infectious Diseases
2106:Cox, Francis E. G. (June 2004).
1310:from the original on 4 July 2015
1180:. Academic Press. pp. 4–6.
576:For instance, the production of
1719:"Zooxanthellae... what's that?"
873:from 3000 BC onwards, while in
793:and which may serve as cleaners
253:, including the maintenance of
3859:Infectious disease informatics
3690:Transmission-based precautions
1801:Learn about sponges: Symbioses
1697:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001
1586:Sandhi, Arifin (8 July 2009).
1448:. Elsevier. pp. 125–126.
1354:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Parasitenkunde
1088:Grutter, Alexandra S. (2002).
568:of the parasitism or disease.
429:evolutionarily stable strategy
277:Secondary or intermediate host
1:
3276:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
3051:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
2412:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
1797:"Mutualism: Research study 3"
1445:Plant Pests and Their Control
911:from "his own loose stools".
589:produced against an existing
399:Plant hosts of micropredators
386:– an organism that harbors a
338:is an example: the so-called
2838:Aerosol-generating procedure
2616:Silent/Subclinical infection
2316:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
1884:10.1016/j.micres.2013.09.012
1763:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030077
1669:Ecology and Wildlife Biology
450:larva is one of these, with
3502:Vaccine-preventable disease
3450:Monoclonal antibody therapy
1478:Annual Review of Entomology
1329:Foundations of Parasitology
754:Hosts in cleaning symbiosis
655:which supplement its diet.
643:is essential for efficient
326:Paratenic or transport host
269:– an organism in which the
3928:
3643:Respiratory source control
1560:. Natural History Museum.
854:
823:, often consume parasitic
801:
757:
605:
597:Non-parasitic associations
478:moth whose larvae feed on
420:
267:Definitive or primary host
242:
154:
103:playing host to parasitic
3787:Global Health Initiatives
3777:Evolutionary epidemiology
3472:Post-exposure prophylaxis
3408:Antimicrobial stewardship
3131:Multiplicity of infection
3096:Basic reproduction number
2872:Percutaneous inoculation
2356:Host–pathogen interaction
2153:Oxford English Dictionary
2124:10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.001
1959:10.1038/s41586-020-2395-5
1109:10.1017/S0031182002001488
1025:10.1017/S0031182013001674
251:host–parasite coevolution
52:that infest the rats are
3605:Protective sequestration
3467:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
2758:Generational difference
2311:Horizontal gene transfer
2301:Antimicrobial resistance
1871:Microbiological Research
177:, both parties benefit.
135:, a host plant supplies
129:nitrogen-fixing bacteria
76:that harbours a smaller
3902:Biological interactions
3792:Microbial phylogenetics
3710:Wastewater surveillance
3231:Geographic distribution
3106:Critical community size
2904:Surgical site infection
2752:Iatrogenic/Medical care
2671:Microbial translocation
2667:Endogenous reactivation
2662:Normal flora overgrowth
2611:Opportunistic infection
2383:Opportunistic infection
2158:Oxford University Press
1521:Phthorimaea operculella
1442:Fenemore, P.G. (2016).
1065:National History Museum
903:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
845:Atlantic horseshoe crab
744:Hawaiian cleaner wrasse
621:mutualistic interaction
462:, and the larva of the
237:evolutionary strategies
131:. More specifically in
3864:Microbial bioterrorism
3487:efficacy/effectiveness
2895:Surgical intervention
2787:Breakthrough infection
2409:Genetic predisposition
2393:Susceptible individual
2240:Germ theory of disease
1826:Trappe, J. M. (1987).
1350:Skrjabingylus nasicola
794:
750:
725:Caenorhabditis elegans
716:produced by commensal
658:Lamellibrachia luymesi
624:
533:
418:
353:Skrjabingylus nasicola
313:, a disease caused by
240:
57:
3700:Universal precautions
2658:Endogenous overgrowth
2510:Poultry and livestock
916:Albert Bernhard Frank
855:Further information:
802:Further information:
778:
758:Further information:
738:
615:
606:Further information:
572:Host range of viruses
546:hawthorn-carrot aphid
538:secondary metabolites
528:
474:. One example is the
427:Micropredation is an
406:
216:
155:Further information:
141:evolutionarily stable
35:
3802:Genomic reassortment
3782:Genetic epidemiology
3621:Health communication
3549:Flattening the curve
3539:Disease surveillance
3322:Systemic/Generalized
3086:Animal disease model
2566:Asymptomatic carrier
1912:. CABI. p. 75.
3869:Pandemic prevention
3825:Viral phylodynamics
3806:Re-emerging disease
3695:Travel restrictions
2899:Postoperative wound
2868:Blood-borne disease
2850:Respiratory droplet
2762:Vertical/Congenital
2747:Nosocomial/Hospital
2704:Spillover infection
2156:(Online ed.).
1951:2020Natur.583..415O
1623:. InfluentialPoints
1519:"Potato tuberworm:
1174:Dawes, Ben (1976).
1019:(Suppl 1): S6–S15.
746:with its client, a
608:Mutualism (biology)
282:Dirofilaria immitis
18:Host (epidemiology)
3815:Selection pressure
3111:Force of infection
2739:Contagious disease
2674:Endogenous seeding
2571:Chain of infection
2495:Injection drug use
2406:Vaccination status
2289:Case fatality rate
2207:infectious disease
1527:Featured Creatures
1366:10.1007/BF00925596
1246:10.1038/ng1202-569
889:Persian physician
879:Hippocratic Corpus
869:are recorded from
808:Phoresis (biology)
795:
770:cleaning symbiosis
760:Cleaning symbiosis
751:
740:Cleaning symbiosis
625:
534:
419:
301:, even though the
255:gene polymorphisms
241:
239:within parasitism.
209:Hosts to parasites
119:(disease-causing)
58:
3889:
3888:
3879:Tropical medicine
3820:Synthetic biology
3721:
3720:
3680:Social distancing
3633:Outbreak response
3254:
3253:
3081:Agent-based model
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
2606:Natural reservoir
2596:Infectious period
2586:Incubation period
2543:
2542:
2499:Natural disaster
2468:Tropical diseases
2451:Biodiversity loss
2388:Risk of infection
2378:Microbiome health
2371:Immunosuppression
2164:(Subscription or
1945:(7816): 415–420.
1919:978-0-85199-703-2
1615:Dysaphis crataegi
1552:Spilarctia luteum
1455:978-1-4831-8286-5
1187:978-0-08-058060-9
983:978-0-201-75054-6
951:Host cell protein
748:yellowtail wrasse
712:Neurotransmitter
679:leguminous plants
631:are hosts to the
602:Mutualistic hosts
587:influenza vaccine
582:Influenza A virus
464:potato tuber moth
330:development cycle
16:(Redirected from
3919:
3874:Tropical disease
3810:Reverse zoonosis
3797:One Health Model
3626:Health education
3615:Community health
3534:Cordon sanitaire
3507:Ring vaccination
3477:Repurposed drugs
3364:
3283:Gastrointestinal
3126:Machine learning
2930:Gastrointestinal
2881:Intravenous line
2818:
2732:/Cross-infection
2719:Reverse zoonosis
2692:
2649:
2554:
2535:War and conflict
2403:Nutrition status
2366:Immunodeficiency
2223:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2103:
2092:
2091:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1807:on 13 April 2020
1792:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1725:on 13 April 2020
1715:
1709:
1708:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1566:10.5519/havt50xw
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1500:. Archived from
1475:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1345:
1339:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1127:. Archived from
1094:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1001:
988:
987:
969:
881:describes human
841:polychaete worms
782:playing host to
665:place pieces of
639:, and the human
578:antigenic shifts
456:diamondback moth
414:, a polyphagous
363:
335:Alaria americana
299:whirling disease
199:brood parasitism
56:for the disease.
21:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3912:Disease ecology
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3829:
3742:Antigenic shift
3737:Antigenic drift
3728:
3717:
3581:Barrier nursing
3529:Contact tracing
3520:
3513:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3260:
3250:
3151:
3145:
3136:Serial interval
3055:
3039:
3030:Cervico-vaginal
3025:
3016:Trans-placental
3011:
2995:
2963:
2925:
2861:Vascular system
2860:
2854:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2731:
2723:
2683:
2640:
2558:
2539:
2430:
2361:Immune response
2327:
2306:Drug resistance
2250:Infectious dose
2214:
2203:
2173:
2163:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2080:10.2307/1441652
2065:
2064:
2060:
2044:10.2307/1312929
2024:
2023:
2019:
2004:10.2307/1442741
1989:
1988:
1984:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1842:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1795:Carefoot, Tom.
1794:
1793:
1789:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1233:Nature Genetics
1227:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1003:
1002:
991:
984:
971:
970:
963:
959:
936:
908:Giardia lamblia
863:human parasites
859:
853:
810:
800:
798:Commensal hosts
766:
756:
610:
604:
599:
574:
562:
425:
401:
366:West Nile virus
359:
288:
263:
247:
211:
159:
153:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3772:Emergent virus
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3705:Vector control
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3648:N95 respirator
3640:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3521:pharmaceutical
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3370:
3368:
3367:Pharmaceutical
3361:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3318:Cardiovascular
3316:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3297:Nervous system
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Infection rate
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2876:Injection site
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2845:Dental aerosol
2842:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:Human-to-human
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2626:Super-spreader
2623:
2621:Superinfection
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2530:Vector control
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2459:Climate zones
2457:
2455:Climate change
2452:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2269:Quorum sensing
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2137:
2118:(2): 173–174.
2093:
2074:(2): 310–318.
2058:
2037:(7): 512–517.
2017:
1998:(4): 820–833.
1982:
1925:
1918:
1898:
1853:
1818:
1787:
1736:
1710:
1675:
1656:
1634:
1621:Genus Dysaphis
1604:
1578:
1540:
1510:
1507:on 2020-06-26.
1461:
1454:
1434:
1427:
1407:
1379:
1360:(5): 631–638.
1340:
1321:
1291:
1277:
1215:
1193:
1186:
1163:
1137:
1134:on 2019-03-07.
1103:(7): S65–S81.
1077:
1048:
1005:Poulin, Robert
989:
982:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
948:
943:
935:
932:
899:Francesco Redi
875:ancient Greece
852:
849:
799:
796:
755:
752:
653:photosynthesis
603:
600:
598:
595:
573:
570:
561:
558:
400:
397:
396:
395:
376:
357:
291:
290:
286:
274:
262:
261:Types of hosts
259:
210:
207:
152:
149:
145:ectoparasitism
137:food resources
46:bubonic plague
42:reservoir host
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3924:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:Sterilization
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Surgical mask
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3610:Public health
3608:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Phage therapy
3460:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:Immunotherapy
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:Antimicrobial
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3352:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3294:Genitourinary
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:in population
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Herd immunity
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:Genitourinary
2998:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2942:Contamination
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:Vector-borne
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2696:Cross-species
2693:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2636:Window period
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Latent period
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2533:
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2523:
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2518:
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2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Deforestation
2478:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2425:Stress levels
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2257:Pathogenicity
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:Mesorhizobium
1857:
1854:
1849:
1837:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:(5): 247–51.
1690:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1622:
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1528:
1524:
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1491:
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1479:
1472:
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1457:
1451:
1447:
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1435:
1430:
1428:9780199731473
1424:
1420:
1419:
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1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
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1351:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:0-07-234898-4
1334:
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1325:
1322:
1309:
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1301:
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1292:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:(4): 569–77.
1239:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1203:
1202:"Parasitoids"
1197:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
990:
985:
979:
975:
968:
966:
962:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
933:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:ancient Egypt
868:
864:
858:
850:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:common remora
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
805:
797:
792:
789:, which gain
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
771:
765:
761:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
731:
727:
726:
721:
720:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
668:
664:
660:
659:
654:
650:
649:zooxanthellae
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
618:
614:
609:
601:
596:
594:
592:
588:
583:
579:
571:
569:
567:
559:
557:
555:
554:carrot family
551:
547:
542:
539:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:The range of
432:
430:
424:
417:
416:micropredator
413:
409:
405:
398:
393:
389:
385:
384:
381:
377:
374:
371:
367:
362:
358:
355:
354:
349:
345:
341:
340:mesocercarial
337:
336:
331:
327:
324:
323:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
289:larval stage.
284:
283:
278:
275:
272:
268:
265:
264:
260:
258:
256:
252:
246:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Micropredator
215:
208:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
163:
158:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3907:Parasitology
3593:Notification
3564:Hand washing
3559:Food hygiene
3544:Disinfection
3440:Immunization
3391:Anthelmintic
3379:prophylactic
3267:Respiratory
3191:Hyperendemic
3141:WAIFW matrix
2796:Environment-
2580:
2549:Transmission
2525:Urbanization
2332:
2323:Host tropism
2219:Determinants
2205:Concepts in
2151:
2140:
2115:
2111:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2034:
2030:
2020:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1908:
1901:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1830:. CRC Press.
1827:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1800:
1790:
1753:
1750:PLOS Biology
1749:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:the original
1713:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1647:. Retrieved
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1620:
1614:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1557:
1551:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
1520:
1513:
1502:the original
1481:
1477:
1464:
1444:
1437:
1417:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1328:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1280:
1237:
1231:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1196:
1176:
1154:. Retrieved
1151:Live Science
1150:
1140:
1129:the original
1100:
1097:Parasitology
1096:
1068:. Retrieved
1064:
1016:
1013:Parasitology
1012:
973:
913:
906:
895:Early Modern
883:bladder worm
860:
821:cleaner fish
811:
804:Commensalism
767:
764:Cleaner fish
723:
717:
711:
672:
663:hermit crabs
656:
626:
591:viral strain
575:
566:epidemiology
563:
543:
535:
433:
426:
382:
379:
360:
351:
333:
325:
292:
280:
276:
266:
248:
183:
179:
171:commensalism
160:
92:
90:commensalist
80:; whether a
72:is a larger
69:
59:
29:
3846:Eradication
3757:Biosecurity
3482:Vaccination
3457:Inoculation
3435:Drug safety
3430:Combination
3357:and Control
3305:Soft tissue
3259:Anatomical
3226:Seasonality
3206:Mesoendemic
3186:Holoendemic
3179:Farr's laws
3091:Attack rate
2889:Animal bite
2885:Insect bite
2821:Respiratory
2448:Air quality
2436:Environment
2346:Comorbidity
2262:Attack rate
2245:Infectivity
2147:"symbiosis"
1877:(1): 2–17.
1844:|work=
1756:(3): 1–10.
1592:Science 2.0
1550:"Entry for
1484:: 275–301.
1304:www.cdc.gov
791:a free ride
780:Nurse shark
719:Providencia
520:honeysuckle
476:buff ermine
472:polyphagous
444:monophagous
440:herbivorous
438:on which a
412:caterpillar
408:Buff ermine
311:trichinosis
307:sludge worm
303:myxosporean
115:harbouring
86:mutualistic
3896:Categories
3729:infections
3670:Sanitation
3638:Quarantine
3497:resistance
3415:Antiseptic
3396:Ascaricide
3386:Antifungal
3374:Antibiotic
3355:Prevention
3288:Intestinal
3221:Prevalence
3201:Inequality
3150:Occurrence
2949:Breastmilk
2833:Bioaerosol
2805:Sapronosis
2780:Horizontal
2652:Endogenous
2631:Viral load
2591:Index case
2168:required.)
2031:BioScience
1811:21 October
1729:21 October
1649:18 October
1627:18 October
1597:18 October
1571:18 October
1533:18 October
1400:19 October
1314:14 October
1208:24 October
1156:23 October
1070:19 October
957:References
857:Parasitism
730:octopamine
675:mycorrhiza
617:Mycorrhiza
560:Host range
504:blackberry
468:Solanaceae
421:See also:
373:mosquitoes
315:roundworms
245:Parasitism
243:See also:
233:strategies
226:parasitoid
187:parasitoid
167:parasitism
117:pathogenic
3841:Discovery
3767:Disease X
3727:Emerging
3675:Screening
3576:Isolation
3420:Antiviral
3246:Twindemic
3196:Incidence
3073:Modelling
3036:Perinatal
2968:Cutaneous
2859:Linked to
2769:Perinatal
2688:Exogenous
2680:formation
2422:Pregnancy
2279:Endotoxin
2274:Virulence
1846:ignored (
1836:cite book
837:barnacles
784:commensal
695:chickpeas
645:digestion
641:gut flora
637:cellulose
530:Influenza
460:brassicas
380:Reservoir
195:herbivory
191:predation
175:mutualism
162:Symbiosis
157:Symbiosis
151:Symbiosis
109:nematodes
82:parasitic
50:rat fleas
38:black rat
3750:EARS-Net
3665:Safe sex
3617:services
3588:Lockdown
3359:measures
3261:location
3241:Syndemic
3236:Sporadic
3216:Pandemic
3211:Outbreak
3169:Epidemic
3022:Prenatal
2914:Mosquito
2798:to-human
2773:Neonatal
2766:Prenatal
2714:Zoonosis
2559:concepts
2490:Humidity
2475:Commerce
2351:Diabetes
2284:Exotoxin
2132:15145374
1977:32555456
1893:24157054
1782:15736979
1705:16701579
1685:Anaerobe
1498:85772304
1374:36435009
1308:Archived
1272:33145462
1264:12457190
1255:1842/689
1125:26816332
1117:12396217
1043:24229807
940:PHI-base
934:See also
891:Avicenna
887:medieval
867:hookworm
865:such as
833:molluscs
825:copepods
817:phoresis
714:tyramine
683:rhizobia
633:protozoa
629:termites
550:hawthorn
488:plantain
452:mulberry
448:silkworm
388:pathogen
370:culicine
344:tadpoles
296:salmonid
271:parasite
230:predator
222:parasite
97:symbiont
78:organism
74:organism
66:medicine
3554:Hygiene
3492:booster
3425:Asepsis
3164:Endemic
3159:Cluster
2743:Source
2678:Biofilm
2515:Poverty
2485:Ecology
2463:El Niño
2416:Smoking
2294:factors
2235:Biofilm
2211:Outline
2088:1441652
2053:1312929
2012:1442741
1968:7853625
1947:Bibcode
1867:genus?"
1773:1044833
1034:4413784
974:Biology
928:lichens
922:and an
897:times,
851:History
831:. Many
813:Remoras
787:remoras
707:grasses
699:alfalfa
512:ragwort
500:currant
496:rhubarb
392:disease
319:muscles
201:of the
123:, or a
121:viruses
101:animals
88:, or a
62:biology
54:vectors
3762:CRISPR
3714:Zoning
3569:Gloves
2980:Fomite
2814:Routes
2709:Vector
2576:Fomite
2557:Basic
2520:Travel
2400:Gender
2130:
2086:
2068:Copeia
2051:
2010:
1992:Copeia
1975:
1965:
1939:Nature
1916:
1891:
1780:
1770:
1703:
1529:. IFAS
1496:
1452:
1425:
1372:
1335:
1270:
1262:
1184:
1123:
1115:
1041:
1031:
980:
920:fungus
885:. The
877:, the
703:clover
667:sponge
516:nettle
436:plants
348:snakes
228:, and
203:cuckoo
133:botany
107:(e.g.
48:. The
3834:Other
3342:Fetus
3337:Mouth
3332:Tooth
3327:Blood
3314:Joint
3174:Curve
3044:Other
2991:wound
2989:Open
2959:Feces
2954:Water
2645:Modes
2503:Flood
2227:Agent
2162:
2084:JSTOR
2049:JSTOR
2008:JSTOR
1505:(PDF)
1494:S2CID
1474:(PDF)
1396:. CDC
1394:(PDF)
1370:S2CID
1268:S2CID
1228:(PDF)
1132:(PDF)
1121:S2CID
1093:(PDF)
742:: a
705:with
687:beans
480:alder
410:moth
113:cells
105:worms
93:guest
40:is a
3598:list
3519:Non-
3309:Bone
3301:Skin
2985:Soil
2975:Burn
2937:Food
2919:Tick
2581:Host
2341:Burn
2333:Host
2128:PMID
2072:1970
1996:1972
1973:PMID
1914:ISBN
1889:PMID
1848:help
1813:2017
1778:PMID
1731:2017
1701:PMID
1651:2017
1629:2017
1599:2017
1573:2017
1535:2017
1450:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1402:2017
1333:ISBN
1316:2017
1260:PMID
1210:2017
1182:ISBN
1158:2017
1113:PMID
1072:2017
1039:PMID
978:ISBN
924:alga
839:and
806:and
762:and
697:and
691:peas
619:, a
518:and
508:dock
484:mint
383:host
125:bean
84:, a
70:host
68:, a
64:and
44:for
36:The
3658:PPE
3346:Eye
3007:Sex
2828:Air
2397:Age
2120:doi
2076:doi
2039:doi
2000:doi
1963:PMC
1955:doi
1943:583
1879:doi
1875:160
1768:PMC
1758:doi
1693:doi
1562:doi
1486:doi
1362:doi
1250:hdl
1242:doi
1105:doi
1101:124
1029:PMC
1021:doi
1017:142
926:in
580:in
492:oak
111:),
60:In
3898::
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2096:^
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2047:.
2035:46
2033:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
