172:
350:
48:
754:
444:
737:
297:
40:
679:
500:
119:
362:
482:(which improves the handling of the car), short length, low vibration and suitability for air cooling (due to the well exposed, large surface area, cylinder heads and short length). However the larger width of flat engines (compared with the more common inline and V layouts) is a drawback, particularly when the engine is located between the steered wheels.
462:
412:, low vibration, suitability for shaft drive, and even cooling of the cylinders (for air-cooled engines). The most common design of flat engines for motorcycles is the boxer-twin, beginning with the 1905 FĂ©e manufactured by the Light Motors Company flat-twin, which was the first production motorcycle to use a flat engine.
308:
Most flat engines use a "boxer" configuration, where each pair of opposing pistons move inwards and outwards at the same time, somewhat like boxing competitors punching their gloves together before a fight. Boxer engines have low vibrations, since they are the only common configuration that have no
369:
In 1902, the Pearse monoplane (which would later become one of the first aircraft to achieve flight) was powered by a flat-twin engine. Amongst the first commercially produced aircraft to use a flat engine is the 1909
485:
Flat engines were used by various automobile manufacturers— mostly with a boxer-four design— up until the late 1990s. Since then, only
Porsche and Subaru have remained as significant manufacturers of flat engines.
101:(for engines with six or more cylinders). Flat engines are more common in aircraft, where straight engines are a rarity and V engines have almost vanished except in historical aircraft. They have even replaced
891:'s line of boxer-four engines that remain in production to this day. Most of Subaru's models are powered by a boxer-four engine in either naturally aspirated or turbocharged form. A print ad for the 1973
1102:
202:— the most common layout for engines with six cylinders or more— flat engines have a lower centre of mass and better primary balance than V6 engines, however they typically have a larger width.
86:
with a 180-degree angle between the cylinder banks; in this configuration each pair of cylinders shares a single crankpin, so that as one piston moves inward, the other moves outward.
1507:
880:
line during its entire production run from 1960 to 1969 in various applications and power ratings, including one of the first uses of a turbocharger in a mass-produced automobile.
1293:
902:
Ferrari used flat-twelve engines for various
Formula One cars in the 1970s. A road car flat-twelve engine (using a 180-degree V12 configuration) was used for the 1973-1984
1460:
377:
Several boxer-four engines have been produced specifically for light aircraft. Several manufacturers produced boxer-six aircraft engines during the 1930s and 1940s.
642:(1992–present). The front half-shafts come out of a front differential that is part of the gearbox. A rear driveshaft connects the gearbox to the rear half-shafts.
852:
has exclusively used boxer-six engines from its introduction in 1964 until the present. In 1997, the
Porsche 911 switched from being air-cooled to water-cooled.
1110:
1035:
82:
configuration, in which the pistons of each opposed pair of cylinders move inwards and outwards at the same time. The other configuration is effectively a
1500:
1348:
959:
212:
are mostly used in motorcycles. Occasionally, they have been used in light cars, aircraft and industrial applications, mostly up until the 1960s.
596:
1493:
899:
engine became the world's first passenger car diesel boxer engine. This engine is a turbocharged boxer-four with common rail fuel injection.
646:
627:
557:
895:
coupe referred to the engine as "quadrozontal". The company also produced boxer-six engines from 1988 to 1996 and 2001–2019. In 2008, the
1404:
2052:
978:
1618:
1277:
1203:
718:
539:
198:(resulting in less vibration); however the disadvantages are increased width and the need to have two cylinder heads. Compared with
158:
1301:
832:
The majority of sports cars throughout
Porsche's history are powered by flat engines, beginning with its first car; the 1948-1965
1227:
1468:
700:
521:
140:
233:
in most of their models), and have occasionally been used in motorcycles. Their most common use is in smaller single-engine
171:
1430:
791:
93:. Flat engines have been used in aviation, motorcycle and automobile applications. They are now less common in cars than
1711:
1638:
810:
742:
696:
517:
136:
1534:
1133:
1165:
855:
400:
stroke ratio of 2:1 so that they could fit within the intake diverter, directly forward of the turbine compressor.
60:
1326:
1043:
689:
510:
129:
337:, which has been used on most twelve-cylinder flat engines. In this configuration, each pair of pistons shares a
349:
1788:
1628:
903:
779:
371:
47:
1356:
818:
380:
During World War II, boxer-twin engines called the "Riedel starter" were used as a starter motor/mechanical
321:
is present, since each cylinder is slightly offset from its opposing pair, due to the distance between the
1783:
1738:
1648:
1581:
896:
2047:
1773:
1768:
1748:
1673:
1633:
1623:
1576:
1571:
849:
72:
31:
1778:
1758:
1753:
1743:
1721:
1663:
1554:
1549:
1516:
381:
443:
2012:
1836:
1763:
1658:
1608:
753:
280:
309:
unbalanced forces regardless of the number of cylinders. Boxer engines therefore do not require a
1831:
1701:
1696:
1653:
1591:
907:
616:
318:
266:
1378:
1821:
1706:
1691:
1668:
1273:
1199:
877:
822:
814:
806:
581:
573:
250:
226:
222:
184:
1193:
1811:
1806:
922:
884:
760:
385:
234:
215:
209:
1485:
736:
1826:
1816:
1730:
1683:
1586:
427:
284:
256:
240:
195:
191:
94:
778:
engine, it was a boxer-twin design. Early uses of flat engines in cars include the 1900
1596:
836:
used an air-cooled boxer-four engine. Also using boxer-four engines were the 1969-1976
783:
654:
639:
604:
600:
479:
409:
393:
180:
809:(then called the "KdF-Wagen") was released with a rear-mounted flat-four engine. This
296:
175:
Difference between two flat 6 cylinder engines: 180° V on the left, boxer on the right
2041:
2007:
1997:
1854:
1643:
1561:
1520:
954:
649:
is relatively uncommon for cars with flat engines, however some examples include the
635:
630:
powered by flat engines (mostly boxer-four engines) since 1971. Examples include the
612:
608:
552:
Due to the short length of flat engines, locating a flat engine outside of the car's
422:
Several motorcycles have been produced with flat-four engines, such as the 1938-1939
310:
283:
are not known to have reached production. Prototype racing car engines were built by
102:
1438:
75:
design, whereby each cylinder has two pistons sharing a central combustion chamber.
39:
17:
1539:
1007:
799:
795:
631:
620:
413:
397:
270:
259:
are not known to have reached production. A prototype road car engine was built by
1603:
1544:
867:
866:
sports car. A flat-twelve engine was also produced by
Porsche for the 1969-1973
863:
859:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
678:
585:
577:
556:
results in minimal overhang. Therefore, many cars with flat engines have used a
499:
450:
354:
118:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1613:
1566:
423:
341:, rather than the boxer configuration where each piston has its own crankpin.
314:
219:
64:
247:
911 sports car), and have occasionally been used in motorcycles and aircraft.
1956:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1864:
1859:
918:
892:
873:
771:
658:
650:
589:
553:
361:
260:
90:
1141:
921:
twins, although the engine is actually designed and built by Subaru as the
829:, was introduced in 1982 and eventually replaced the air-cooled versions.
416:
have a long history of boxer-twin motorcycles, beginning in 1923 with the
27:
Combustion engine using pistons facing to the sides on a common crankshaft
2022:
2017:
2002:
1981:
1976:
1951:
1946:
1938:
1846:
1314:
Source: 'Subaru' magazine – Subaru 1000 extra edition (issued 1966-05-20)
949:
944:
939:
934:
662:
569:
468:
338:
334:
322:
199:
98:
83:
858:
were used in various racing cars throughout the 1960s, such as the 1962
471:
chassis and engine— front-mounted flat-twin engine with rear-wheel drive
430:. In 1987, the Honda Gold Wing engine was upsized to a flat-six design.
703: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
565:
561:
524: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
461:
417:
389:
301:
274:
244:
143: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
408:
Flat engines offer several advantages for motorcycles including a low
253:
have been used in several racing cars, mostly by
Porsche in the 1960s.
888:
230:
1140:(in French). Fédération des GoldWing Club de France. Archived from
599:, was also common for cars with flat engines. Examples include the
237:
aircraft in which they are still manufactured and used to this day.
51:
Benz
Contramotor, the first commercial flat-engine design, ca. 1899
360:
348:
295:
170:
46:
38:
1071:
333:
An alternative configuration for flat engines is as a 180-degree
876:
used a horizontally opposed air-cooled 6 cylinder engine in its
1489:
917:
for the boxer-four engine in the Toyota-badged versions of the
30:
For similarly-named engines with two pistons per cylinder, see
770:
The first flat engine was produced in 1897 by German engineer
672:
493:
112:
89:
The first flat engine (Benz
Contramotor) was built in 1897 by
1228:"Mercedes Heritage: Four-cylinder engines from Mercedes-Benz"
1198:. Oxford, UK: Heinemann Professional Publishing. p. 12.
374:
range of airplanes, which was powered by boxer-twin engines.
317:
to balance the weight of the reciprocating parts. However, a
1072:"The world's first horizontally-opposed turbo diesel engine"
63:
where the cylinders are located on either side of a central
1300:. Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. 10 August 2012. Archived from
478:
When used in cars, advantages of flat engines are a low
179:
The advantages of flat engines are a short length, low
218:
are mostly used in cars (particularly in the earlier
78:
The most common configuration of flat engines is the
1990:
1937:
1845:
1797:
1729:
1720:
1682:
1527:
1294:"Distinct Engineering Mounted into the Subaru 1000"
269:have been used in various racing cars, notably the
1349:"Flat-6 Club: 1993 Subaru Impreza w/ Legacy 6-Cyl"
825:compact car. A water-cooled version, known as the
813:was produced for many years and also used in the
1327:"» Vintage Subaru Ad (1973 The Subaru GL Coupe)"
97:(for engines with fewer than six cylinders) and
71:, however this is distinct from the less common
1501:
1405:"2008 Subaru Turbodiesel Boxer - First Drive"
1169:. Iliffe & Sons Ltd.: 283 5 October 1916.
979:"The Physics of: Engine Cylinder-Bank Angles"
384:for the early German jet engines such as the
243:are mostly used in cars (particularly by the
8:
1002:
1000:
205:The most common usages of flat engines are:
1437:. Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. Archived from
1270:Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942
1103:"The engine that Benz built still survives"
1726:
1508:
1494:
1486:
1096:
1094:
1092:
960:History of the internal combustion engine
719:Learn how and when to remove this message
540:Learn how and when to remove this message
159:Learn how and when to remove this message
1065:
1063:
1061:
1042:. Source Interlink Media. Archived from
79:
970:
626:Subaru have been producing cars with a
1179:
1029:
1027:
1025:
817:(Transporter, Kombi or Microbus), the
647:front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout
628:front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout
365:World War II-era Riedel starter motor
273:, during the 1960s and 1970s, and in
7:
1272:. Krause Publications. p. 572.
786:boxer-four, the 1904 Wilson-Pilcher
701:adding citations to reliable sources
558:rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout
522:adding citations to reliable sources
141:adding citations to reliable sources
287:and Porsche in the 1960s and 1970s.
1253:"The Wilson-Pilcher Petrol Cars".
1195:Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology
862:Formula One car and the 1968-1971
25:
1403:Harwood, Allyson (January 2008).
887:was introduced in 1966 and began
560:. Examples include the flat-twin
67:. Flat engines are also known as
1226:Hodzic, Muamer (27 March 2008).
1070:Hanlon, Mike (7 February 2001).
752:
735:
677:
498:
460:
453:DS140 boxer-twelve diesel engine
442:
117:
1467:. Ferrari S.p.A. Archived from
1431:"A True Engineering Revolution"
1034:Bonk, Aaron (7 February 2013).
688:needs additional citations for
509:needs additional citations for
128:needs additional citations for
105:in many smaller installations.
1355:. 12 June 2018. Archived from
1101:English, Bob (29 April 2010).
597:front-engine front-wheel drive
580:(1948–1965); and the flat-six
190:Compared with the more common
1:
1163:"The engine of the future".
913:Toyota uses the designation
846:Porsche Boxster/Cayman (982)
811:Volkswagen air-cooled engine
780:Lanchester 8 hp Phaeton
396:, these engines have a very
277:road cars from 1973 to 1996.
69:horizontally opposed engines
568:(1959–1965); the flat-four
194:, flat engines have better
43:Animation of a boxer engine
2069:
2053:Engines by cylinder layout
1383:Legacy Diesel Announcement
856:Porsche flat-eight engines
29:
313:or counterweights on the
1411:. Source Interlink Media
1109:. Canada. Archived from
1036:"How Boxer Engines Work"
1008:"Subaru Car Performance"
904:Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer
372:Santos-Dumont Demoiselle
357:, Patent AT 48877 (1909)
1268:Kimes, Beverly (1996).
910:and their derivatives.
819:Volkswagen Karmann Ghia
790:boxer-six and the 1903
1649:Single-acting cylinder
1582:Double-acting cylinder
1192:Nunney, M. J. (1988).
919:Toyota 86 / Subaru BRZ
651:Toyota 86 / Subaru BRZ
366:
358:
325:along the crankshaft.
305:
304:flat-twin boxer engine
176:
52:
44:
1517:Engine configurations
1255:The Automotor Journal
1134:"Début de la légende"
1040:Super Street Magazine
844:and the 2016-present
782:boxer-twin, the 1901
743:Volkswagen air-cooled
595:The opposite layout,
364:
352:
299:
174:
73:opposed-piston engine
50:
42:
32:opposed-piston engine
1619:Oscillating cylinder
1359:on 21 September 2019
1353:www.dailyturismo.com
983:www.caranddriver.com
697:improve this article
661:(1958–1965) and the
588:(1963-present), and
518:improve this article
292:Boxer configuration
281:Flat-sixteen engines
183:and suitability for
137:improve this article
18:Horizontally opposed
1712:Two-and four-stroke
1614:Intake over exhaust
1471:on 25 December 2013
1435:SUBARU BOXER DIESEL
1409:MotorTrend Magazine
1304:on 21 December 2013
1144:on 19 December 2013
1113:on 20 December 2013
1046:on 27 February 2014
1010:. Australia: Subaru
821:sports car and the
638:(1989-present) and
329:180-degree V engine
267:Flat-twelve engines
1379:"Greencarcongress"
1132:Szymezak, Pascal.
1107:The Globe and Mail
908:Ferrari Testarossa
617:Alfa Romeo Alfasud
426:and the 1974-1987
367:
359:
306:
251:Flat-eight engines
177:
53:
45:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
1731:Inline / straight
1629:Overhead camshaft
1298:SUBARU Philosophy
1182:, pp. 12–13.
985:. 14 October 2019
823:Volkswagen Type 3
815:Volkswagen Type 2
807:Volkswagen Beetle
763:boxer-four engine
745:boxer-four engine
729:
728:
721:
582:Chevrolet Corvair
574:Volkswagen Beetle
550:
549:
542:
490:Drivetrain layout
216:Flat-four engines
210:Flat-twin engines
169:
168:
161:
16:(Redirected from
2060:
1727:
1722:Cylinder layouts
1510:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1461:"Flat-12 engine"
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1329:. Scoobyblog.com
1323:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1257:. 16 April 1904.
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1138:La saga GoldWing
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1031:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1004:
995:
994:
992:
990:
975:
885:Subaru EA engine
840:, the 1965-1969
756:
739:
724:
717:
713:
710:
704:
681:
673:
653:(2012–present),
645:The traditional
619:(1971–1989) and
576:(1938–2003) and
564:(1957–1959) and
545:
538:
534:
531:
525:
502:
494:
464:
446:
386:Junkers Jumo 004
257:Flat-ten engines
241:Flat-six engines
235:general aviation
192:straight engines
164:
157:
153:
150:
144:
121:
113:
95:straight engines
21:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2027:
1986:
1933:
1841:
1793:
1716:
1678:
1523:
1514:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1441:on 1 March 2014
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1307:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1166:The Motor Cycle
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1005:
998:
988:
986:
977:
976:
972:
968:
931:
768:
767:
766:
765:
764:
757:
748:
747:
746:
740:
725:
714:
708:
705:
694:
682:
671:
546:
535:
529:
526:
515:
503:
492:
476:
475:
474:
473:
472:
465:
456:
455:
454:
447:
436:
428:Honda Gold Wing
406:
347:
331:
294:
196:primary balance
165:
154:
148:
145:
134:
122:
111:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1634:Overhead valve
1631:
1626:
1624:Opposed-piston
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:piston engines
1515:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1452:
1422:
1395:
1370:
1340:
1318:
1285:
1278:
1260:
1245:
1218:
1204:
1184:
1172:
1155:
1124:
1088:
1057:
1021:
996:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
930:
927:
784:Wilson-Pilcher
758:
751:
750:
749:
741:
734:
733:
732:
731:
730:
727:
726:
685:
683:
676:
670:
667:
655:Jowett Javelin
640:Subaru Impreza
605:Panhard Dyna X
548:
547:
506:
504:
497:
491:
488:
480:center of mass
466:
459:
458:
457:
448:
441:
440:
439:
438:
437:
435:
434:Automotive use
432:
410:center of mass
405:
404:Motorcycle use
402:
394:Norbert Riedel
392:. Designed by
353:Twin-boxer of
346:
343:
330:
327:
319:rocking couple
293:
290:
289:
288:
278:
264:
254:
248:
238:
213:
181:centre of mass
167:
166:
125:
123:
116:
110:
107:
103:radial engines
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2065:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1684:Stroke cycles
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1279:0-87341-428-4
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1234:. BenzInsider
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1207:
1205:0-434-91473-8
1201:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1009:
1003:
1001:
997:
984:
980:
974:
971:
965:
961:
958:
956:
955:Radial engine
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
928:
926:
924:
920:
916:
915:Toyota 4U-GSE
911:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
805:In 1938, the
803:
801:
798:and the 1905
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:. Called the
773:
762:
759:2012-present
755:
744:
738:
723:
720:
712:
709:February 2021
702:
698:
692:
691:
686:This section
684:
680:
675:
674:
668:
666:
665:(1923–1927).
664:
660:
657:(1947–1953),
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
636:Subaru Legacy
634:(1971–1994),
633:
629:
624:
623:(1971–1994).
622:
618:
615:(1970–1986),
614:
611:(1961–1970),
610:
609:Lancia Flavia
607:(1948–1954),
606:
603:(1948–1990),
602:
598:
593:
592:(1947–1948).
591:
587:
584:(1959–1969),
583:
579:
575:
572:(1936–1939),
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
544:
541:
533:
530:February 2021
523:
519:
513:
512:
507:This section
505:
501:
496:
495:
489:
487:
483:
481:
470:
463:
452:
445:
433:
431:
429:
425:
420:
419:
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
375:
373:
363:
356:
351:
344:
342:
340:
336:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:balance shaft
303:
298:
291:
286:
282:
279:
276:
272:
268:
265:
263:in the 1960s.
262:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
173:
163:
160:
152:
149:February 2021
142:
138:
132:
131:
126:This section
124:
120:
115:
114:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:piston engine
58:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2048:Flat engines
2013:Split-single
1799:Flat / boxer
1798:
1659:Swing-piston
1473:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1464:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1439:the original
1434:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1408:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:
1373:
1363:21 September
1361:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1352:
1343:
1333:18 September
1331:. Retrieved
1321:
1313:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1297:
1288:
1269:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1231:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1194:
1187:
1175:
1164:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1137:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:the original
1106:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1039:
1012:. Retrieved
987:. Retrieved
982:
973:
914:
912:
906:, 1984-1996
901:
882:
872:
870:sports car.
854:
831:
804:
800:Ford Model F
796:Ford Model C
792:Ford Model A
787:
775:
769:
715:
706:
695:Please help
690:verification
687:
644:
632:Subaru Leone
625:
621:Subaru Leone
594:
551:
536:
527:
516:Please help
511:verification
508:
484:
477:
424:ZĂĽndapp K800
421:
414:BMW Motorrad
407:
379:
376:
368:
345:Aviation use
332:
307:
271:Porsche 917K
204:
189:
178:
155:
146:
135:Please help
130:verification
127:
88:
80:boxer engine
77:
68:
56:
54:
36:
1702:Five-stroke
1697:Four-stroke
1654:Split cycle
1592:Free-piston
1535:Atmospheric
1475:21 December
1465:Ferrari.com
1445:20 December
1415:20 December
1308:20 December
1238:20 December
1180:Nunney 1988
1148:20 December
1117:19 December
1081:20 December
1050:21 December
923:Subaru FA20
868:Porsche 917
864:Porsche 908
860:Porsche 804
850:Porsche 911
842:Porsche 912
838:Porsche 914
834:Porsche 356
827:Wasserboxer
794:, the 1904
761:Subaru FA20
601:Citroën 2CV
586:Porsche 911
578:Porsche 356
451:Hino Motors
355:Johann Puch
185:air cooling
57:flat engine
2042:Categories
1707:Six-stroke
1692:Two-stroke
1609:Heron head
1567:Cam engine
1388:23 January
989:18 October
966:References
613:Citroën GS
467:1923-1927
398:oversquare
315:crankshaft
220:Volkswagen
65:crankshaft
897:Subaru EE
893:Subaru GL
874:Chevrolet
772:Karl Benz
659:Glas Isar
590:Tucker 48
554:wheelbase
323:crankpins
261:Chevrolet
200:V engines
99:V engines
91:Karl Benz
1639:Pentroof
1587:Flathead
1577:Compound
1555:Rotative
950:X engine
945:W engine
940:V engine
935:H engine
929:See also
925:engine.
788:18/24 HP
663:Tatra 11
570:Tatra 97
469:Tatra 11
339:crankpin
335:V engine
285:Coventry
84:V engine
1847:V / Vee
1664:Uniflow
1597:Stelzer
1572:Camless
1550:Cornish
878:Corvair
669:History
566:BMW 700
562:BMW 600
418:BMW R32
390:BMW 003
302:BMW R68
275:Ferrari
245:Porsche
229:and by
2008:Radial
1998:Deltic
1644:Rotary
1562:Bourke
1276:
1202:
1076:Gizmag
1014:1 July
889:Subaru
848:. The
776:kontra
231:Subaru
223:Type 1
109:Design
1991:Other
1674:Wedge
1540:Axial
1211:8 May
449:1969
300:1954
59:is a
1669:Watt
1604:Hemi
1545:Beam
1528:Type
1519:for
1477:2013
1447:2013
1417:2013
1390:2008
1365:2019
1335:2010
1310:2013
1274:ISBN
1240:2013
1232:Blog
1213:2015
1200:ISBN
1150:2013
1119:2013
1083:2013
1052:2013
1016:2020
991:2019
883:The
388:and
1982:W30
1977:W24
1972:W18
1967:W16
1962:W12
1929:V24
1924:V20
1919:V18
1914:V16
1909:V14
1904:V12
1899:V10
1887:VR6
1875:VR5
1837:F16
1832:F12
1827:F10
1789:I14
1784:I12
699:by
520:by
382:APU
225:to
139:by
2044::
1957:W8
1952:W6
1947:W3
1894:V8
1882:V6
1870:V5
1865:V4
1860:V3
1855:V2
1822:F8
1817:F6
1812:F4
1807:F2
1779:I9
1774:I8
1769:I7
1764:I6
1759:I5
1754:I4
1749:I3
1744:I2
1739:I1
1463:.
1433:.
1407:.
1381:.
1351:.
1312:.
1296:.
1230:.
1136:.
1105:.
1091:^
1074:.
1060:^
1038:.
1024:^
999:^
981:.
802:.
187:.
55:A
2023:X
2018:U
2003:H
1939:W
1509:e
1502:t
1495:v
1479:.
1449:.
1419:.
1392:.
1367:.
1337:.
1282:.
1242:.
1215:.
1152:.
1121:.
1085:.
1054:.
1018:.
993:.
722:)
716:(
711:)
707:(
693:.
543:)
537:(
532:)
528:(
514:.
227:4
162:)
156:(
151:)
147:(
133:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
