313:
445:
328:
569:, became aware of the "arbitrary nature of cost allocations... accountants by 50 years or more." In that respect, Arnold considered these costs 'probable', yet considered the information from the system 'absolute correct.' Randolph and Diemer (1903) would speak of 'accurate costs' and 'correct' or 'accurate' information. Wells added that these "engineers (as did the accountants who followed them) failed to recognize the difference between a system that allocated all of the overhead costs "accurately"—there were no residual costs unallocated—and the arbitrary cost of production that resulted from the use of some broad allocation base such as direct wages."
411:
283:
112:
365:(1899) summarized, that these papers "giving six examples of successful shop management, wherein the influence of fair and just dealing, of isolation and environment, and of careful detailed supervision and definite contracts, upon the prosperity of the factories and the contentment of the work people are cleverly traced. The success is, however, in most cases, that of isolated works under the dominance of exceptionally skilful managers, who impress their own rectitude and personality on the establishment, rather than of any system which recommends itself for general adoption."
430:
590:
396:
298:
478:. In those days the rates in the piecework system were set by the supervisor. Burton commented, that this paper contained contains some pregnant remarks on the increase of output through the stimulus of unfettered piecework rates, and is deserving of the most grave consideration by English managers and workmen... The justice and economy of piece-work, even under fixed and absolute rates, is admirably expressed." As Arnold stated:
496:' with the idea that the company was a family, the employer played the role of the benevolent but exacting father (the paternal figure), and the employees were akin to teenage children who, with suitable guidance and discipline, would work together to produce what the family required (as on a family farm)."
577:
Arnold was known as promoter of written records in business. Arnold (1901) was convinced, that "Even if entire honesty and sincerity prevailed at all times in all business transactions, the mere differences due to variations in individual understandings of orders would render it impossible to conduct
380:
was president at that time. In those days the company faced serious labour problems, and Towne introduced a series of "measures. He ended the contract system, introduced piece rates, which he guaranteed for one year, and established systematic procedures for dealing with grievances. On new work Towne
190:
afford a rare opportunity for the study of the practice followed by many leading firms, and contain much of interest to every one connected with shop management. His incisive drawing of the difficulties to be met and overcome in the re-organization of an old and well-established business will strike
119:
In the next ten years Arnold moved to work at places from Ottawa, Illinois; Grand Rapids, Michigan; Middletown, Connecticut; eventually to
Brooklyn, New York, where he would stay. He continued to research and invented a range of products from "metal cutters to recorders, book binding, book stitching
621:
The engineer Fay Leone
Faurote (1881-1938) finished his work, which was published in 1915 by the Engineering Magazine company, and became Arnold's best known work. This book introduced the moving assembly line to the larger audience, explained about its slow progress, and suggested that this system
482:
Not only does the fast man do more work, but that work is done at a reduced fixed-charges cost, and the intelligent manager discovers that he must greatly increase the pay of the speedy man or decrease the pay of the slow man to make each equally profitable. Under these conditions the piece-rate at
639:
Those readers who have been with us for five or more years are familiar with "Hugh Dolnar" which was the pen name adopted by Horace L. Arnold. For years "Hugh Dolnar" wrote car descriptions and special automobile engineering articles for the
Automobile Trade Journal. His work was by far the most
672:
The
Complete cost-keeper; some original systems of shop cost-keeping or factory accounting, together with an exposition of the advantages of account keeping by means of cards instead of books, and a description of various mechanical aids to factory
265:, entitled "Modern Machine-Shop Economics." This work stretched out from production technology, production methods and factory lay-out to time studies, production planning, and machine shop management. Some of the companies still exist.
640:
thorough and valuable published during the formative period of the greater automobile industry, and had a style and snap to it which has never been equaled by any other technical writer on automobile construction."
487:
On the whole series
Kaufman (2008) commented, that "a distinctive feature of the six examples of successful shop management highlighted by is that they practiced a relatively benevolent and light-handed form of
144:. He wrote his articles using different pen names of which Henry Roland and Hugh Dolnar were the best known. Arnold also wrote at least three books published by the Engineering Magazine Press in New York.
312:
483:
once suggests itself as a remedy. The piece-rate stimulates the slow artisan, and justly rewards the quick worker, tends to increase the area output, and lessen the fixed-charges drawback on profits.
120:
and book covering machines, mixers, letter locks..., piston water meters and water motors, knitting machines, 'explosive' and internal combustion engines and combustion generators, and clutches."
191:
home to the hearts of many managers. If proprietors could be brought to a better understanding of what a strong organization would mean to them, the work of the manager would be much simplified.
444:
89:. For twelve years he was journeyman machinist in western river and lake engine shops. Subsequently, he was superintendent at the Ottawa Machine Shop and Foundry; department foreman at the
511:, entitled "Cost-Keeping Methods in Machine-Shop and Foundry," and in 1898 he published a second series of six articles, entitled "Effective systems of finding and keeping shop costs."
410:
327:
1744:
514:
This work contributed to the wider discussion among
British and American engineers about the development of a costing system for factories. Initial contributions were made by
282:
1769:
561:
These discussion focussed on topics such as "costing methods, estimating, overhead allocations, economies of scale and other topics normally associated with the
492:
in which the golden rule of fair dealing and 'doing unto others' was a guiding management principle. This form of enlightened autocracy was frequently labeled '
429:
1774:
682:
The
Factory manager and accountant, some examples of the latest American factory practice; collected and arranged by Horace Lucian Arnold (Henry Roland)
1764:
1759:
1734:
333:
98:
82:
1754:
1518:
1749:
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101:
in
Hartford, Connecticut. In those days Arnold had also started inventing new tools. In 1858 he had patented his first invention, a
420:
1295:
The Whitin
Machine Works since 1831: A textile machinery company in an industrial village; Harvard studies in business history
395:
196:
For this work Arnold is nowadays considered among the foremost early writers on management techniques, such as wage systems,
381:
set minimum and maximum earnings levels so that piece rates, if incorrect, would not unduly punish or reward workers...."
372:(see images), at its peak the largest manufacturer of textile machines in the world. And the second article was about the
1101:
From the
American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
1084:
610:
admired his work and early 1910s invited him to study his factory and write about the new production techniques at the
111:
369:
462:
In the fourth article, entitled "Pre-Eminent Success of the Differential Piece Rate System", Arnold described the
535:
237:
297:
1600:
p. 561. Chandler added that "the story of the introduction of the moving assembly line is dramatically told in
993:. "Evolving information use in firms, 1850-1920: ideology and information techniques and technologies." (1992).
611:
555:
475:
217:
1641:
1034:
882:
871:
860:
849:
838:
827:
816:
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691:
221:
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had been on the Ford Factory, the 50-page longe article "The Ford Achievement",. published in April, 1914.
589:
1593:
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515:
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205:
58:
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467:
1481:
1205:
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1493:
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1463:
1457:
1431:
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1419:
1327:
Managers and Workers: Origins of the Twentieth-Century Factory System in the United States, 1880–1920.
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1243:
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1231:
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1186:
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229:
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361:
In 1897 Arnold published a second series, entitled "Six examples of successful shop management."
225:
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139:
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knew what the connection was: Arnold had died on the job of tracking down the full Ford story."
1393:
1053:
The emergence of systematic management as shown by the literature of management from 1870-1900.
1550:
The emergence of systematic management as shown by the literature of management from 1870-1900
1529:
1273:
471:
362:
288:
1515:
1394:
Managing the Human Factor: The Early Years of Human Resource Management in American Industry
1005:"Early phases of the management movement." Administrative Science Quarterly (1960): 421-447.
1002:
531:
318:
94:
200:
and inventory control. He was among the foremost writers of the late 19th century, such as
1522:
1115:
740:
Roland, Henry. "Six examples of successful shop management." Engineering Magazine 12. 1897
662:
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35:
31:
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Vol. 28, No. 3 (May, 1914), pp. 506-557. Published by: Oxford University Press Article
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209:
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66:
54:
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Under the penname Hugh Dolnar, Arnold also wrote for the leading automotive magazine
551:
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company. In the 1890s he started as a technical journalist for journals such as the
1601:
1120:
Manufacturing Rationality: The Engineering Foundations of the Managerial Revolution
1017:
519:
508:
344:
In the next years a few more series of articles on these topic would follow in the
262:
213:
86:
70:
62:
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at Midvale Steel was described, and the analytic method of rate-fixing deveped by
181:, and would continue to contribute until his death. In 1898 H.M. Norris reviewed
539:
527:
303:
241:
952:
607:
562:
124:
27:
1238:
III. Detailed Supervision and Definite Contract at the Yale & Towne works
945:
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931:
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368:
The first article recounted about the Whitin Machine Shop in Whitinsville in
175:
In the 1890s Arnold started writing on technology and management subjects in
1064:
903:
489:
73:
he is known as early systematizer of management of the late 19th century.
38:, and other specific management techniques. He also wrote under the names
1022:
Control Through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management.
23:
766:
The Geometrical Generation of Irregular Surfaces in Machine Construction
1343:
148:
1448:
Parts of "Effective systems of finding and keeping shop costs," 1898:
750:
Roland, Henry. "Effective systems of finding and keeping shop costs."
102:
1694:
V. The Application of Automatic Mechanical Production to Heavy Work
1410:
Parts of "Cost-Keeping Methods in Machine-Shop and Foundry," 1897:
743:
Roland, Henry. "Cost-Keeping Methods in Machine-Shop and Foundry."
686:
The Engineering Magazine company. 1903; 2nd ed. 1905; 3rd ed. 1910.
186:
Mr. Henry Roland's many valuable contributions on this subject to
1155:
H.M. Norris "A simple and effective system of shop cost-keeping".
565:." Wells (1996) stated, that these early pioneers in the field of
110:
1598:
The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business.
1338:
C. Bertrand Thompson. "The Literature of Scientific Management,"
507:
In 1897-98 Arnold published a first series about cost keeping in
1494:
VIII. The Determination and Apportionment of the Expense Account
26:, inventor, engineering journalist and early American writer on
1426:
III. Control of the store-room and checking of piece production
1232:
II. Influence of Isolation and Environment at the Cheney Mills
105:
1244:
IV. Pre-Eminent Success of the Differential Piece Rate System
1222:
Parts of "Six examples of successful shop management," 1897:
93:; superintendent at the Stiles & Parker Press Company of
1432:
IV. Problems of general expense and fixing of selling prices
1682:
III. Application of the Turret to General Machine-Shop Work
1458:
II. The Collective Job-Ticket Adapted to Drop-Forging Works
898:
About 25 of Arnold's inventions got patented. A selection:
1666:
Parts of "The revolution in machine-shop practice," 1899:
1582:
Making and Selling Cars: Innovation and Change in the U.S.
757:
Roland, Henry. "The revolution in machine-shop practice,"
1414:
I. The elements of cost and the influence of wage systems
255:
In 1896 Arnold wrote a first series of articles for the
1085:
On This Day in Typewriter History (CXIII); September 10
665:, and other specific management techniques. His books:
1452:
I. Simplicity and Sufficiency of the Job-Ticket Method
719:
Arnold, Horace L. "Modern Machine-Shop Economics." in
712:
Arnold, Horace L. "Production Up to the Power Limit."
1527:
History of Accounting: An International Encyclopedia.
578:
any business of magnitude on verbal specifications."
151:
on January 25, 1915, at the age of 77. An article in
1470:
IV. Ingenious Methods of a Modern Machine-Tool Works
906:, for an improvement in machines for dressing hides.
618:, which he left unfinished after his death in 1915.
604:, where he was one of the most respected reporters.
1464:
III. The Methods of a Successful Machine-Tool Works
1250:
V. The Influence and Defects of the Contract System
1067:
for a stone-sawing machine, patented July 27, 1858.
501:
Effective systems of finding and keeping shop costs
22:(June 25, 1837 – January 25, 1915) was an American
1676:II. The Development of the Automatic Screw Machine
1226:I. The Simple Plan of Fair Dealing at Whitinsville
733:Hugh Dolnar, "The New York Electric Hansom Cabs,"
1171:Parts of "Modern Machine-Shop Economics," 1896:
530:(1891),etc., and further contributions came from
1488:VII. The National Switch Signal Company's method
979:Industrial management; the engineering magazine.
386:Six examples of successful shop management, 1897
622:could be applied in any small machine factory.
1476:V. The Hyatt Roller Bearing Company's Practice
1406:
1404:
1279:The Commercial Management of Engineering Works
1087:," at oztypewriter.blogspot.nl, 13 Sept. 2011
657:Arnold wrote some books, and many articles on
1420:II. Details of practice in widely-known shops
1193:IV — The important problem of tool:Equipement
786:Hugh Dolnar, "The Ford 4-Cylinder Runabout,"
8:
1700:VI. The Machine Work of the Immediate Future
1637:
1635:
1200:V. The Newer Types of Metal-Cutting Machines
970:
968:
676:. The Engineering Magazine Press. 1900/1903
85:. Here Arnold started his career working in
1745:American business and financial journalists
1573:
1571:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1444:
1442:
1268:
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1218:
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1181:II — Prime Requisites of Shop Construction.
1167:
1165:
1111:
1109:
355:Six examples of successful shop management,
155:(1966) recalled, that "every reader of the
1013:
1011:
700:. The Engineering Magazine company, 1915.
216:; and among early 20th-century authors as
1482:VI. The Sprague Electric Company's System
1206:VI. First Principles of Management of Men
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
321:Shops, Schenectady, NY, aerial view, 1896
1648:Volume 19. Chilton Company, 1915. p. 83.
1606:Ford: The Times, The Men and The Company
1256:VI. The Insurance and Endowment Features
588:
964:
889:v. 18 (Apr.-June 1914). p. 115-165
777:The expense account of the machine shop
391:
278:
1770:People from Walworth County, Wisconsin
696:With Fay Leone Faurote and preface by
1187:III — A Modern Plan for a Modern Shop
799:The Lambert, 1906 Line of Automobiles
83:Lafayette, Walworth County, Wisconsin
7:
1642:Horace L. Arnold (Hugh Dolnar), died
1619:The Rise and Fall of Mass Production
878:47, September 1914, p. 856-886.
801:, Chilton Company, v.10 January 1906
115:Type Writing Machine by Arnold, 1896
81:Born in New York, Arnold grew up in
1646:Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal,
1340:The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
872:Ford Methods And The Ford Shops VII
828:Ford Methods And The Ford Shops III
1688:IV. The Limitations of Tool-Making
1670:I. The Evolution of the Tool Maker
1563:Buick: "the golden era", 1903-1915
861:Ford Methods And The Ford Shops VI
839:Ford Methods And The Ford Shops IV
817:Ford Methods And The Ford Shops II
788:Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal
632:Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal
596:, title plate and title page, 1915
470:. Especially the operation of the
123:Late 1880s Arnold started his own
14:
1775:Journalists from New York (state)
1122:. Oxford University Press. p. 221
867:47, August 1914, p. 667-692.
856:47, August 1914, p. 667-692.
850:Ford Methods And The Ford Shops V
806:Ford Methods And The Ford Shops I
726:Hugh Dolnar , "Bicycle Brazing,"
452:Yale & Towne Manufactoring Co
436:Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co
374:Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co
1765:Writers from Rochester, New York
443:
428:
409:
394:
326:
311:
296:
281:
1760:American technology journalists
1735:Engineers from New York (state)
692:Ford Methods and the Ford Shops
616:Ford Methods and the Ford Shops
594:Ford Methods and the Ford Shops
583:Ford Methods and the Ford Shops
1552:. Garland, 1 aug. 1986. p. 109
271:Modern Machine-Shop Economics,
249:Modern Machine-Shop Economics,
1:
1373:Daniel Nelson (1996, 45-46.).
1608:(New York, 1954), chap. 18."
1175:I — The Location of the Shop
730:, 19 November 1896, 1077–81.
614:. This resulted in the book
147:Arnold died of pneumonia in
1755:American business theorists
1657:Hugh Dolnar (1913; 115-165)
948:for a fluid-actuated motor.
934:for a milling-cutter tooth.
927:for a type writing machine.
845:July 1914, pp. 507–532
834:June 1914, pp. 331–358
783:. 20 (1900). p. 365-72
573:Written records in business
336:Shops, Hartford, Conn, 1896
1791:
1536:eds. 1996/2014. p. 269-70.
1516:Engineering and accounting
1134:Vol. 36 (1914-15). p. 1106
920:for a book binder machine.
913:for a type writer machine.
370:Northbridge, Massachusetts
1750:American male journalists
887:Automobile Trade Journal,
843:The Engineering Magazine,
832:The Engineering Magazine,
821:The Engineering Magazine,
812:April 1914, pp. 1–26
810:The Engineering Magazine,
289:Browns & Sharpe Shops
238:Alexander Hamilton Church
135:Automobile Trade Journal,
99:Pratt and Whitney Company
1740:Engineers from Wisconsin
1514:Murray C. Wells (1996) "
1293:Navin, Thomas R (1969).
1146:. Part 3. (1966). p. 127
981:c.1 v.48 1914/15. p. 889
795:Automobile Trade Journal
790:11 (August 1, 1906): 108
781:The Engineering Magazine
759:The Engineering Magazine
679:Arnold, Horace L. 1903.
647:Automobile Trade Journal
630:A short obituary in the
612:Highland Park Ford Plant
602:Automobile Trade Journal
476:Frederick Winslow Taylor
218:Frederick Winslow Taylor
188:The Engineering Magazine
1629:Hounsell (1984: p. 375)
1561:Francois Therou (1971)
1364:Arnold (1897, p. 96-98)
1316:Arnold (1897, p. 404-6)
1039:Vol. 11 (1896), p. 1228
823:May 1914, pp. 1–26
97:; and designer for the
1594:Alfred Dupont Chandler
1547:Joseph August Litterer
1325:Daniel Nelson (1996).
1159:Vol 16. (1898). p. 383
1049:Joseph August Litterer
645:His last work for the
597:
494:industrial paternalism
485:
194:
116:
1534:Richard Vangermeersch
1382:Arnold (1897, p. 831)
1355:Arnold (1897, p. 834)
1307:Arnold (1897, p. 395)
876:Engineering Magazine,
865:Engineering Magazine,
854:Engineering Magazine,
705:Articles, a selection
592:
480:
468:Midvale Steel Company
466:as worked out by the
291:, Providence RI, 1896
183:
114:
1297:. Russel and Russel.
1157:Engineering Magazine
1035:Engineering Magazine
883:The Ford Achievement
770:Engineering Magazine
752:Engineering Magazine
745:Engineering Magazine
721:Engineering Magazine
714:Engineering Magazine
698:Charles Buxton Going
376:(see images), where
347:Engineering Magazine
258:Engineering Magazine
234:Charles U. Carpenter
178:Engineering Magazine
169:Engineering Magazine
157:Engineering Magazine
130:Engineering Magazine
20:Horace Lucian Arnold
1604:and Frank E. Hill,
1578:James M. Rubenstein
1202:." p. 883-904.
1097:Hounshell, David A.
1083:Robert Messenger. "
737:, XX (July 8, 1897)
417:Electric locomotive
402:Whitin Machine Shop
334:Pratt & Whitney
230:Clinton Edgar Woods
91:E. W. Bliss Company
16:American journalist
1521:2014-12-19 at the
1391:Bruce E. Kaufman.
1252:. p. 994-1000
1208:. p. 1089-96.
1189:. p. 469-477.
1116:Yehouda A. Shenhav
955:for a crane shaft.
953:Patents US 1024817
735:American Machinist
728:American Machinist
689:Arnold, Horace L.
669:Arnold, Horace L.
598:
226:Harrington Emerson
198:production control
140:American Machinist
117:
30:, who wrote about
1678:. p. 177-200
1530:Michael Chatfield
1496:. p. 207-214
1484:. p. 1000–16
1478:. p. 749-758
1472:. p. 610-620
1466:. p. 395-400
1422:. p. 225-38.
1274:Francis G. Burton
1240:. p. 395-412
1195:. p. 473-95.
1183:. p. 263-298
1132:Automobile Topics
975:Editorial comment
716:9 (1895): 916–24.
472:piece-rate system
450:Tool room at the
1782:
1705:
1702:. p. 903-06
1696:. p. 729-46
1690:. p. 530-49
1684:. p. 369-88
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1617:W. Licht (2001)
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1460:. p. 241-48
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1434:. p. 626-34
1428:. p. 464-72
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1234:. p. 270-85
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1006:
1003:Jenks, Leland H.
1000:
994:
988:
982:
972:
946:Patent US 666840
939:Patent US 661479
925:Patent US 572350
918:Patent US 449595
911:Patent US 410629
772:19 (1900): 83-97
558:, among others.
447:
432:
413:
398:
330:
319:General Electric
315:
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95:Norman C. Stiles
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1672:. p. 41-58
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1523:Wayback Machine
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1490:. p. 37-48
1454:. p. 77-86
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1416:. p. 56-63
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1283:(1899). p. 147.
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1258:. p. 10-19
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1177:. p. 59-66
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1065:Patents US20981
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1016:
1009:
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997:
989:
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904:Patent US 33229
896:
764:Henry Roland, "
663:cost accounting
659:shop management
655:
628:
587:
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567:cost accounting
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460:
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421:Thomson-Houston
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32:shop management
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1730:1915 deaths
1725:1837 births
1398:2008. p. 11
1329:1996, p. 53
797:, article:
747:14, 1897–98
518:(1885/86),
304:Colt Armory
242:Henry Gantt
171:, 1895-1914
44:John Randol
40:Hugh Dolnar
1719:Categories
1344:Stable URL
960:References
673:accounting
608:Henry Ford
563:accounting
419:at Whitin
125:typewriter
28:management
1584:. p. 358.
932:US 637495
761:18 (1899)
626:Reception
490:autocracy
77:Biography
1519:Archived
1118:(2002).
1099:(1984),
1051:(1986).
723:11. 1896
548:Randolph
526:(1889),
522:(1887),
516:Metcalfe
137:and the
24:engineer
1644:," in:
1596:(1977)
1580:(2001)
1565:. p. 5.
1103:. p. 91
1020:(1993)
894:Patents
532:Bunnell
454:, 1897
149:Detroit
1525:" in:
1055:p. 250
951:1912,
944:1901,
937:1900,
930:1899,
923:1896,
916:1891,
909:1887,
902:1861,
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830:" in:
819:" in:
808:" in:
585:, 1915
556:Taylor
540:Diemer
536:Church
528:Halsey
520:Garcke
503:, 1898
438:, 1897
423:, 1897
404:, 1897
363:Burton
306:, 1896
261:about
133:, the
103:marble
46:, and
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863:" in
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544:Gantt
524:Towne
53:With
1024:p 12
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273:1896
251:1896
240:and
212:and
163:Work
69:and
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106:saw
1721::
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142:.
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