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of regular top-bar hives are sometimes also referred to as top-bar hives. Top-bar hives are rectangular in shape and are typically more than twice as wide as multi-story framed hives commonly found in
English-speaking countries. Top-bar hives usually include one box only, and allow for beekeeping methods that interfere very little with the colony. While conventional advice often recommends inspecting each colony each week during the warmer months, heavy work when full supers have to be lifted, some beekeepers fully inspect top-bar hives only once a year, and only one comb needs to be lifted at a time.
180: in (32 to 35 mm) wide, depending on local conditions and the type of bee to be housed. Combs can be handled individually. The depth of the bar and the length of the bar can be whatever the beekeeper wants, but usually between 17 and 20 in (430 and 510 mm). If the top bar hive is deeper than 12 in (300 mm), the weight of the comb filled with honey tends to cause it to fall off the bar into the bottom of the hive. The bees will lose access to this during the winter cluster in the hanging combs, thus increasing their likelihood of starving.
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extracted by flinging motion e.g. in a hobbyist or commercial rotary extractor, but it can be problematic, because (a) if no foundation was used, the comb will break more easily during rotary movement, (b) top-bar hives combs may use irregular or non-standard sizes that do not fit into commercially available extractors, (c) if the comb is not uniformly flat, it may be difficult to uncap the cells, which is required for rotary extraction and (d) not all rotary extractors have cages or mesh to prevent loose pieces of comb from falling into the drum.
265:
brood and higher grade stores. To prevent the buildup of old comb in the brood chamber it may be advantageous to add new bars only on the entrance side of the brood chamber just past the pollen stores. This will cause a collection of older honey in re-used comb, which may be removed and used to produce a somewhat lesser quality of honey, as it will have additional flavors from the propolis used to strengthen and protect the brood comb. Such honey may be especially appropriate for making
414:
Tanzanian government then promoted two alternative hive types, namely a log hive that could be harvested from either end (so that the brood nest in the centre remains undisturbed) and a plank hive, which was a simple top-bar hive. The plank hive did not use moveable top bars, however – bees would attach comb in natural patterns to the roof. The advantage of the plank hive was that it enabled some inspection before harvest.
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honey storage at the rear. If the entrance is placed in the center of the long wall, the brood nest will be at the center, and the honey storage will be on either side. As it is not possible to safely remove a bar from the middle of the occupied combs, due to possible side attachments, this means the inspection can begin on either side of the honey storage and there are fewer before the brood nest is reached.
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beekeeper can see and cut any side attachments before moving the first comb. Side attachments can be cut with a conventional hive tool; using a specially-made tool long enough to reach the bottom of the hive, but with a narrow "leg" at the bottom, is more efficient. More than one bar can be separated from the side walls at a time. The use of smoke is commonly recommended.
38:
109:"Anástomo" wicker skep. Similar "long" top-bar hives were also developed in the early 1970s by other authors. The David Hive (1972) was similar to the Kenyan top-bar hive, except that the comb was not cut from the bars at harvest time but reused after extraction. Also in 1972, William Bielby designed a top-bar hive that featured catenary curved comb.
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965:"General Correspondence – Kenya-Canada Beekeeping Development Project, 1969 ... – University of Guelph. Dept. of Environmental Biology, Gordon F. Townsend, Peter D. Paterson, Peter Morgan, Canadian International Development Agency, University of Guelph. Kenya-Canada Beekeeping Development Project – Google Boeken"
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It is recommended that new or recycled empty bars be placed at each side of the brood chamber just before spring build-up as it is easier for the bees to make new comb than to move honey stores to make room for new brood. This will also ensure the maintenance of a well built honey barrier between the
202:
The bees will be able to keep a top bar hive cool enough with only three holes of 1 inch (25 mm) diameter. They do so by both lining up to fan cool air into the hive and exhaust warm air, and by evaporation – essentially air-conditioning the hive. It is possible to have too small of an entrance,
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It is important to give the bees a clear starting point to build comb on each top bar. Some TBH beekeepers fashion their top bars with a V-shaped bottom to guide the comb building. Alternatively, some use a table saw to cut two closely spaced slots along the long axis of each new top bar. Either type
457:
The hive commonly referred to as the Kenyan top-bar hive was developed by Dr. Maurice V. Smith and Dr. Gordon
Townsend from the University of Guelph in Canada, sponsored by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) under an initial four year overseas project which began in Kenya in 1971.
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The recent introduction of sliding 'follower boards' to enclose the colony within the hive body has enabled more flexible management of top bar hives and facilitated quicker inspections with minimal disturbance to the bees. (Follower boards are adjustable solid panels, which effectively reduce the
235:
The initial costs and equipment requirements are typically much less than other hive designs. Scrap wood can often be used to build a good hive, and top bars are easy to make out of scrap timber. Horizontal hives do not require the beekeeper to lift super boxes; all usual checks and manipulation can
81:
in which the comb hangs from removable bars. The bars form a continuous roof over the comb, whereas the frames in most current hives allow space for bees to move up or down between boxes. Hives that have frames or that use honey chambers in summer but which use management principles similar to those
464:
The original Kenyan hive was designed to hang from trees or poles. Other modern variations of this hive, such as the
Jackson hive used in South Africa, are also intended as hanging hives. Hanging the hive some distance from the ground protects it from both wild and domestic animals, as well as from
352:
Although modern "long" top-bar hives originated in the middle of the twentieth century, initially for use in development projects, a "tub shaped" top-bar hive has been in use for centuries in some regions such as Greece. An example of the tub shaped top-bar hive is the so-called Greek hive that was
117:
Although guidebooks for use in Africa often give precise dimensions for the Kenyan hive, and encourage beekeepers to keep their equipment of uniform and thus interchangeable sizes, one of the main selling points of the KTBH among proponents from
English speaking countries is the fact that it can be
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It is suggested that bees in a Kenyan hive will have much less tendency to adhere comb to the sides of the hive. Once adhered comb is freed from the side (leaving a beespace) the bees tend to not rejoin the comb, so this is not a significant problem for either hive. It is important in either type
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The brood nest will be established nearest the entrance. If the entrance is at the narrow end of the hive, the honey storage will be deep in the hive beyond the brood nest combs. Typically inspections will then begin with either the beginning of the brood nest at the front, or with the end of the
108:
The design of top-bar hives has its origins in the work done in 1965 by
Tredwell and Paterson. A tub shaped top-bar hive was trialled in Rhodesia in the 1960s by Penelope Papadopoulou. Long top-bar hives began to appear in the 1960s and were first referred to as "grecian" hives also known as the
417:
The researcher G. Ntenga then designed a transitional hive, in 1972, based on the plank hive that uses moveable top-bars. This hive is sometimes called the
Tanzanian Transitional Hive in literature, and was the original Tanzanian top-bar hive. Ntenga's hive had very precise measurements. It used
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Natural queen exclusion occurs more frequently in top-bar hives, because the brood nest is separated from the honey section by at least a full bar of honey comb, and not just a few centimetres (inches) of honey as may be the case in a multi-storey framed hive. And the more honey is gathered, the
409:
Although the term "Tanzanian" top-bar hive is currently used in
English-speaking countries to denote a Kenyan top-bar hive with straight sides instead of sloping sides, the original Tanzanian top-bar hive was developed independent of the Kenyan hive, and had design features that do not occur in
321:
The most popular method of harvesting honey from a top-bar hive is by cutting the comb from the top-bar, crushing the comb and straining the honey. This results in honey with a higher pollen content than honey that is extracted by flinging out without crushing the comb. Top-bar hive comb can be
121:
The angle of the sloped sides is most commonly recommended to be 30 degrees. The width of the top bars is the sum of comb thickness and one measure of beespace. This helps ensure that bees build exactly one comb per top bar. Most top-bar hive plans freely available on the internet show hives of
413:
Until the 1960s, beekeepers in rural
Tanzania used predominantly log hives, which consisted of a cylinder with closed ends and a harvesting hole near the middle. The fact that harvesting was done from the middle of the log meant that brood comb was destroyed every time honey was harvested. The
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Inspection of the combs can be carried out with far less disturbance to the bees than is the case with multi-storey hives, since only a small amount of the hive is exposed at any one time. Some hives incorporate a viewing glass window in the side of the hive that allows for observation without
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A top-bar hive is inspected by lifting the bars of comb individually. Some beekeepers start their inspection at any one of the bars, and can be completed over several sessions. Others start at either the front of the hive, against the wall or divider, or at the rear of the combs. This way the
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The top-bars rest freely on the hive walls without spacers, which means that the top-bars can be slid easily along the length of the hive during the inspection, without altering the sequence of the combs, and non-inspected bars need not be lifted out of the way to gain access to other bars.
125:
In
English speaking countries, the top-bar hive is usually mounted on a set of legs that lift the hive to a height that is comfortable for beekeepers. In African countries, the height of the hive is often also determined by the type of animal the hive is meant to be protected from.
244:) present a threat to beehives, single-box hives may be suspended out of reach. Elsewhere, they are commonly raised to a level that allows the beekeeper to inspect and manipulate them in comfort. Since no seasonal storage of honey collection boxes ("supers") is needed, nor is a
380:, published in 1682. The dimensions of that hive (including the supposed width of the top-bars and the angle of the hive sides) are variously indicated in modern citations of Wheler's work, but that is pure fiction, since Wheler himself mentioned no dimensions in his book.
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Disadvantages include (usually) unsupported combs that cannot be spun in most honey extractors. It is not usually possible to expand the hive if additional honey storage space is required. Most horizontal hives cannot easily be lifted and carried by one person.
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A top bar hive can also be rapidly converted to two or even three mini hives, called a nucleus hive, by placing bee-tight dividers within the hive, and allowing access to independent entrances. This may avoid the need to purchase and store such nucleus hives.
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Greek "Anástomo" bee hives, wicker or made from clay, are round in shape and have top-bar frames. At
Kythira Greece we find rectangular top bar hives made from stone which are considered the first top bar hives with fully interchangeable combs.
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first described in the 17th century and has been used in Crete until recently. Tub shaped top-bar hives are usually small enough to be portable, and allow beekeeping methods that involve periodic merging and splitting of colonies.
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top-bars with either a centre groove, a V-shaped bevel, or flat surface. The top-bars had lugs that were narrower than the bar itself. The hive could take 28 combs. The hive was covered with two lids, each covering half the hive.
389:
Although there is evidence that beekeeping was commonly practiced in Crete since the Late Minoan I period (1600–1450 BC), the most common method of beekeeping in that region is using clay or woven long, cylindrical hives.
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witnessed a beekeeping method using woven tub shaped top-bar hives in Greece in 1676. Spon briefly mentioned this in his memoirs, but Wheler gave a detailed description and a drawing of such a hive in his work
336:
Top-bar hives are popular with some beekeepers who believe it is a more natural form of beekeeping. Their building does not usually require such precise measurements as modern multi-story hives.
277:. The use of follower boards to selectively control the amount of interior space available to the bees can be helpful, particularly in young hives or when dealing with newly captured swarms.
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Although the hive's management differs strongly from the tub shaped Greek hive, early publications about the Kenyan hive often mention the Greek hive as an inspiration for the Kenyan hive.
356:
Bee hives that conform to the general description of top-bar hives have existed for many centuries. The earliest known possible mention of a bee hive with removable top-bars is in
293:
However, some commercial top-bar beekeepers have found that artificial queen excluders are sometimes necessary to keep the queen from laying eggs in the honey section of the hive.
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of guide, wax line or grooves, gives bees a place to hold on to with their hooked feet. This allows a substantial "drape" of bees to form, which is the beginning of comb building.
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Top hives have entrances that are a small slot or a number of holes of an inch in diameter or thereabouts, which more closely mimics what honey bees prefer in nest cavities.
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The beekeeper Zuanne Papadopoli described tub shaped top-bar beekeeping in clay pots that were used prior to 1669 in Crete. He wrote about it in his memoirs in 1696.
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The hive and its development was subsequently and extensively described by Dr. Isaac Kirea Kigatiira from Kenya, who was a student at Guelph in the early 1970s.
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commonly used, the equipment budget and storage space requirements are greatly reduced. Time and money may not need to be spent wiring foundation into frames.
105:", the Kenyan hive was actually developed in Canada, and the so-called Tanzanian hive is not the same as the top-bar hive that was developed in Tanzania.
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As crushing and straining is the most common method for honey harvesting in this type of hive, beeswax is often a by-product of top-bar hive beekeeping.
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inch (9.5 to 12.7 mm), and this did result in combs falling from the bars in the heat. It also resulted in much traffic back up at the entrance.
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807:"Journey Into Greece. 6 Books. With Variety of Sculptures. – London, Cademan 1682 – George and Spon Wheeler (Jacques), Jacques Spon – Google Boeken"
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There is no single opinion leader or national standard for horizontal hives, and many different designs are used. Some will accept the various
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The entrance should not be placed high on the hive as this will allow the escape of winter heat (but see ) for an alternative perspective).
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273:, as additional flavors will predominate. The progressive removal of brood comb appears, as noted above, consistent with control of
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Fedor Lazutin. Keeping bees with a smile. Principles and practice of natural beekeeping. p 321. New Society Publishers. April 2020.
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In 1790, Abbot Della Rocca from Syros also wrote about tub shaped top-bar bee hives used in Crete during his time.
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be done while lifting only one comb at a time and with minimal bending. In areas where large land animals (such as
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As part of the "natural beekeeping" concept, some beekeepers recommend opening the brood area only once a year.
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Thomas Wildman described tub shaped top-bar hives as "skeps that are open at the top" in his
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opening the hive itself, since in theory the combs do not get attached to the sloping sides.
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that end access or some free space without comb is available so adhered comb may be freed.
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roughly 1 meter (3') long and between 30 cm (12") and 50 cm (20") wide and high.
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made to practically any size and shape, as long as the top bars have an appropriate width.
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A version with straight sides was developed by Henry Mulzac by 1977, which used
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size of the interior space within the hive box that is accessible to the bees.)
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Comparisons with hive systems using vertical "supers" and conventional frames
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A beekeeper can make top bars from any plain wood. The top bars are usually
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Michael Bush. The Practical Beekeeper. p.551. xstarpublishing.com. 2004.
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Although the two most well-known styles of long top-bar hives are named "
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Ethel Eva Crane. The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting. 1990
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https://oxnatbees.wordpress.com/2020/01/04/top-bar-hives-warts-and-all/
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Centrifuge extractor being used for honey extraction of a Top Bar Hive
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compatible dimensions. The South African Jackson hive also uses
449: in) wide, that would each carry two combs instead of one.
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894:"Beekeeping with the Warré hive – Precursors of the Warré hive"
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Of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph. Dept (1969).
642:"The Bee Nest (Basic Bee Biology for Beekeepers) – eXtension"
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Image of a horizontal hive designed to fit 30 frames of comb
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One variation of Ntenga's hive used top-bars of 60 mm (
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Bees and beekeeping: science, practice, and world resources
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Mavrofridis, Georgios; Anagnostopoulos, Ioannis T. (2012).
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Advice for New Beekeepers UK National Bee Unit. 02/03/2020
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Honey can also be harvested from top-bar comb as cut comb.
873:"Museum of Cretan Ethnology – Pottery – Olive mill vessel"
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593:"The first top bar hive with fully interchangeable combs"
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further the brood nest becomes from newly created comb.
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This article first appeared in BBKA News, January 2020.
1051:"Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario"
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Top Bar Hives, warts and all. January 4, 2020. Paul.
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684:"Barefoot Beekeeper – practical, natural beekeeping"
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http://www.nationalbeeunit.com/index.cfm?pageid=209
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Short top-bar hive from Greece, as depicted in 1682
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1102:"Practical Beekeeping for the Developing World"
1077:"Practical Beekeeping for the Developing World"
1053:. Entomological Society of Ontario. 2011-07-21
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1128:Top Bar Hives and Information from Bee Built
918:"AmericasBeekeeper History of Top Bar Hives"
785:"History of British Standards in Beekeeping"
203:such as a 4-inch (100 mm) slot of only
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656:"Beekeeping in top bar hives, Michael Bush"
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555:"Conrad Berube/Island Crop Mgt. HTML info"
410:modern so-called Tanzanian top-bar hives.
1138:"Alternative" Hive Designs from BeeSource
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134:A top-bar hive has bars from which the
939:"DFID Livestock Husbandry Library 1.0"
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920:. Americasbeekeeper.com. 2008-02-23
395:Treatise on the management of bees
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1264:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes
618:"Beekeeping in Rural Development"
435: in) instead of 30 mm (
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1100:Mulzac, Henry C. (2009-08-05).
1075:Mulzac, Henry C. (2009-08-05).
1250:Bee learning and communication
623:. Library.uniteddiversity.coop
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805:Wheler, George (2012-01-24).
358:Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai
557:. .telus.net. Archived from
77:is a single-story frameless
1394:Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan
707:. Tbhsbywam.com. 2013-11-21
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1148:A Top Bar Observation Hive
1037:December 26, 2013, at the
875:. Cretanethnologymuseum.gr
833:. Academia.edu. 1970-01-01
453:Kenyan top-bar hive – KTBH
1735:Honeybee Discovery Center
1646:Diseases of the honey bee
1373:Apis mellifera scutellata
1191:types and characteristics
725:Crane, Eva (2010-09-18).
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1713:Museums and insectariums
1625:Colony collapse disorder
1600:Varroa sensitive hygiene
1380:Apis mellifera siciliana
1359:Apis mellifera monticola
1345:Apis mellifera pomonella
1331:Apis mellifera artemisia
1324:Apis mellifera adansonii
1013:"Small Scale Beekeeping"
1519:Horizontal top-bar hive
1422:Apis mellifera unicolor
1401:Apis mellifera sossimai
1387:Apis mellifera simensis
340:Tub shaped top-bar hive
1586:Parasites and diseases
1415:Apis mellifera taurica
1408:Apis mellifera syriaca
1366:Apis mellifera remipes
1338:Apis mellifera litorea
1143:VelaCreation's DIY TBH
854:. Ibra.org. April 2010
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246:centrifugal extractor
1725:Bee Museum of Rhodes
1641:Topics in beekeeping
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597:American Bee Journal
367:The travelling pair
1720:Malacca Bee Gallery
1620:Deformed wing virus
1511:BS National Beehive
1352:Apis mellifera meda
1286:Carniolan honey bee
896:. Warre.biobees.com
378:Journey Into Greece
364:, written in 1539.
149:(six sided) cells.
93:General information
42:Modern top bar hive
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1615:American foulbrood
787:. Dave-cushman.net
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1214:Laying worker bee
994:. Members.shaw.ca
503:accessed 6.6.2020
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27:Type of beehive
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18:Horizontal hive
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1572:Queen excluder
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1531:Stewarton hive
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1730:Honey Museum
1657:by countries
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1276:Buckfast bee
1112:Google Books
1110:– via
1105:. Retrieved
1095:
1087:Google Books
1085:– via
1080:. Retrieved
1070:
1062:Google Books
1060:– via
1055:. Retrieved
1045:
1028:
1017:. Retrieved
1007:
996:. Retrieved
983:
975:Google Books
973:– via
968:. Retrieved
958:
947:. Retrieved
943:the original
933:
922:. Retrieved
898:. Retrieved
888:
877:. Retrieved
867:
856:. Retrieved
846:
835:. Retrieved
825:
817:Google Books
815:– via
810:. Retrieved
800:
789:. Retrieved
778:
767:. Retrieved
757:
749:Google Books
747:– via
742:. Retrieved
727:
720:
709:. Retrieved
699:
688:. Retrieved
678:
664:
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625:. Retrieved
600:
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563:. Retrieved
559:the original
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75:top-bar hive
74:
72:
31:Top-Bar Hive
1689:New Zealand
1655:Beekeeping
1542:Honey super
1486:Royal jelly
1437:Cultivation
1296:Italian bee
51:Kenyan Hive
48:Other names
1577:Jenter kit
1562:Bee smoker
1557:Queen clip
1537:Hive frame
1444:Beekeeping
1235:Bee colony
1228:Life cycle
1209:Worker bee
1197:Bee castes
1107:2015-03-18
1082:2015-03-18
1057:2015-03-18
1019:2015-03-18
998:2015-03-18
970:2015-03-18
949:2013-03-21
924:2015-03-18
900:2015-03-18
879:2015-03-18
858:2015-03-18
837:2015-03-18
812:2015-03-18
791:2015-03-18
769:2015-03-18
744:2015-03-18
711:2015-03-18
690:2015-03-18
627:2015-03-18
565:2015-03-18
488:References
474:Langstroth
470:Langstroth
332:Philosophy
136:honey bees
59:Beekeeping
1664:Australia
1552:Hive tool
1515:Flow Hive
1495:Equipment
1476:Honeycomb
1219:Drone bee
1204:Queen bee
1189:Honey bee
397:in 1768.
271:root beer
147:hexagonal
103:Tanzanian
1756:Beehives
1750:Category
1481:Propolis
1449:Apiology
1255:Swarming
1035:Archived
188:Entrance
130:Top bars
101:" and "
64:Inventor
1694:Ukraine
1679:Ireland
1669:Hungary
1610:Waxworm
1507:Beehive
1454:Beeswax
444:⁄
430:⁄
218:⁄
208:⁄
175:⁄
161:⁄
89:sizes.
79:beehive
67:unknown
1502:Apiary
735:
528:
362:Le Api
238:ratels
113:Design
99:Kenyan
1684:Nepal
1674:India
1634:Lists
1459:Honey
1245:Brood
992:(PDF)
621:(PDF)
242:bears
733:ISBN
526:ISBN
371:and
269:and
267:mead
240:and
143:comb
1527:Nuc
601:152
275:AFB
213:to
166:to
140:wax
1752::
1529:,
1525:-
1521:,
1517:,
1513:,
909:^
731:.
609:^
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583:^
508:^
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1509:(
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206:3
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173:3
170:+
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
