20:
137:, who independently had children with a German soldier. Rather than shaving their heads, women accused of horizontal collaboration in Norway were subjected to public exile and even arrest or internment. Any children that came from relationships between the local women and German soldiers were also considered part of the betrayal, and were equally exiled - considered illegitimate or bastards; Lyngstad's mother sent her to Sweden to avoid this. In both Norway and Serbia, horizontal collaboration was seen as a betrayal of one's own country during the war, and was often treated as an act of aggression.
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had their heads shaved. These women were referred to as "femme tondue" (shaven women) and were easily identifiable. In many of the 20,000 cases, the women in question had performed only professional services for the occupying
Germans, rather than being engaged in sexual relationships with them. Due
621:"In the show Band of Brothers we are shown numerous woman who had slept with German soldiers while their heads are being shaved after a Dutch town is liberated by American Soldiers. Similarly, we are shown women whose head was shaved with a baby. What happened to these women and their children?"
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19:
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to the head-shaving in public spaces being used to punish women thought to be collaborators, and the presence of many foreign photographers in post-war France, thousands of photos exist of women being subjected to this punishment.
283:
389:
Alison Moore, History, Memory and Trauma in
Photography of the Tondues: visuality of the Vichy past through the silent image of women. Gender and History 17 (3), November 2005, 657-681.
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and their children for the treatment they received following the liberation. Neither France nor Serbia have followed suit in terms of an official apology.
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lobbied for their recognition. The same phenomenon and later punishments occurred in other parts of Europe that were occupied by
Germany during the war.
91:" is believed to have produced 200,000 French babies with German fathers. Since 2009 Germany has offered these children of "the other bank of the
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is punished for her beauty and her liaisons with German soldiers by the local women ripping off her clothes, beating her and shaving her hair.
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231:, in 1948, the character Madeleine is shunned for a tryst she had with a Nazi lieutenant during the occupation of Paris.
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190:
215:, multiple Dutch women can be seen shaved with a black swastika on their forehead for collaborating with the Nazis.
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HAIR AND JUSTICE: Sociolegal
Significance of Hair in Criminal Justice, Constitutional Law, and Public Policy
508:"Official apology to girls and women who had relationships with German soldiers during the Second World War"
400:
80:
69:
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Horizontal collaboration was also seen and condemned in other countries occupied by
Germany during
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as a result of her relationship with a German soldier. The film visually linked the suffering of
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340:"Les « tondues » à la Libération :le corps des femmes, enjeu d'une réaproppriation"
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tells the story of a liaison between a French woman and a German soldier in wartime France.
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in 1940. The existence of these liaisons had been a major reason for young men to join the
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309:"Les "tondues" à la Libération :le corps des femmes, enjeu d'une réaproppriation"
162:(1959), the female protagonist is revealed to have been shaven as punishment for
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Collaboration and intimate relationships between French women and Nazi occupiers
440:"Intimate Relations between Women and the German Occupiers in Serbia 1941-1944"
125:
465:
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had or allegedly had with members of the German occupation forces after the
439:
339:
189:, a documentary exploring what happened to the baby shown in the photo of
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Marc Bergère (September 2004). "Tous les milieux sociaux ont été visés".
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Going Global: The
Transnational Reception of Third World Women Writers
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123:(German sluts) included thousands who actively participated in the
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56:) referred to the romantic or sexual relationship many women in
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from German occupation, such women were often punished for
79:After the war, throughout France, women accused of
174:with the loss of hair experienced by survivors of
506:Minister, The Office of the Prime (2018-10-23).
419:"Les "enfants de la guerre" reconnus par Berlin"
401:"Book Review: 'Brave Genius' by Sean B. Carroll"
266:French Resistance Fighter: France's Secret Army
558:Amal Amireh; Lisa Suhair Majaj (1 May 2014).
482:Women in War: Examples from Norway and Beyond
140:In October of 2018, Norwegian Prime Minister
95:" citizenship, after French foreign minister
8:
537:. Charles C Thomas Publisher. pp. 64–.
23:A woman's head is shaved as punishment for
185:The phenomenon also inspired the 2010 film
129:program and others, such as the mother of
103:Horizontal collaboration outside of France
455:
351:
322:
209:In the fourth episode of the 2001 series
673:French collaboration during World War II
272:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 8.
255:
399:Shapin, Stephen (20 September 2013).
7:
531:Carmen M. Cusack (3 November 2015).
668:Aftermath of World War II in France
14:
479:Ericsson, Kjersti (2016-03-09).
438:Škodrić, Ljubinka (2015-12-31).
119:, where the so-called Norwegian
338:Virgili, Fabrice (1995-04-01).
1:
344:Clio. Femmes, Genre, Histoire
314:Clio. Femmes, genre, histoire
564:. Routledge. pp. 298–.
242:The Shaved Woman of Chartres
191:The Shaved Woman of Chartres
586:"Collaboration horizontale"
144:publicly apologized to the
76:with the German occupiers.
699:
683:History of human sexuality
228:Interview with the Vampire
53:collaboration sentimentale
187:Collaboration horizontale
164:collaboration horizontale
89:Collaboration horizontale
41:Collaboration horizontale
25:collaboration horizontale
637:Horizontal Collaboration
307:Fabrice Virgili (1995).
220:Horizontal Collaboration
36:Horizontal collaboration
218:The 2019 graphic novel
263:Crowdy, Terry (2007).
47:collaboration féminine
32:
678:Women in World War II
202:, a woman in wartime
168:women forcibly shaved
22:
601:Malena (2000) - IMDb
379:(693). Paris: 56–60.
70:Liberation of France
444:Cahiers balkaniques
427:. 20 February 2009.
405:Wall Street Journal
159:Hiroshima mon amour
634:Navie (May 2019).
623:. 3 February 2019.
135:Anni-Frid Lyngstad
33:
31:area, August 1944.
647:978-1-912740-01-7
571:978-1-317-95409-5
544:978-0-398-09096-8
492:978-1-134-77632-0
346:(in French) (1).
279:978-1-84603-076-5
245:(1944 photograph)
225:In the TV series
196:In the 2000 film
66:French Resistance
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640:. Korero Press.
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282:. Archived from
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212:Band of Brothers
152:In popular media
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68:. After the
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146:tyskertøser
662:Categories
607:2022-11-12
517:2021-04-26
424:Libération
293:2020-09-14
250:References
126:Lebensborn
29:Montélimar
466:0290-7402
362:1252-7017
176:Hiroshima
121:tyskertøs
38:(French:
377:Historia
235:See also
180:Nagasaki
588:. IMDB.
133:member
115:and in
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360:
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204:Sicily
199:Malèna
170:after
117:Norway
113:Serbia
58:France
317:(1).
287:(PDF)
270:(PDF)
172:D-Day
93:Rhine
642:ISBN
566:ISBN
539:ISBN
487:ISBN
462:ISSN
358:ISSN
274:ISBN
178:and
131:ABBA
452:doi
348:doi
319:doi
156:In
50:or
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