536:
443:
42:
283:
Störmer moved to France to carry out his PhD research in
Grenoble, working in a high-magnetic field laboratory which was run jointly between the French CNRS and the German Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research. Störmer's academic advisor was Hans-Joachim Queisser, and he was awarded a PhD by
275:
to study physics, but since he had missed the registration period for physics, he began with a mathematics and later changed to physics, qualifying for his
Diploma in the laboratory of Werner Martienssen. Here he was supervised by Eckhardt Hoenig, and worked alongside another future Nobel laureate,
2403:
210:
455:
288:
in 1977 for his thesis on investigations of electron hole droplets subject to high magnetic fields. He also met his wife, Dominique
Parchet, while working in Grenoble. They divorced each other a few years later.
2358:
2428:
2343:
2378:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2078:
2413:
567:
2383:
2388:
2233:
119:
2348:
632:
2071:
2202:
336:
335:, which was discovered by Störmer and Tsui in October 1981 in an experiment carried out in the Francis Bitter High Magnetic Field Lab at the
331:, a method for making extremely high mobility two dimensional electron systems in semiconductors. This enabled the later observation of the
2353:
560:
2363:
268:
2423:
576:
2393:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2064:
343:
was able to explain its results. Störmer, Tsui and
Laughlin were jointly awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work.
2368:
2373:
553:
2126:
684:
332:
313:
240:
109:
129:
1816:
1740:
767:
296:, where he carried out the research that led to his Nobel prize. After working at Bell Labs for 20 years, he became the
842:
272:
99:
362:
1459:
1224:
2122:
1627:
2097:
1587:
1535:
1383:
203:
525:
2256:
1643:
1567:
1439:
1001:
850:
791:
506:
285:
95:
76:
2338:
2171:
1671:
1639:
1300:
1116:
1009:
708:
580:
216:
124:
1932:
1748:
1619:
1551:
1463:
1399:
743:
173:
2333:
1848:
1780:
1435:
1196:
1068:
932:
889:
830:
676:
392:
2210:
1884:
1760:
1379:
1256:
1216:
1176:
920:
916:
811:
728:
656:
309:
224:
183:
157:
2179:
1916:
1708:
1651:
1595:
1583:
1539:
1483:
1475:
1395:
1375:
416:
220:
2044:
1667:
596:
2146:
1924:
1872:
1820:
1804:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1712:
1607:
1559:
1555:
1511:
1451:
1427:
1367:
1340:
1208:
1200:
1172:
985:
881:
672:
408:
328:
256:
2135:
2008:
1964:
1960:
1623:
1611:
1527:
1519:
1272:
1264:
1228:
1164:
1156:
1108:
1017:
928:
858:
664:
400:
168:
2036:
2028:
1992:
1856:
1836:
1744:
1683:
1575:
1523:
1499:
1415:
1407:
1344:
1316:
1232:
1136:
948:
775:
616:
604:
545:
520:
340:
305:
232:
1152:
700:
396:
2191:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1928:
1912:
1904:
1828:
1812:
1788:
1772:
1679:
1659:
1599:
1363:
1240:
1124:
1100:
1052:
993:
908:
838:
799:
759:
724:
640:
535:
442:
327:
Perhaps as important as the work for which he won the Nobel prize is his invention of
2327:
2216:
2160:
2040:
1988:
1980:
1956:
1900:
1896:
1876:
1860:
1832:
1764:
1543:
1507:
1391:
1328:
1276:
1212:
1192:
1128:
1088:
1076:
1056:
1025:
648:
608:
479:
236:
420:
17:
2024:
2020:
1976:
1944:
1940:
1792:
1776:
1471:
1443:
1423:
1312:
1292:
1284:
1112:
1033:
940:
807:
716:
692:
620:
264:
404:
41:
2241:
2222:
2105:
2088:
1972:
1888:
1800:
1756:
1716:
1495:
1491:
1411:
1324:
1296:
1096:
1064:
866:
624:
277:
228:
2111:
1948:
1864:
1844:
1687:
1635:
1248:
1184:
1140:
977:
893:
783:
751:
2056:
391:, vol. 220, no. 4603 (published Jun 17, 1983), pp. 1241–1246,
2154:
1336:
1308:
1144:
493:
297:
293:
244:
161:
68:
412:
2404:
Knights
Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
530:
437:
1084:
366:
260:
301:
147:
72:
2060:
549:
227:. He was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with
480:"Horst L. Stormer | Biography, Nobel Prize, & Facts"
387:
Stormer, HL; Tsui, DC (1983), "The
Quantized Hall Effect.",
292:
After receiving his PhD, Störmer moved to the US to work at
247:
at the time of the experiment cited by the Nobel committee.
2359:
Columbia School of
Engineering and Applied Science faculty
267:
in 1967, he enrolled in architectural engineering at the
2429:
Benjamin
Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
2344:
Foreign associates of the
National Academy of Sciences
2232:
2201:
2170:
2145:
2121:
2096:
1697:
1354:
1043:
821:
587:
316:in 2006. He retired as professor emeritus in 2011.
179:
167:
153:
143:
115:
105:
91:
83:
51:
32:
2379:Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize winners
339:. Within a year of the experimental discovery,
539:including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1998
2419:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2072:
561:
215:; born April 6, 1949) is a German physicist,
8:
263:. After graduating from the Goetheschule in
239:with fractionally charged excitations" (the
2079:
2065:
2057:
568:
554:
546:
534:
441:
433:
431:
429:
357:
355:
40:
29:
2399:Naturalized citizens of the United States
2414:Fellows of the American Physical Society
312:in New York City. He was elected to the
120:Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize
2409:Technische Universität Darmstadt alumni
351:
235:"for their discovery of a new form of
337:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
319:Störmer is a naturalized US citizen.
202:
7:
526:Honeywell - Nobel Interactive Studio
259:, and grew up in the nearby town of
2384:Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
541:The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
25:
2389:21st-century American physicists
243:). He and Tsui were working at
204:[ˈhɔʁstˈluːtvɪçˈʃtœʁmɐ]
2349:20th-century German physicists
333:fractional quantum Hall effect
314:American Philosophical Society
241:fractional quantum Hall effect
110:Fractional quantum Hall effect
1:
405:10.1126/science.220.4603.1241
2354:Columbia University faculty
273:Goethe University Frankfurt
130:The Benjamin Franklin Medal
100:Goethe University Frankfurt
2445:
2364:Nobel laureates in Physics
2424:Scientists from Frankfurt
2251:
507:Nobel Prize press release
271:, but later moved to the
189:
136:
39:
2394:American Nobel laureates
521:Horst L. Stormer Patents
2369:Scientists at Bell Labs
363:"Home page at Columbia"
286:University of Stuttgart
96:University of Stuttgart
77:Allied-occupied Germany
2374:German Nobel laureates
2257:Nobel Prize recipients
2203:Physiology or Medicine
581:Nobel Prize in Physics
125:Nobel Prize in Physics
200:German pronunciation:
174:Hans-Joachim Queisser
2186:Horst Ludwig Störmer
531:Horst Ludwig Störmer
460:search.amphilsoc.org
456:"APS Member History"
438:Horst Ludwig Störmer
255:Störmer was born in
196:Horst Ludwig Störmer
34:Horst Ludwig Störmer
18:Horst Ludwig Stormer
2211:Robert F. Furchgott
397:1983Sci...220.1241S
310:Columbia University
225:Columbia University
158:Columbia University
2180:Robert B. Laughlin
533:on Nobelprize.org
494:"Horst L. Störmer"
440:on Nobelprize.org
221:emeritus professor
2321:
2320:
2234:Economic Sciences
2054:
2053:
329:modulation doping
257:Frankfurt am Main
193:
192:
180:Doctoral students
138:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
2436:
2259:
2217:Louis J. Ignarro
2192:Daniel Chee Tsui
2163:(United Kingdom)
2114:(United Kingdom)
2081:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2047:
2031:
2015:
1999:
1983:
1967:
1951:
1935:
1919:
1907:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1851:
1839:
1823:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1767:
1751:
1735:
1719:
1690:
1674:
1662:
1646:
1630:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1546:
1530:
1514:
1502:
1486:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1446:
1430:
1418:
1402:
1386:
1370:
1347:
1331:
1319:
1303:
1287:
1279:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1219:
1203:
1187:
1179:
1167:
1159:
1147:
1131:
1119:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1071:
1059:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
980:
972:
971:
965:
964:
958:
957:
951:
943:
935:
923:
911:
903:
902:
896:
884:
876:
875:
869:
861:
853:
845:
833:
814:
802:
794:
786:
778:
770:
762:
754:
746:
738:
737:
731:
719:
711:
709:Kamerlingh Onnes
703:
695:
687:
679:
667:
659:
651:
643:
635:
627:
611:
599:
570:
563:
556:
547:
538:
509:
504:
498:
497:
490:
484:
483:
482:. 23 April 2024.
476:
470:
469:
467:
466:
452:
446:
445:
435:
424:
423:
384:
378:
377:
375:
374:
365:. Archived from
359:
214:
213:
212:
206:
201:
169:Doctoral advisor
65:
61:
59:
44:
30:
27:German physicist
21:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2255:
2247:
2228:
2225:(United States)
2219:(United States)
2213:(United States)
2197:
2194:(United States)
2182:(United States)
2166:
2141:
2117:
2108:(United States)
2092:
2085:
2055:
2050:
2034:
2018:
2002:
1986:
1970:
1954:
1938:
1922:
1910:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1854:
1842:
1826:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1770:
1754:
1738:
1722:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1677:
1665:
1649:
1640:Cohen-Tannoudji
1633:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1549:
1533:
1517:
1505:
1489:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1449:
1433:
1421:
1405:
1389:
1373:
1361:
1350:
1334:
1322:
1306:
1290:
1282:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1222:
1206:
1190:
1182:
1170:
1162:
1150:
1134:
1122:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
983:
975:
969:
968:
962:
961:
955:
954:
946:
938:
926:
914:
906:
900:
899:
887:
879:
873:
872:
864:
856:
848:
836:
828:
817:
805:
797:
789:
781:
773:
765:
757:
749:
741:
735:
734:
722:
714:
706:
698:
690:
682:
670:
662:
654:
646:
638:
630:
614:
602:
594:
583:
574:
517:
512:
505:
501:
492:
491:
487:
478:
477:
473:
464:
462:
454:
453:
449:
436:
427:
386:
385:
381:
372:
370:
361:
360:
353:
349:
341:Robert Laughlin
325:
323:Research career
306:applied physics
253:
233:Robert Laughlin
209:
208:
207:
199:
160:
128:
123:
98:
92:Alma mater
79:
66:
63:
57:
55:
47:
46:Störmer in 1998
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2032:
2016:
2000:
1984:
1968:
1952:
1936:
1920:
1908:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1852:
1840:
1824:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1768:
1752:
1736:
1720:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1675:
1663:
1647:
1631:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1547:
1531:
1515:
1503:
1487:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1447:
1431:
1419:
1403:
1387:
1376:P. W. Anderson
1371:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1332:
1320:
1304:
1288:
1280:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1220:
1204:
1197:Goeppert Mayer
1188:
1180:
1168:
1160:
1148:
1132:
1120:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1072:
1060:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
989:
981:
973:
966:
959:
952:
944:
936:
924:
921:C. D. Anderson
912:
904:
897:
885:
877:
870:
862:
854:
846:
834:
825:
823:
819:
818:
816:
815:
803:
795:
787:
779:
771:
763:
755:
747:
739:
732:
720:
712:
704:
696:
688:
680:
668:
660:
652:
644:
636:
628:
612:
600:
591:
589:
585:
584:
575:
573:
572:
565:
558:
550:
544:
543:
528:
523:
516:
515:External links
513:
511:
510:
499:
485:
471:
447:
425:
379:
350:
348:
345:
324:
321:
252:
249:
217:Nobel laureate
191:
190:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
165:
164:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
134:
133:
117:
113:
112:
107:
106:Known for
103:
102:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
67:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2441:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Living people
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2161:David Trimble
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2136:José Saramago
2134:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2112:John A. Pople
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1628:R. Richardson
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:Chandrasekhar
1456:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1003:
998:
995:
990:
987:
982:
979:
974:
967:
960:
953:
950:
945:
942:
937:
934:
933:G. P. Thomson
930:
925:
922:
918:
913:
910:
905:
898:
895:
891:
886:
883:
878:
871:
868:
863:
860:
855:
852:
851:O. Richardson
847:
844:
840:
835:
832:
827:
826:
824:
820:
813:
809:
804:
801:
796:
793:
788:
785:
780:
777:
772:
769:
764:
761:
756:
753:
748:
745:
740:
733:
730:
726:
721:
718:
713:
710:
705:
702:
697:
694:
689:
686:
685:Van der Waals
681:
678:
674:
669:
666:
661:
658:
653:
650:
649:J. J. Thomson
645:
642:
637:
634:
629:
626:
622:
618:
613:
610:
606:
601:
598:
593:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
571:
566:
564:
559:
557:
552:
551:
548:
542:
537:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
508:
503:
500:
495:
489:
486:
481:
475:
472:
461:
457:
451:
448:
444:
439:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
380:
369:on 2012-12-20
368:
364:
358:
356:
352:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
320:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
300:professor of
299:
295:
290:
287:
281:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
237:quantum fluid
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
211:
205:
197:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
172:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
126:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
64:(age 75)
62:April 6, 1949
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2287:
2185:
1655:
1484:von Klitzing
1476:Van der Meer
540:
502:
488:
474:
463:. Retrieved
459:
450:
388:
382:
371:. Retrieved
367:the original
326:
318:
291:
282:
269:TH Darmstadt
265:Neu-Isenburg
261:Sprendlingen
254:
195:
194:
154:Institutions
137:
2334:1949 births
2242:Amartya Sen
2223:Ferid Murad
2106:Walter Kohn
2089:Nobel Prize
1528:Steinberger
1444:K. Siegbahn
1436:Bloembergen
1157:Chamberlain
890:Schrödinger
800:M. Siegbahn
729:W. H. Bragg
725:W. L. Bragg
278:Gerd Binnig
229:Daniel Tsui
84:Nationality
2328:Categories
2138:(Portugal)
2123:Literature
2045:L'Huillier
2009:Hasselmann
1965:Strickland
1933:Kosterlitz
1857:Perlmutter
1596:Brockhouse
1301:Schrieffer
1173:Hofstadter
1125:C. N. Yang
882:Heisenberg
859:De Broglie
465:2021-05-21
373:2014-04-20
347:References
58:1949-04-06
2188:(Germany)
2157:(Ireland)
2155:John Hume
2098:Chemistry
2091:laureates
2029:Zeilinger
1849:Novoselov
1817:Kobayashi
1741:Abrikosov
1588:J. Taylor
1568:de Gennes
1560:R. Taylor
1452:K. Wilson
1400:R. Wilson
1384:Van Vleck
1355:1976–2000
1345:Rainwater
1341:Mottelson
1317:Josephson
1265:Gell-Mann
1229:Schwinger
1217:Prokhorov
1177:Mössbauer
1137:Cherenkov
1129:T. D. Lee
1053:Cockcroft
1044:1951–1975
843:C. Wilson
822:1926–1950
768:Guillaume
657:Michelson
617:Becquerel
588:1901–1925
577:Laureates
298:I.I. Rabi
294:Bell Labs
251:Biography
245:Bell Labs
162:Bell Labs
69:Frankfurt
2037:Agostini
1925:Thouless
1917:McDonald
1905:Nakamura
1873:Wineland
1805:Grünberg
1761:Politzer
1745:Ginzburg
1733:Giacconi
1713:Ketterle
1668:'t Hooft
1652:Laughlin
1644:Phillips
1624:Osheroff
1552:Friedman
1524:Schwartz
1520:Lederman
1440:Schawlow
1416:Weinberg
1225:Tomonaga
1117:Brattain
1109:Shockley
1018:Blackett
1010:Appleton
1002:Bridgman
949:Lawrence
929:Davisson
909:Chadwick
792:Millikan
776:Einstein
665:Lippmann
633:Rayleigh
625:M. Curie
621:P. Curie
421:17639748
413:17769353
2244:(India)
2172:Physics
2025:Clauser
1989:Penrose
1973:Peebles
1929:Haldane
1897:Akasaki
1885:Englert
1877:Haroche
1861:Schmidt
1821:Maskawa
1773:Glauber
1765:Wilczek
1749:Leggett
1729:Koshiba
1709:Cornell
1700:present
1684:Kroemer
1680:Alferov
1672:Veltman
1656:Störmer
1576:Charpak
1556:Kendall
1540:Dehmelt
1508:Bednorz
1408:Glashow
1396:Penzias
1392:Kapitsa
1364:Richter
1337:A. Bohr
1313:Giaever
1293:Bardeen
1257:Alvarez
1241:Kastler
1233:Feynman
1113:Bardeen
1077:Zernike
1069:Purcell
839:Compton
784:N. Bohr
673:Marconi
605:Lorentz
597:Röntgen
579:of the
393:Bibcode
389:Science
302:physics
184:Jun Zhu
148:Physics
2041:Krausz
2035:2023:
2021:Aspect
2019:2022:
2013:Manabe
2005:Parisi
2003:2021:
1993:Genzel
1987:2020:
1981:Queloz
1971:2019:
1961:Mourou
1957:Ashkin
1955:2018:
1949:Thorne
1945:Barish
1939:2017:
1923:2016:
1913:Kajita
1911:2015:
1895:2014:
1883:2013:
1871:2012:
1855:2011:
1843:2010:
1827:2009:
1811:2008:
1799:2007:
1789:Mather
1787:2006:
1781:Hänsch
1771:2005:
1755:2004:
1739:2003:
1723:2002:
1717:Wieman
1707:2001:
1678:2000:
1666:1999:
1650:1998:
1634:1997:
1620:D. Lee
1618:1996:
1612:Reines
1606:1995:
1594:1994:
1582:1993:
1574:1992:
1566:1991:
1550:1990:
1536:Ramsey
1534:1989:
1518:1988:
1512:Müller
1506:1987:
1500:Rohrer
1496:Binnig
1490:1986:
1482:1985:
1472:Rubbia
1470:1984:
1464:Fowler
1458:1983:
1450:1982:
1434:1981:
1424:Cronin
1422:1980:
1406:1979:
1390:1978:
1374:1977:
1362:1976:
1335:1975:
1329:Hewish
1323:1974:
1307:1973:
1297:Cooper
1291:1972:
1283:1971:
1273:Alfvén
1271:1970:
1263:1969:
1255:1968:
1247:1967:
1239:1966:
1223:1965:
1209:Townes
1207:1964:
1201:Jensen
1193:Wigner
1191:1963:
1185:Landau
1183:1962:
1171:1961:
1165:Glaser
1163:1960:
1151:1959:
1135:1958:
1123:1957:
1107:1956:
1095:1955:
1083:1954:
1075:1953:
1063:1952:
1057:Walton
1051:1951:
1034:Powell
1032:1950:
1026:Yukawa
1024:1949:
1016:1948:
1008:1947:
1000:1946:
992:1945:
984:1944:
976:1943:
947:1939:
939:1938:
927:1937:
915:1936:
907:1935:
888:1933:
880:1932:
865:1930:
857:1929:
849:1928:
837:1927:
831:Perrin
829:1926:
808:Franck
806:1925:
798:1924:
790:1923:
782:1922:
774:1921:
766:1920:
758:1919:
752:Planck
750:1918:
744:Barkla
742:1917:
723:1915:
715:1914:
707:1913:
699:1912:
691:1911:
683:1910:
671:1909:
663:1908:
655:1907:
647:1906:
641:Lenard
639:1905:
631:1904:
615:1903:
609:Zeeman
603:1902:
595:1901:
419:
411:
144:Fields
132:(1998)
127:(1998)
122:(1984)
116:Awards
87:German
2288:1998
2147:Peace
2087:1998
1977:Mayor
1941:Weiss
1901:Amano
1889:Higgs
1865:Riess
1837:Smith
1833:Boyle
1813:Nambu
1793:Smoot
1757:Gross
1725:Davis
1698:2001–
1688:Kilby
1600:Shull
1584:Hulse
1492:Ruska
1428:Fitch
1412:Salam
1309:Esaki
1285:Gabor
1249:Bethe
1213:Basov
1153:Segrè
1141:Frank
1101:Kusch
1089:Bothe
1065:Bloch
994:Pauli
978:Stern
941:Fermi
894:Dirac
867:Raman
812:Hertz
760:Stark
701:Dalén
677:Braun
417:S2CID
73:Hesse
2313:2003
2308:2002
2303:2001
2298:2000
2293:1999
2283:1997
2278:1996
2273:1995
2268:1994
2263:1993
2127:1998
1997:Ghez
1845:Geim
1801:Fert
1777:Hall
1660:Tsui
1608:Perl
1544:Paul
1380:Mott
1368:Ting
1325:Ryle
1277:Néel
1145:Tamm
1097:Lamb
1085:Born
986:Rabi
970:1942
963:1941
956:1940
917:Hess
901:1934
874:1931
736:1916
717:Laue
693:Wien
409:PMID
304:and
284:the
231:and
219:and
52:Born
1829:Kao
1636:Chu
401:doi
308:at
223:at
2330::
2043:/
2039:/
2027:/
2023:/
2011:/
2007:/
1995:/
1991:/
1979:/
1975:/
1963:/
1959:/
1947:/
1943:/
1931:/
1927:/
1915:/
1903:/
1899:/
1887:/
1875:/
1863:/
1859:/
1847:/
1835:/
1831:/
1819:/
1815:/
1803:/
1791:/
1779:/
1775:/
1763:/
1759:/
1747:/
1743:/
1731:/
1727:/
1715:/
1711:/
1686:/
1682:/
1670:/
1658:/
1654:/
1642:/
1638:/
1626:/
1622:/
1610:/
1598:/
1586:/
1558:/
1554:/
1542:/
1538:/
1526:/
1522:/
1510:/
1498:/
1494:/
1474:/
1462:/
1442:/
1438:/
1426:/
1414:/
1410:/
1398:/
1394:/
1382:/
1378:/
1366:/
1343:/
1339:/
1327:/
1315:/
1311:/
1299:/
1295:/
1275:/
1231:/
1227:/
1215:/
1211:/
1199:/
1195:/
1175:/
1155:/
1143:/
1139:/
1127:/
1115:/
1111:/
1099:/
1087:/
1067:/
1055:/
931:/
919:/
892:/
841:/
810:/
727:/
675:/
623:/
619:/
607:/
458:.
428:^
415:,
407:,
399:,
354:^
280:.
75:,
71:,
60:)
2129:)
2125:(
2080:e
2073:t
2066:v
569:e
562:t
555:v
496:.
468:.
403::
395::
376:.
198:(
56:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
