43:
106:, near the island, was rising. It was determined that bio-weapons trials in close proximity to human population was undesirable and testing on the island was limited. Shortly before the end of World War II, on August 11, 1945, an order from the CWS declared that the Special Projects Division was to cease its activities. The facility at Horn Island was closed in 1946.
186:
Testing at Horn Island with the toxin botulin showed that the agent was not a viable aerosol biological weapon. Tests were undertaken using four pound bombs filled with botulin. These bombs were detonated over confined
1003:
122:. The site was established as one of several designed to assist the newly formed U.S. biological weapons program at Camp Detrick. Horn Island Testing Station was initially established to focus its studies on
1071:
1081:
141:
destroyed most of the structures, including the incinerator and chimney. The foundations of some of the military buildings are still visible on the island, which is now part of the
983:
877:
1091:
525:
95:
was highly classified and precautions were taken to ensure the work remained secret; during the Army's occupation of Horn Island the public was barred from the island.
639:
1076:
1027:
1086:
126:. When conceived and constructed the testing station at Horn Island was meant to be the primary bio-weapons field testing site for the United States.
998:
993:
534:
84:
1066:
988:
518:
583:
335:
279:
978:
942:
882:
699:
629:
466:
410:
438:
374:
307:
511:
474:
446:
418:
382:
343:
315:
287:
142:
932:
98:
Soon after construction at the facility was complete it was found that the area was unsuitable for large-scale testing of
604:
244:
654:
609:
153:
Because of its proximity to human populations only two lethal agents, both toxins, were ever tested on the island,
51:
1008:
922:
205:
72:
36:
79:, and opened on October 29, 1943. The 2,000-acre (8.1 km) site on Horn Island was managed and built by the
129:
The U.S. Army built facilities on the island for these purposes which included several buildings, roads, and a
80:
76:
24:
191:, just one of the animals died from inhaled botulin and another died after licking the toxin from its fur.
765:
664:
215:
973:
902:
836:
816:
130:
123:
1013:
740:
145:. Additionally, the remnants of the incinerator chimney were still visible into at least the 1980s.
947:
897:
851:
846:
826:
801:
745:
486:
968:
937:
811:
806:
573:
568:
272:
371:
Biological
Weapons: From the Invention of State-sponsored Programs to Contemporary Bioterrorism
42:
841:
725:
679:
470:
442:
414:
378:
366:
339:
311:
283:
179:
115:
103:
68:
963:
785:
760:
755:
750:
490:
99:
503:
861:
614:
210:
63:
Horn Island
Chemical Warfare Service Quarantine Station was acquired in March 1943 by the
659:
1060:
831:
821:
119:
912:
907:
892:
887:
780:
735:
730:
720:
704:
624:
92:
88:
28:
276:
Factories of Death: Japanese
Biological Warfare 1932-45 and the American Cover-Up
856:
669:
649:
644:
619:
558:
249:
134:
32:
917:
684:
200:
188:
166:
137:
with a tall brick chimney on the island. After the Army abandoned the site, a
91:. The work at Horn Island, like all of the work done at SPD facilities during
1042:
1029:
87:
employed 1,500 people between its Horn Island facility and the facilities at
775:
770:
588:
578:
430:
162:
138:
64:
689:
634:
553:
435:
The
Biology of Doom: The History of America's Secret Germ Warfare Project
239:
563:
548:
332:
Biological
Weapons Defense: Infectious Diseases and Counterbioterrorism
174:
154:
694:
674:
170:
158:
39:
and opened in 1943. When the war ended, the facility was closed.
507:
114:
Horn Island was acquired for the sole purpose of becoming a
83:'s (CWS) Special Projects Division (SPD). By May 1944 the
173:
that were native to the
Pacific Islands. In addition, an
413:), University Press of Mississippi , 1995, pp. 101-02, (
1072:
Buildings and structures in
Jackson County, Mississippi
407:
Hiking
Mississippi: A Guide to Trails and Natural Areas
17:
Horn Island
Chemical Warfare Service Quarantine Station
183:
was used in aerosol dispersion tests at the station.
1082:
Closed research facilities of the United States Army
956:
870:
794:
713:
597:
541:
252:to view relevant text), accessed January 15, 2009.
377:), Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 64-72, (
519:
8:
242:, "The Living Weapon", American Experience,
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
526:
512:
504:
401:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
326:
324:
1092:United States biological weapons program
535:United States biological weapons program
463:Exploring Gulf Islands National Seashore
298:
296:
268:
266:
264:
262:
260:
258:
41:
457:
455:
227:
102:. At the time, shipping traffic on the
75:, about 10 miles (16 km) south of
165:used the site during the war to study
71:testing site. The site was located on
1077:Military installations in Mississippi
235:
233:
231:
7:
1087:1943 establishments in Mississippi
984:Korean War bio-warfare allegations
14:
979:Soviet biological weapons program
943:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
878:U.S. Army Biological Warfare Labs
469:), Globe Pequot, 2001, p. 122, (
282:), Routledge, 1994, pp. 155-56, (
441:), Macmillan, 2000, pp. 63-77, (
338:), Humana Press, 2005, p. 156, (
310:), Macmillan, 2002, pp. 73-74, (
304:Biological Warfare Against Crops
999:U.S. biological defense program
994:U.S. biological weapons program
133:. The Army also constructed an
240:America's Bio-Weapons Program
143:Gulf Islands National Seashore
1:
1067:Biological warfare facilities
933:One-Million-Liter Test Sphere
124:insects as biological weapons
497:, accessed January 15, 2009.
928:Horn Island Testing Station
248:, (click on yellow icon in
21:Horn Island Testing Station
1108:
330:Lindler, Luther E. et al.
1009:War Bureau of Consultants
923:Granite Peak Installation
206:Granite Peak Installation
85:U.S. bio-weapons program
81:Chemical Warfare Service
50:, Mississippi, south of
1043:30.233942°N 88.668758°W
77:Pascagoula, Mississippi
25:U.S. biological weapons
795:Operations and testing
766:Flettner rotor bomblet
461:Falls, Sr., Robert P.
110:Mission and facilities
55:
1048:30.233942; -88.668758
974:Entomological warfare
903:Dugway Proving Ground
837:Operation Magic Sword
817:Operation Dark Winter
131:narrow gauge railroad
45:
1014:War Research Service
1004:U.S. bio-weapons ban
741:E48 particulate bomb
149:Research and testing
31:. It was located on
27:testing site during
19:, also known as the
1039: /
948:Vigo Ordnance Plant
898:Deseret Test Center
852:Operation Whitecoat
847:Operation Polka Dot
827:Operation Drop Kick
802:Operation Sea-Spray
969:Biological warfare
938:Pine Bluff Arsenal
812:Operation Big Itch
807:Operation Big Buzz
569:Enterotoxin type B
495:Globalsecurity.org
273:Harris, Sheldon H.
118:test site for the
116:biological weapons
69:biological weapons
56:
1022:
1021:
842:Operation May Day
726:E133 cluster bomb
598:Researched agents
542:Weaponized agents
405:McGinnis, Helen.
367:Guillemin, Jeanne
302:Whitby, Simon M.
180:Bacillus globigii
104:Mississippi River
100:biological agents
1099:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
964:Biological agent
786:M33 cluster bomb
761:E96 cluster bomb
756:E86 cluster bomb
751:E77 balloon bomb
528:
521:
514:
505:
498:
491:Botulinum Toxins
484:
478:
459:
450:
428:
422:
403:
386:
364:
347:
328:
319:
300:
291:
270:
253:
237:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1018:
952:
866:
862:Project Bacchus
790:
709:
593:
589:Wheat stem rust
537:
532:
502:
501:
485:
481:
460:
453:
429:
425:
404:
389:
365:
350:
329:
322:
301:
294:
271:
256:
238:
229:
224:
211:Gruinard Island
197:
151:
112:
61:
12:
11:
5:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1058:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
989:List of topics
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
960:
958:
957:Related topics
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
872:
868:
867:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
798:
796:
792:
791:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
717:
715:
711:
710:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
601:
599:
595:
594:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
545:
543:
539:
538:
533:
531:
530:
523:
516:
508:
500:
499:
489:(webmaster). "
479:
451:
423:
387:
348:
320:
292:
254:
226:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
196:
193:
150:
147:
111:
108:
60:
57:
54:(center right)
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1104:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
955:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:Operation LAC
830:
828:
825:
823:
822:Operation Dew
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
797:
793:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
716:
712:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
665:Potato blight
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
600:
596:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
544:
540:
536:
529:
524:
522:
517:
515:
510:
509:
506:
496:
492:
488:
487:Pike, John E.
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:
269:
267:
265:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:
241:
236:
234:
232:
228:
221:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
194:
192:
190:
184:
182:
181:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
120:U.S. military
117:
109:
107:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:for use as a
66:
58:
53:
52:Ocean Springs
49:
44:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1024:
927:
913:Fort Douglas
908:Fort Detrick
893:Building 470
888:Building 257
883:Building 101
781:M143 bomblet
736:E23 munition
731:E14 munition
721:E120 bomblet
705:Yellow fever
625:Dengue fever
494:
482:
467:Google Books
462:
439:Google Books
434:
426:
411:Google Books
406:
375:Google Books
370:
336:Google Books
331:
308:Google Books
303:
280:Google Books
275:
243:
185:
178:
152:
128:
113:
97:
93:World War II
89:Camp Detrick
62:
47:
46:Location of
29:World War II
20:
16:
15:
1046: /
857:Project 112
670:Psittacosis
650:Melioidosis
645:Lassa fever
559:Brucellosis
250:Mississippi
216:Plum Island
189:guinea pigs
135:incinerator
73:Horn Island
48:Horn Island
37:Horn Island
33:Mississippi
1061:Categories
1034:88°40′08″W
1031:30°14′02″N
918:Fort Terry
871:Facilities
685:Rinderpest
640:Hantavirus
574:Rice blast
475:1585920363
447:080505765X
419:0878056645
383:0231129424
344:1588291847
316:0333920856
288:0415091055
222:References
201:Fort Terry
177:simulant,
167:mosquitoes
776:M115 bomb
771:M114 bomb
714:Munitions
579:Tularemia
431:Regis, Ed
163:U.S. Navy
139:hurricane
65:U.S. Army
746:E61 bomb
690:Smallpox
635:Glanders
615:Bird flu
554:Botulism
195:See also
23:, was a
564:Q fever
549:Anthrax
175:anthrax
155:botulin
59:History
695:Typhus
660:Plague
473:
445:
417:
381:
342:
314:
286:
161:. The
675:Ricin
620:CHIKV
171:flies
159:ricin
471:ISBN
443:ISBN
415:ISBN
379:ISBN
340:ISBN
312:ISBN
284:ISBN
169:and
157:and
700:WEE
680:RVF
655:VND
630:EEE
610:BHF
605:AHF
584:VEE
493:",
465:, (
437:, (
409:, (
373:, (
334:, (
306:, (
278:, (
245:PBS
35:'s
1063::
477:).
454:^
449:).
433:.
421:).
390:^
385:).
369:.
351:^
346:).
323:^
318:).
295:^
290:).
257:^
230:^
527:e
520:t
513:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
