Knowledge (XXG)

Chronometry

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occasionally confused with incandescent light emissions of a material, a different process despite the many similarities. However, this only occurs if the material has had previous exposure to and absorption of energy from radiation. Importantly, the light emissions of thermoluminescence cannot be repeated. The entire process, from the material's exposure to radiation would have to be repeated to generate another thermoluminescence emission. The age of a material can be determined by measuring the amount of light given off during the heating process, by means of a phototube, as the emission is proportional to the dose of radiation the material absorbed.
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Adapting to circadian and circannual rhythms is an essential evolution for living organisms, these studies, as well as educating on the adaptations of organisms also bring to light certain factors affecting many of species' and organisms' responses, and can also be applied to further understand the overall physiology, this can be for humans as well, examples include: factors of human performance, sleep, metabolism, and disease development, which are all connected to biochronometrical cycles.
3343: 153:. That term is used both by people who deal professionally with timekeeping apparatuses, as well as enthusiasts and scholars of horology. Horology and horologists have numerous organizations, both professional associations and more scholarly societies. The largest horological membership organisation globally is the NAWCC, the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors, which is US based, but also has local chapters elsewhere. 618: 704: 40: 3124: 653:– through measuring reaction times of subjects with varied methods, and contribute to studies in cognition and action. Reaction time models and the process of expressing the temporostructural organisation of human processing mechanisms have an innate computational essence to them. It has been argued that because of this, conceptual frameworks of cognitive psychology cannot be integrated in their typical fashions. 626:
entrained rhythms, where the former is attained from within the species' natural environment and the latter from a subject that has been taught certain behaviours. Circannual rhythms are alike but pertain to patterns within the scale of a year, patterns like migration, moulting, reproduction, and body weight are common examples, research and investigation are achieved with similar methods to circadian patterns.
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There is debate over when the earliest use of lunar calendars was, and over whether some findings constituted as a lunar calendar. Most related findings and materials from the palaeolithic era are fashioned from bones and stone, with various markings from tools. These markings are thought to not have
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Geochronometry deals with calculating a precise date of rock sediments and other geological events, giving an idea as to what the history of various areas is, for example, volcanic and magmatic movements and occurrences can be easily recognised, as well as marine deposits, which can be indicators for
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In the Ancient Greek lexicon, meanings and translations differ depending on the source. Chronos, used in relation to time when in definite periods, and linked to dates in time, chronological accuracy, and sometimes in rare cases, refers to a delay. The length of the time it refers ranges from seconds
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even endured for a long period afterwards, surviving past even its culture's collapse and through the early Christian era. It has been assumed to have been invented near 4231 BC by some, but accurate and exact dating is difficult in its era and the invention has been attributed to 3200 BC,
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Circadian and circannual rhythms can be seen in all organisms, in both single and multi-celled organisms. A sub-branch of biochronometry is microbiochronometry (also chronomicrobiology or microbiological chronometry), and is the examination of behavioural sequences and cycles within micro-organisms.
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Kairos (καιρός) carries little emphasis on precise chronology, instead being used as a time specifically fit for something, or also a period of time characterised by some aspect of crisis, also relating to the endtime. It can as well be seen in the light of an advantage, profit, or fruit of a thing,
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However, as humans' focus turned to farming the importance and reliance on understanding the rhythms and cycle of the seasons grew, and the unreliability of lunar phases became problematic. An early human accustomed to the phases of the moon would use them as a rule of thumb, and the potential for
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Circadian rhythms of various species can be observed through their gross motor function throughout the course of a day. These patterns are more apparent with the day further categorised into activity and rest times. Investigation into a species is conducted through comparisons of free-running and
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French term (commonly used in English-speaking countries) for a movement blank, i.e., an incomplete watch movement sold as a set of loose parts—comprising the main plate, bridges, train, winding and setting mechanism, and regulator. The timing system, escapement, and mainspring, however, are not
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French term for the method of manufacturing watches or movements by assembling their various components. It generally includes the following operations: receipt, inspection and stocking of the "ébauche", the regulating elements and the other parts of the movement and of the make-up; assembling;
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in Ancient Greek mythology, who embodied the image of time, originated from out of the primordial chaos. Known as the one who spins the Zodiac Wheel, further evidence of his connection to the progression of time. However, Ancient Greek makes a distinction between two types of time, chronos, the
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Because of the inherent relation between chronos and kairos, their function the Ancient Greek's portrayal and concept of time, understanding one means understanding the other in part. The implication of chronos, an indifferent disposition and eternal essence lies at the core of the science of
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Thermoluminescence is an extremely useful concept to apply, being used in a diverse amount of areas in science, dating using thermoluminescence is a cheap and convenient method for geochronometry. Thermoluminescence is the production of light from a heated insulator and semi-conductor, it is
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By measuring the daughter isotopes in a specific sample its age can be calculated. The preserved conformity of parent and daughter nuclides provides the basis for the radioactive dating of geochronometry, applying the Rutherford Soddy Law of Radioactivity, specifically using the concept of
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based photoperiod time measurement biological system – which measures the change in daylight within the annual cycle, giving a sense of the time in the year – and their circannual rhythms, providing an anticipation of environmental events months beforehand to increase chances of survival.
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weather to interfere with reading the cycle further degraded the reliability. The length of a moon is on average less than our current month, not acting as a dependable alternate, so as years progress the room of error between would grow until some other indicator would give indication.
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Early humans would have used their basic senses to perceive the time of day, and relied on their biological sense of time to discern the seasons in order to act accordingly. Their physiological and behavioural seasonal cycles mainly being influenced by a
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been the result of marks to represent the lunar cycles but non-notational and irregular engravings, a pattern of latter subsidiary marks that disregard the previous design is indicative of the markings being the use of motifs and ritual marking instead.
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rose before sunrise every 365 days, a year as we know it now, and was remade to consist of twelve months of thirty days, with five epagomenal days. The former is referred to as the Ancient Egyptians' lunar calendar, and the latter the civil calendar.
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French term for an independent watchmaker (or workshop) engaged in assembling watches, either wholly or in part, for the account of an "établisseur" or a "manufacture", who supply the necessary loose parts. See "atelier de terminage" above.
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Early calendars often hold an element of their respective culture's traditions and values, for example, the five day intercalary month of the Ancient Egyptian's civil calendar representing the birthdays of the gods
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French term for a small secondary source of power, typically a weight or spring, which runs the timekeeping mechanism and is itself periodically rewound by the timepiece's main power source, such as a
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and its contemporary human information processing approach. Research comprises applications of the chronometric paradigms – many of which are related to classical reaction time paradigms from
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Biochronometry (also chronobiology or biological chronometry) is the study of biological behaviours and patterns seen in animals with factors based in time. It can be categorised into
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but has also been represented in apocalyptic feeling, and likewise shown as variable between misfortune and success, being likened to a body part vulnerable due to a gap in armor for
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Winlock, H.E. (1940). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society: The Origin of the Ancient Egyptian Calendar, Vol 83, p.447-464. American Philosophical Society.
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Spalinger, A. (1995). Journal of Near Eastern Studies: Some Remarks on the Epagomenal Days in Ancient Egypt, Vol 54(1), p.33-47. Chicago University Press.
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D'Errico, F. (1989). Current Anthropology: Palaeolithic Lunar Calendars: A Case of Wishful Thinking?. Vol 30(1), p.117-118. University of Chicago Press.
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Kinsella, J., & Bradley, A. (1934). The Mathematics Teacher: The Mayan Calendar. Vol 27(7), p.340-343. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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marine events and even global environmental changes. This dating can be done in a number of ways. All dependable methods – barring the exceptions of
3701: 90:. Chronometry enables the establishment of standard measurements of time, which have applications in a broad range of social and scientific areas. 1769:
Van der Molen, M.W, et al. (1991). Chronopsychophysiology: Mental chronometry augmented by psychophysiological time markers. John Wiley & Sons.
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Bauer, W. (2001). A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Third Edition). University of Chicago Press.
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Lincoln, GA, Andersson, H & Loudon A. (2003). Clock genes in calendar cells as the basis for annual timekeeping in mammals. BioScientifica.
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French term for a watch factory that produces components (particularly the "ébauche") for its products (watches, alarm and desk clocks, etc.).
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is broader in scope, also including biological behaviours with respect to time (biochronometry), as well as the dating of geological material (
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to seasons of the year to lifetimes, it can also concern periods of time wherein some specific event takes place, or persists, or is delayed.
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Erfurt, G (et al.). (2003). A fully automated multi-spectral radioluminescence reading system for geochronometry and dosimetry. Elsevier.
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In the Swiss watch industry, the term manufacture is used of a factory that manufacturers watches almost completely, as distinct from an
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Marshack, A. (1989). Current Anthropology: On Wishful Thinking and Lunar "Calendars", Vol 30(4), p.491-500. University of Chicago Press.
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Lombardi, M. A.; Heavner, T.P.; Jefferts, S. R. (2007). "NIST Primary Frequency Standards and the Realization of the SI Second".
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in London contains an extensive public collection on horology. In Upton, also in the United Kingdom, at the headquarters of the
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IEEE Guide for Measurement of Environmental Sensitivities of Standard Frequency Generators (Revision of IEEE Std 1193 - 1994)
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respectively), with rough meanings of "time" and "measure". The combination of the two is taken to mean time measuring.
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Coles, M.G, et al. (1995). Mental Chronometry and the study of Human Information Processing. Oxford University Press.
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Bünning, E. (1964). The Physiological Clock: Endogenous diurnal rhythms and biological chronometry. Springer Verlag.
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IEEE Standard Definitions of Physical Quantities for Fundamental Frequency and Time Metrology—Random Instabilities
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There are many horology museums and several specialized libraries devoted to the subject. One example is the
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Rasskazov, S.V, Brandt, S.R & Brandt I.S. (2010). Radiogenic isotopes in geological processes. Springer.
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springing and timing; fitting the dial and hands; casing; final inspection before packing and dispatching.
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Horology is commonly used specifically with reference to the mechanical instruments created to keep time:
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Jones, A. (1997). On the Reconstructed Macedonian and Egyptian Lunar Calendars. Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
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Abrams, R.A, Balota, D.A. (1991). Mental Chronometry: Beyond Reaction Time. Cambridge University Press.
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Menaker, M (Ed.) (1971). Biochronometry: Proceedings of a Symposium. National Academy of Sciences, USA.
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static and continuing progress of present to future, time in a sequential and chronological sense, and
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Murhchadha. F.O. (2013). The Time of Revolution: Kairos and Chronos in Heidegger. Bloomsbury Academic.
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French term for a watch factory that assembles watches from components it buys from other suppliers.
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is smaller but located nearby. Other good horological libraries providing public access are at the
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The dating of geological materials makes up the field of geochronometry, and falls within areas of
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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Jensen, A.R. (2006). Clocking the Mind: Mental chronometry and individual differences. Elsevier.
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Gillette, M.U. (2013). Chronobiology: biological timing in health and disease. Academic Press.
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and the home of the first marine timekeepers accurate enough to determine longitude (made by
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French term denoting the process of assembling watch parts for the account of a producer.
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Liddell, H & Scott, R. (1996). A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford University Press, USA.
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Chronometry is derived from two root words, chronos and metron (χρόνος and μέτρον in
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Edmunds, L.N. (1985). Physiology of Circadian Rhythms in Micro-organisms. Elsevier.
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usually refers specifically to the study of mechanical timekeeping devices, while
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Naylor, E. (2010). Chronobiology of Marine Organisms. Cambridge University Press.
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An artistic illustration of the tracking of the earth's history through geology
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Strong's Greek: 2540. καιρός (kairos). (n.d.). Retrieved 2 October 2020, from
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has the Musée du Temps (Museum of Time) in the historic Palais Grenvelle. In
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Elderfield, H (Ed.). (2006). The oceans and marine geochemistry. Elsevier.
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The two leading specialised horological museums in North America are the
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A grand complication: the race to build the world's most legendary watch
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The Ancient Egyptian calendars were among the first calendars made, and
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Levine, Judah (1999). "Introduction to time and frequency metrology".
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McKeever, S.W.S. (1983). Thermoluminescence of solids. Academic Press.
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Mark 1:15 Greek Text Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved 2 October 2020, from
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chronometry, bias is avoided, and definite measurement is favoured.
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One of the more comprehensive museums dedicated to horology is the
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radioactive transformation in the growth of the daughter nuclide.
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in Switzerland, which contains a public library of horology. The
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Specifying measures of time-measurement in clear reference units
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Arias, Elisa Felicitas (2 July 2005). "The metrology of time".
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Meyer, D.E, et al. (1988). Modern Mental Chronometry. Elsevier.
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used to measure time. People interested in horology are called
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Harland, W.B. (1975). The two geological time scales. Nature.
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Price List – CHNet. (n.d.). Retrieved 25 October 2020, from
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International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
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International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
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is often used as a symbol representing the passage of time
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Ramsey, N. F. (2005). "History of Early Atomic Clocks".
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Ancient Egyptian sundial splitting daytime into 12 parts
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Notable scholarly horological organizations include:
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Horology, a popular sketch of clock and watch making
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A Rudimentary Treatise on Clocks, Watches and Bells
1412: 'instrument for telling the hour'; from 1136:National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors 696:(electron spin resonance) dating – are based in 2083:Illustrated Professional Dictionary of Horology 1144:- UK Clock & Watch Company based in Bristol 1047:, which contains a public library of horology. 156:Records of timekeeping are attested during the 3164: 2192: 582: 82:) is the science studying the measurement of 55:Clocks; a watch-maker seated at his workbench 8: 1641:Vrobel, S. (2007). The Kairos Syndrome. N.p. 1071:. Another museum dedicated to clocks is the 739:. Its main tasks are the realization of the 187:Chronos, the Greeks' personification of time 67: 3171: 3157: 3149: 2882: 2256: 2199: 2185: 2177: 1100:American Watchmakers-Clockmakers Institute 589: 575: 223: 918:"Universal Clock" at the Clock Museum in 902:Learn how and when to remove this message 803:when the first historical king of Egypt, 191:The root word is correlated with the god 3702:International Commission on Stratigraphy 1152: 1673:https://biblehub.com/text/mark/1-15.htm 1455: 1326: 1310:Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory 226: 2088:Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry 2035: 2033: 1861:(1834). The Royal Society: 2289–2305. 1124:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chronometrie 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1827: 1825: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1756: 1754: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1700: 1698: 621:Features of the human circadian cycle 7: 3133: 1628: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1263:Outline of metrology and measurement 884:adding citations to reliable sources 1842:http://chnet.infn.it/en/price-list/ 1661:https://biblehub.com/greek/2540.htm 1138:– NAWCC (United States of America) 945:, which is also the source of the 937:History of clockmaking in Besançon 844:use of a zero date as well as the 747:for time and the establishment of 25: 3422:Discrete time and continuous time 1132:– HSNY (United States of America) 1102:– AWCI (United States of America) 3347: 3341: 3132: 3123: 3122: 2123:, London: Aylett and Jones, 1849 1920:(6). AIP Publishing: 2567–2596. 1914:Review of Scientific Instruments 1546:(4). NCSL International: 74–89. 1081:National Watch and Clock Library 1006:Musée international d'horlogerie 994:Musée international d'horlogerie 860: 656:One common method is the use of 234: 1130:Horological Society of New York 1106:Antiquarian Horological Society 1065:American Clock and Watch Museum 1057:National Watch and Clock Museum 871:needs additional citations for 3495:History of timekeeping devices 1552:10.1080/19315775.2007.11721402 1073:Willard House and Clock Museum 769:History of timekeeping devices 676:, while differing itself from 1: 1112:British Horological Institute 975:British Horological Institute 520:Ultimate fate of the universe 2161:10.1109/ieeestd.2008.4797525 1581:(3). IOP Publishing: S1–S3. 729:time and frequency metrology 3442:Gravitational time dilation 3278:Barycentric Coordinate Time 2937:Geological history of Earth 1470:Online Etymology Dictionary 1285:List of watch manufacturers 1280:List of clock manufacturers 1002:Musée d'Horlogerie du Locle 943:Royal Greenwich Observatory 735:for timekeeping, including 3959: 3298:Geocentric Coordinate Time 3283:Barycentric Dynamical Time 3221:Coordinated Universal Time 2289:Orders of magnitude (time) 2136:10.1109/ieeestd.2004.94440 1595:10.1088/0026-1394/42/3/S01 1493: 1485: 1415: 1398: 1359: 1340: 1260: 934: 766: 29: 3452:Time-translation symmetry 3339: 3263:International Atomic Time 3190: 3118: 3000:Time translation symmetry 1356: 'time' and 1261:For a topical guide, see 1216:Manufacture d'horlogerie 1041:Furtwangen im Schwarzwald 2155:, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2130:, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 658:event-related potentials 30:Not to be confused with 3712:Astronomical chronology 3685:Archaeology and geology 3392:Absolute space and time 3308:IERS Reference Meridian 3303:International Date Line 3214:International standards 2955:Absolute space and time 2606:Astronomical chronology 1509:A Greek–English Lexicon 1270:Complication (horology) 963:Science Museum (London) 3005:Time reversal symmetry 2309:Italian six-hour clock 2062:Perman, Stacy (2013). 1875:10.1098/rsta.2005.1633 1386: 1182:parts of the ébauche. 1114:– BHI (United Kingdom) 1108:– AHS (United Kingdom) 1085:Columbia, Pennsylvania 1077:Grafton, Massachusetts 1061:Columbia, Pennsylvania 927: 795: 745:SI unit of measurement 731:is the application of 708: 622: 188: 56: 48: 3671:Weekday determination 3557:Sundial markup schema 2770:Time and fate deities 2715:The Unreality of Time 2654:A series and B series 1500:Liddell, Henry George 1290:Winthrop Kellogg Edey 1037:Deutsches Uhrenmuseum 917: 852:Museums and libraries 809:Upper and Lower Egypt 793: 706: 620: 186: 54: 42: 3692:Chronological dating 3432:Theory of relativity 3293:Daylight saving time 3021:Chronological dating 2990:Theory of relativity 2334:Daylight saving time 1956:"time and frequency" 1526:Webster's Dictionary 1429: 'hour, time', 1209:atelier de terminage 1069:Bristol, Connecticut 880:improve this article 647:cognitive psychology 145:are all examples of 3902:Time value of money 3697:Geologic time scale 3552:History of sundials 3417:Cosmological decade 3369:Greenwich Mean Time 3200:Orders of magnitude 2314:Thai six-hour clock 2066:. New York: Atria. 1926:1999RScI...70.2567L 1867:2005RSPTA.363.2289A 1587:2005Metro..42S...1R 1008:in Switzerland, at 955:Clockmakers' Museum 753:frequency standards 737:frequency stability 139:marine chronometers 3877:Mental chronometry 3505:Marine chronometer 3357:Obsolete standards 2844:Rosy retrospection 2822:Mental chronometry 2646:Philosophy of time 1167:French term for a 967:Wallace Collection 928: 800:the civil calendar 796: 709: 686:thermoluminescence 678:chronostratigraphy 639:Mental chronometry 634:Mental chronometry 623: 514:Radiometric dating 210:Christian theology 189: 57: 49: 3915: 3914: 3725:Nuclear timescale 3407:Continuous signal 3146: 3145: 3056: 3055: 3031:Circadian rhythms 2849:Tense–aspect–mood 2704:Temporal finitism 2581: 2580: 2557:Grandfather clock 2170:978-0-738-16855-5 2117:Grafton, Edward, 2113:Project Gutenberg 2093:Daniels, George, 2073:978-1-439-19008-1 1934:10.1063/1.1149844 1463:Harper, Douglas. 1254: 1253: 1118:Chronometrophilia 1010:La Chaux-de-Fonds 998:La Chaux-de-Fonds 979:Cuckooland Museum 971:Guildhall Library 912: 911: 904: 755:as well as their 698:radioactive decay 690:radioluminescence 612:Circannual cycles 608:Circadian rhythms 599: 598: 77:the study of time 16:(Redirected from 3950: 3616:Dominical letter 3547:Equation of time 3510:Marine sandglass 3351: 3345: 3323:Terrestrial Time 3180:Time measurement 3173: 3166: 3159: 3150: 3136: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3043:Glottochronology 2883: 2799:Human experience 2659:B-theory of time 2257: 2201: 2194: 2187: 2178: 2173: 2148: 2077: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1717: 1714: 1705: 1702: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1621: 1618: 1607: 1606: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1496: 1495: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1460: 1443: 1426: 1419: 1409: 1402: 1380: 1374: 1373: 'measure') 1370: 1363: 1353: 1344: 1331: 1275:Hora (astrology) 1153: 907: 900: 896: 893: 887: 864: 856: 651:psychophysiology 591: 584: 577: 521: 405:Day of Judgement 238: 224: 81: 78: 75: 72: 69: 21: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3848: 3739: 3706: 3680: 3561: 3461: 3412:Coordinate time 3384:Time in physics 3378: 3352: 3346: 3337: 3209: 3186: 3177: 3147: 3142: 3114: 3105:Time immemorial 3052: 3009: 2970:Coordinate time 2941: 2895:Geological time 2871: 2854:Time management 2817:Generation time 2801: 2793: 2738: 2720: 2640: 2599: 2577: 2465: 2383: 2300: 2293: 2249: 2241: 2210: 2205: 2171: 2151: 2146: 2126: 2103:Beckett, Edmund 2074: 2061: 2058: 2056:Further reading 2053: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1720: 1715: 1708: 1703: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1624: 1619: 1610: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1520: 1514:Perseus Project 1482: 1478: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1446: 1381: 1377: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1266: 1259: 1204:Factory, works 1151: 1126:– DGC (Germany) 1093: 1053: 939: 933: 908: 897: 891: 888: 877: 865: 854: 771: 765: 722: 666: 636: 604: 595: 566: 565: 541: 540: 531: 530: 526:Time in physics 519: 494: 493: 492: 473: 472: 453: 452: 451: 430: 429: 390: 389: 388: 369: 368: 344: 343: 332: 331: 292: 291: 290:Fields of study 282: 281: 248: 247: 222: 170: 79: 76: 73: 70: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3956: 3954: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3897:Time metrology 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3853:Related topics 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3750: 3748: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3716: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3542:Dialing scales 3539: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3374:Prime meridian 3371: 3366: 3364:Ephemeris time 3360: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3333:180th meridian 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3130: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3048:Time geography 3045: 3040: 3038:Clock reaction 3035: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2891: 2889: 2880: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2837:time signature 2834: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2709:Temporal parts 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2679:Eternal return 2676: 2671: 2666: 2664:Chronocentrism 2661: 2656: 2650: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2475: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2449:Hindu Panchang 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2393: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2254: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2189: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2149: 2144: 2124: 2115: 2100: 2091: 2090:FH 1961 - 2012 2080:Berner, G.A., 2078: 2072: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2041: 2029: 2020: 2004: 1995: 1981: 1972: 1947: 1904: 1845: 1833: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1718: 1706: 1694: 1685: 1676: 1664: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1622: 1608: 1565: 1530: 1518: 1476: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1375: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1315:Time deviation 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1295:Allan variance 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1169:watch movement 1165: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1092: 1089: 1052: 1049: 959:British Museum 947:Prime Meridian 932: 929: 910: 909: 868: 866: 859: 853: 850: 764: 761: 749:time standards 725:Time metrology 721: 720:Time metrology 718: 665: 664:Geochronometry 662: 635: 632: 603: 602:Biochronometry 600: 597: 596: 594: 593: 586: 579: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 542: 539:Related topics 538: 537: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 523: 516: 511: 506: 501: 495: 491: 490: 485: 481: 480: 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 454: 450: 449: 444: 438: 437: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 391: 387: 386: 383: 377: 376: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 361: 356: 351: 345: 339: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 293: 289: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 278: 277: 266: 265: 260: 255: 249: 246:Major concepts 245: 244: 243: 240: 239: 231: 230: 221: 218: 169: 166: 135:time recorders 100:geochronometry 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3955: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3746:units of time 3742: 3736: 3735:Sidereal time 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3720:Galactic year 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3676:Weekday names 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3666:Tropical year 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3631:Intercalation 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597:(lunar Hijri) 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3437:Time dilation 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3344: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3273:24-hour clock 3271: 3269: 3268:12-hour clock 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3139: 3131: 3129: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3026:Chronobiology 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2960:Arrow of time 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2932:Geochronology 2930: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2782:Wheel of time 2780: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2626:Periodization 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2552:Digital clock 2550: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2329:Relative hour 2327: 2325: 2324:24-hour clock 2322: 2320: 2319:12-hour clock 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2145:0-738-13711-1 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2111:, 1903, from 2110: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1540:NCSLI Measure 1534: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1504:Scott, Robert 1501: 1497: 1489: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1449: 1441: 1440: 1436:, and suffix 1435: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1393:Ancient Greek 1390: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1335:Ancient Greek 1330: 1327: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1256: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1120:(Switzerland) 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1091:Organizations 1090: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1051:North America 1050: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 987:cuckoo clocks 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951:John Harrison 948: 944: 938: 930: 925: 921: 916: 906: 903: 895: 892:December 2009 885: 881: 875: 874: 869:This section 867: 863: 858: 857: 851: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 817: 814: 810: 806: 801: 792: 788: 784: 780: 777: 770: 762: 760: 758: 757:dissemination 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 719: 717: 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The 961:, the 931:Europe 924:Puebla 834:Osiris 813:Sirius 741:second 546:Motion 463:Metric 263:Future 198:Kairos 141:, and 131:timers 107:clocks 3870:music 3809:Month 3769:Jiffy 3764:Shake 3759:Flick 3656:Solar 3646:Lunar 3621:Epact 3585:Hindu 3520:Watch 3475:Clock 3083:Space 2915:epoch 2905:chron 2863:Today 2832:tempo 2827:Music 2689:Event 2523:watch 2407:Lunar 2402:Solar 2374:Solar 2364:Roman 2354:Hindu 1895:S2CID 1599:S2CID 1556:S2CID 1439:-logy 1395: 1384:Latin 1337: 1321:Notes 1031:, in 1029:Évora 1025:Serpa 996:, in 822:Horus 805:Menes 551:Space 359:Event 206:Homer 3928:Time 3814:Year 3799:Week 3789:Hour 3243:DUT1 3182:and 2802:and 2765:Kāla 2460:List 2454:Maya 2250:and 2222:Past 2208:Time 2165:ISBN 2140:ISBN 2068:ISBN 1967:2021 1960:BIPM 1938:ISSN 1887:PMID 1879:ISSN 1424:hṓra 1156:Term 1027:and 842:Maya 836:and 826:Isis 751:and 692:and 672:and 610:and 253:Past 228:Time 86:and 84:time 68:lit. 43:The 3794:Day 2920:era 2910:eon 2900:age 2279:TAI 2269:UTC 2157:doi 2132:doi 1930:doi 1871:doi 1859:363 1591:doi 1548:doi 1494:ὥρα 1434:-o- 1417:ὥρα 1083:in 1075:in 1067:in 1059:in 1039:in 981:in 882:by 830:Set 727:or 694:ESR 102:). 62:or 3924:: 3238:ΔT 3233:UT 2865:– 2861:– 2274:UT 2163:, 2138:, 2105:, 2086:, 2032:^ 2007:^ 1984:^ 1958:. 1936:. 1928:. 1918:70 1916:. 1893:. 1885:. 1877:. 1869:. 1857:. 1824:^ 1792:^ 1753:^ 1721:^ 1709:^ 1697:^ 1625:^ 1611:^ 1597:. 1589:. 1579:42 1577:. 1554:. 1542:. 1506:; 1502:; 1498:. 1490:, 1467:. 1233:. 1087:. 1016:. 989:. 922:, 840:. 832:, 828:, 824:, 759:. 688:, 137:, 133:, 129:, 125:, 121:, 117:, 113:, 109:, 3172:e 3165:t 3158:v 2200:e 2193:t 2186:v 2159:: 2134:: 2076:. 1969:. 1944:. 1932:: 1924:: 1901:. 1873:: 1865:: 1605:. 1593:: 1585:: 1562:. 1550:: 1544:2 1516:. 1473:. 1442:) 1427:) 1421:( 1410:) 1404:( 1371:) 1365:( 1354:) 1346:( 1265:. 905:) 899:( 894:) 890:( 876:. 590:e 583:t 576:v 80:' 74:' 66:( 34:. 20:)

Index

Horologist
Chronology

hourglass

time
timekeeping
geochronometry
clocks
watches
clockwork
sundials
hourglasses
clepsydras
timers
time recorders
marine chronometers
atomic clocks
instruments
Paleolithic
atomic clocks
Ancient Greek

Chronos
Kairos
Homer
Christian theology
Time

Past

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