297:. He worked at Block 30 in the women's hospital, where he set up an X-ray station in 1942. Here men and women were forcibly sterilized by being positioned repeatedly for several minutes between two X-ray machines, the rays aiming at their sexual organs. Most subjects died after great suffering, or were gassed immediately because the radiation burns from which they suffered rendered them unfit for work. Schumann "...chose his test persons himself. They were always young, healthy, good-looking Jewish men, women and girls who looked like old people afterwards. The parts of the body that were treated with the rays experienced severe radiation burns and suppuration (i.e. discharge of pus). Men's testicles and women's ovaries were then surgically removed and sent to
93:
314:
116:
358:. An application for a license for a hunting gun led to his identity being exposed in 1951, so the German Democratic Republic issued an arrest warrant. According to his own statement, Schumann served as a ship's doctor for three years and because he did not have a German passport, he applied for one in Japan in 1954 and received it under his own name. Schumann then fled, first to
301:
for histopathological examination. Part of
Schumann's control tests, to check whether the radiation had worked, was the so-called semen check: a stick covered with a rubber hose was inserted into the rectum of the victim and the glands stimulated until ejaculation occurred so that the ejaculate could
394:
on 23 September 1970. Charged with killing 30,000 Jews, Schumann admitted to killing as many as 80,000 Jews, saying "I have no numbers". However, Schumann was released from prison on 29 July 1972 due to his heart condition and generally deteriorating health. He died on 5 May 1983, 11 years after he
399:
has observed "...Schumann has great importance for us because of what he did – intense involvement in both direct medical killing and unusually brutal
Auschwitz experiments – and what he was – an ordinary, but highly Nazified man and doctor..."
33:
3356:
3467:
546:
Klodzinski, Stanislaw: "Sterilisation und
Kastration durch Röntgenstrahlen im Auschwitz-Lager. Verbrechen Horst Schumann" in Internationales Auschwitz-Komitee (Hrsg.) "Unmenschliche Medizin" Anthologie, Bd. 1, Teil 2, Warschau
329:
in the main camp of
Auschwitz. In this Block Jewish women had been imprisoned for human experiments. To control the radiation on women, prisoner doctors (Dr. Maximilian Samuel, Dr. Wladislaw Dering) had to remove an ovary.
538:
Klee, Ernst. "Turning the tap on was no big deal", (1990) - The gassing doctors during the Nazi period and afterwards, Dachau Review 2, History of Nazi
Concentration Camps, Studies, Reports, Documents, Volume 2. edited by
353:
While serving as a military doctor on the
Western Front, he was captured by the Americans in January 1945. He was released from captivity in October 1945. In April 1946, he began to work as a sports doctor for the city of
3222:
1185:
3210:
2750:
1994:
614:
3427:
2825:
370:
as head of a hospital. He was forced to flee from Sudan in 1962 after being recognized by an
Auschwitz survivor. Then he went to Ghana, where he received the protection of the head of state,
2351:
337:
experiments by injecting people with blood from typhus patients and then attempting to cure the newly infected subjects. Schumann left
Auschwitz in September 1944 and was appointed to the
2386:
2341:
3407:
2381:
2376:
2361:
2366:
214:" ("The Question of Iodine Absorption and the Therapeutic Effects of so-called Iodine Baths"). He started his career as an assistant doctor in the Surgical Clinic of the clinic of
3392:
2371:
2346:
2104:
1178:
2604:
2315:
655:
607:
1171:
745:
2310:
3422:
2818:
2320:
2647:
2325:
3442:
2783:
2400:
600:
215:
2632:
2811:
1989:
839:
3402:
2788:
2356:
2097:
2597:
991:
171:
3432:
2722:
2019:
2051:
1944:
2455:
3462:
3457:
3417:
1949:
569:
3452:
3437:
2652:
2135:
2090:
738:
543:
and
Barbara Distel, published for the Comite International de Dachau, Brussels. Verlag Dachauer Hefte, Alte Roemerstrasse 75, 8060 Dachau.
470:
456:
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278:
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929:
731:
587:
2708:
2063:
2039:
834:
274:
3412:
2186:
2730:
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1059:
782:
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250:
2196:
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318:
152:
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2031:
909:
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854:
844:
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894:
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2501:
2191:
2155:
2059:
1999:
1582:
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859:
804:
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501:
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2035:
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1140:
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1873:
1104:
899:
3330:
3164:
2999:
2883:
2420:
2145:
1979:
700:
690:
680:
670:
623:
2858:
2201:
1751:
1666:
313:
3217:
2740:
2160:
1014:
3382:
3377:
2979:
2969:
2868:
2217:
2055:
1928:
1893:
1813:
1449:
1374:
1318:
914:
417:
227:
1044:
3205:
3200:
2938:
2755:
2627:
2277:
2267:
2227:
1676:
1499:
1069:
1038:
1004:
939:
582:
1009:
3239:
3190:
3130:
2465:
2252:
2004:
1552:
1489:
1419:
1409:
1328:
793:
769:
338:
199:
56:
52:
2496:
2257:
1828:
1766:
1049:
166:
140:
3270:
2994:
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2222:
1898:
1625:
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76:
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1308:
1263:
1258:
1099:
1094:
1029:
999:
981:
971:
934:
919:
550:
Mitscherlich, Alexander/Mielke, Fred: "Medizin ohne
Menschlichkeit", Frankfurt a. M. 1978,
115:
3299:
3295:
3114:
3088:
2703:
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2555:
2486:
2435:
2415:
2176:
1983:
1913:
1843:
1781:
1771:
1711:
1646:
1514:
1424:
1313:
1298:
1283:
1243:
1109:
961:
246:
2984:
2425:
1756:
1338:
1218:
1074:
3265:
3255:
3136:
3072:
3041:
3025:
2908:
2878:
2853:
2445:
2440:
2272:
2140:
2047:
1969:
1923:
1838:
1736:
1697:
1661:
1479:
1469:
1464:
1439:
1429:
1379:
1268:
1253:
1233:
1223:
1084:
1034:
976:
904:
207:
592:
3371:
3314:
3304:
3275:
3229:
3195:
3180:
2948:
2913:
2903:
2873:
2642:
2460:
2232:
1973:
1908:
1903:
1888:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1823:
1761:
1716:
1630:
1615:
1605:
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1064:
1054:
1024:
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955:
637:
540:
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371:
210:
in 1932. In 1933, he received his medical degree after producing a thesis entitled "
120:
60:
2803:
3340:
3051:
2974:
2943:
2918:
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2863:
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2009:
1918:
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1213:
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254:
238:
98:
80:
3067:
1404:
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3015:
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1414:
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1833:
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262:
175:
32:
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be tested for sperm..." Both kinds of samples were sent to the University of
249:
in the first gas chamber. In the early summer of 1940, he was ordered to the
245:
euthanasia centre in Württemberg, where mentally ill people were gassed with
2125:
1562:
1135:
391:
294:
258:
242:
231:
179:
110:
3357:
List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes
2150:
230:. He was recruited to the air force as a physician in 1939. He joined the
2565:
363:
355:
326:
285:
and Niederhangen concentration camps to the euthanasia killing centers.
303:
298:
241:
in Hitler's chancellery. In January 1940, Schumann became head of the
183:
3335:
2637:
342:
334:
212:
Frage der Jodresorption und der therapeutischen Wirkung sog. Jodbäder
202:. His father, Paul Schumann, was also a doctor. Schumann entered the
457:"Nazi Doctor in Ghana Admits Sterilizing 30,000 Jews; Killed 80,000"
237:
Euthanasia program in early October 1939, after a meeting with Dr.
471:"Ghana Court Orders Extradition of Auschwitz Doctor to W. Germany"
383:
367:
359:
312:
203:
187:
3468:
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
533:
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide
226:
From 1934, Schumann was employed in the Public Health Office in
2807:
2586:
2086:
1167:
727:
596:
562:
Die Frauen von Block 10. Medizinische Experimente in Auschwitz.
182:
and was particularly interested in the mass sterilization of
1194:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
345:
which had earlier been converted into a military hospital.
253:. Schumann also belonged to a commission of doctors called "
2751:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
3428:
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
3349:
3323:
3288:
3248:
3173:
3157:
3150:
3123:
3102:
3081:
3060:
3034:
3008:
2957:
2846:
2839:
2764:
2721:
2691:
2670:
2661:
2618:
2533:
2513:
2474:
2408:
2399:
2334:
2303:
2296:
2210:
2169:
2118:
2018:
1962:
1937:
1801:
1794:
1695:
1639:
1581:
1523:
1352:
1206:
1199:
1128:
990:
948:
887:
820:
768:
759:
148:
135:
127:
104:
86:
66:
39:
23:
2113:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
257:", who transferred weak and sick prisoners from
321:where Schumann committed his medical atrocities
3408:Auschwitz concentration camp medical personnel
2819:
2598:
2098:
1179:
739:
608:
8:
2784:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
754:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
3154:
2843:
2826:
2812:
2804:
2667:
2605:
2591:
2583:
2405:
2300:
2105:
2091:
2083:
1798:
1203:
1186:
1172:
1164:
765:
746:
732:
724:
720:
615:
601:
593:
390:where the trial against him was opened in
31:
20:
3393:German Völkisch Freedom Party politicians
170:(major) and medical doctor who conducted
2709:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
422:Auschwitz-Birkenau: Memorial and Museum
409:
325:Schumann selected some of the women in
16:Nazi SS doctor at Auschwitz (1906–1983)
3423:Physicians from the Province of Saxony
2692:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
2052:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
382:In 1966, Schumann was extradited from
293:On 28 July 1941, Schumann arrived in
7:
451:
449:
3443:Dachau concentration camp personnel
2613:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
624:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
198:Schumann was born on 1 May 1906 in
2774:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
588:"Medical Experiments at Auschwitz"
14:
2834:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives
2456:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
163:(1 May 1906 – 5 May 1983) was an
3403:20th-century Freikorps personnel
2633:Population transfers (1944–1946)
1682:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
374:, until Nkrumah was overthrown.
114:
91:
2736:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
2648:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
583:Biography of Dr. Horst Schumann
3433:University of Innsbruck alumni
2064:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
2040:36th Estonian Police Battalion
1:
2731:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
2561:Human medical experimentation
251:Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre
3463:People extradited to Germany
3458:People extradited from Ghana
3418:Physicians in the Nazi Party
3218:Operation Osoaviakhim (USSR)
349:Medical career after the war
3453:German expatriates in Ghana
3438:Nazi human subject research
2766:Righteous Among the Nations
2653:Ministry of Public Security
2032:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
642:Related articles by country
317:Remains of the building at
3484:
2678:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
2060:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
502:Nazi human experimentation
362:and eventually settled in
3388:People from Halle (Saale)
3206:Operation Paperclip (USA)
2582:
2451:Sobibor perpetrator album
2082:
2036:Estonian Auxiliary Police
1163:
1146:Human medical experiments
723:
719:
630:
30:
3230:Robert Leiber (Holy See)
3181:Colonia Dignidad (Chile)
2699:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
2044:Latvian Auxiliary Police
1777:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
1279:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
535:. New York: Basic Books.
333:Schumann also performed
2789:Garden of the Righteous
2541:Identification in camps
2534:Technical and logistics
1980:Order Police battalions
319:Auschwitz II (Birkenau)
206:in 1930 and joined the
3398:Nazi Party politicians
2859:Ludolf von Alvensleben
2202:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
1667:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
395:had been released. As
378:Imprisonment and death
322:
3240:Stroessner (Paraguay)
2741:Majdanek State Museum
1874:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
778:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
316:
128:Years of service
3331:Krunoslav Draganović
2869:Hermine Braunsteiner
2218:Mordechai Anielewicz
1929:Elisabeth Volkenrath
1814:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
1450:Arthur Liebehenschel
1375:Hermine Braunsteiner
1319:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
560:Lang, Hans-Joachim:
3124:Other nationalities
2939:Josef Schwammberger
2756:March of the Living
2628:Holocaust survivors
2492:Vrba–Wetzler report
2268:Alexander Pechersky
2228:Mordechai Tenenbaum
1677:Alexander Palfinger
1500:Johann Schwarzhuber
1060:Międzyrzec Podlaski
1039:Lviv pogroms (1941)
940:Sonderaktion Krakau
483:Lipton, p. 284
310:) for examination.
3413:SS-Sturmbannführer
3324:Disputed / dubious
3223:list of scientists
3211:list of scientists
3201:Videla (Argentina)
3131:Tscherim Soobzokov
2671:West German trials
2466:Wannsee Conference
2253:Itzhak Katzenelson
2005:General Government
1490:Franz Reichleitner
1420:Fritz Hartjenstein
1410:Maximilian Grabner
1329:Bruno Streckenbach
1141:Grossaktion Warsaw
794:Operation Reinhard
459:. 28 October 1966.
339:Sonnenstein Clinic
323:
200:Halle an der Saale
141:SS-Sturmbannführer
57:Kingdom of Prussia
53:Halle an der Saale
3448:Gestapo personnel
3365:
3364:
3284:
3283:
3271:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
3196:Perón (Argentina)
3174:State involvement
3146:
3145:
3000:Vjekoslav Vrančić
2980:Vjekoslav Luburić
2970:Andrija Artuković
2894:Walter Kutschmann
2847:German / Austrian
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2717:
2716:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2529:
2528:
2521:Sonderaktion 1005
2395:
2394:
2078:
2077:
2056:Ypatingasis būrys
1958:
1957:
1899:Johanna Langefeld
1894:Hildegard Lächert
1790:
1789:
1626:Alfred Trzebinski
1591:Franz von Bodmann
1543:Lorenz Hackenholt
1385:Theodor van Eupen
1324:Jakob Sporrenberg
1159:
1158:
883:
882:
570:978-3-455-50222-0
529:Robert Jay Lifton
473:. 30 August 1966.
397:Robert Jay Lifton
158:
157:
77:Frankfurt am Main
3475:
3310:Simon Wiesenthal
3235:Banzer (Bolivia)
3155:
3047:Feodor Fedorenko
2929:Walter Schreiber
2924:Eduard Roschmann
2899:Johann von Leers
2844:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2683:Treblinka trials
2668:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2584:
2482:Graebe affidavit
2475:Witness accounts
2421:Frank memorandum
2406:
2301:
2288:Szmul Zygielbojm
2278:Frumka Płotnicka
2238:Leon Feldhendler
2223:Icchak Cukierman
2177:Ghetto uprisings
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2028:Schutzmannschaft
1849:Feodor Fedorenko
1799:
1707:Wolfgang Birkner
1495:Heinrich Schwarz
1485:Josef Oberhauser
1460:Heinrich Matthes
1344:Dieter Wisliceny
1334:Richard Thomalla
1309:Heinz Reinefarth
1259:Heinrich Himmler
1204:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1165:
1129:Other atrocities
766:
748:
741:
734:
725:
721:
617:
610:
603:
594:
484:
481:
475:
474:
467:
461:
460:
453:
444:
441:
435:
432:
426:
425:
418:"Horst Schumann"
414:
216:Halle University
118:
106:
97:
95:
94:
73:
49:
47:
35:
21:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3345:
3319:
3300:Beate Klarsfeld
3296:Serge Klarsfeld
3280:
3244:
3169:
3142:
3119:
3115:Herberts Cukurs
3098:
3089:Aleksander Laak
3077:
3056:
3030:
3004:
2953:
2835:
2832:
2802:
2793:
2760:
2713:
2704:Stutthof trials
2687:
2657:
2614:
2611:
2570:
2556:Holocaust train
2525:
2509:
2497:Witold's Report
2487:Gerstein Report
2470:
2436:Katzmann Report
2416:Auschwitz Album
2391:
2330:
2292:
2258:Michał Klepfisz
2206:
2165:
2114:
2111:
2074:
2014:
1984:Ordnungspolizei
1954:
1933:
1914:Erich Muhsfeldt
1844:Margot Dreschel
1829:Alexander Bülow
1786:
1782:Udo von Woyrsch
1772:Hermann Schaper
1767:Emanuel Schäfer
1752:Josef Meisinger
1712:Helmut Bischoff
1691:
1647:Heinz Auerswald
1635:
1577:
1525:
1519:
1515:Christian Wirth
1425:Gottlieb Hering
1348:
1314:Julian Scherner
1299:Georg Michalsen
1284:Franz Kutschera
1244:Odilo Globocnik
1195:
1192:
1155:
1124:
986:
944:
925:Kielce cemetery
879:
816:
755:
752:
715:
626:
621:
579:
525:
493:
488:
487:
482:
478:
469:
468:
464:
455:
454:
447:
442:
438:
433:
429:
416:
415:
411:
406:
380:
351:
291:
247:carbon monoxide
224:
196:
178:experiments at
167:Sturmbannführer
113:
92:
90:
75:
71:
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3481:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Charles Lescat
3263:
3258:
3256:Rodolfo Freude
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:Nasser (Egypt)
3188:
3186:Franco (Spain)
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3137:Aarne Kauhanen
3134:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
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3042:John Demjanjuk
3038:
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2916:
2911:
2909:Hermann Michel
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2879:Adolf Eichmann
2876:
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2854:Franz Abromeit
2850:
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2746:Sobibór Museum
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2503:Sonderkommando
2499:
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2446:Posen speeches
2443:
2441:Korherr Report
2438:
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2431:Höfle telegram
2428:
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2273:Witold Pilecki
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2248:Henryk Iwański
2245:
2243:Paweł Frenkiel
2240:
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2072:
2067:
2048:Arajs Kommando
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1970:Einsatzgruppen
1966:
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1956:
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1941:
1939:
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1934:
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1924:Alice Orlowski
1921:
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1911:
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1839:John Demjanjuk
1836:
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1737:Gerhard Flesch
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1698:Einsatzgruppen
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1640:Ghetto command
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1621:Horst Schumann
1618:
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1480:Johann Niemann
1477:
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1465:Hermann Michel
1462:
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1440:Karl-Otto Koch
1437:
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1380:Irmfried Eberl
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1269:Fritz Katzmann
1266:
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1254:Arthur Greiser
1251:
1249:Richard Glücks
1246:
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1234:Ludwig Fischer
1231:
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1224:Adolf Eichmann
1221:
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912:
907:
902:
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891:
889:
888:Mass shootings
885:
884:
881:
880:
878:
877:
875:Danzig-Matzkau
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
840:Kraków-Płaszów
837:
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577:External links
575:
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564:Hamburg 2011.
558:
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208:Sturmabteilung
195:
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161:Horst Schumann
156:
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137:
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125:
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101:
88:
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74:(aged 77)
68:
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63:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
25:Horst Schumann
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3315:Efraim Zuroff
3313:
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3306:
3305:Eli Rosenbaum
3303:
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3276:Otto Skorzeny
3274:
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3249:Other persons
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3158:Organizations
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3149:
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3132:
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3128:
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3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3110:Viktors Arājs
3108:
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3074:
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3027:
3024:
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3021:Léon Degrelle
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
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2965:Milivoj Ašner
2963:
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2950:
2949:Gustav Wagner
2947:
2945:
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2927:
2925:
2922:
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2917:
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2914:Erich Priebke
2912:
2910:
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2904:Josef Mengele
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Alois Brunner
2872:
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2845:
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2649:
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2643:Kielce pogrom
2641:
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2461:Stroop Report
2459:
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2402:
2401:Documentation
2398:
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2239:
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2234:
2233:Marek Edelman
2231:
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2119:Organizations
2117:
2108:
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2021:
2020:Collaboration
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
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1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
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1963:Organizations
1961:
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1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Eduard Lorenz
1907:
1905:
1904:Anton Lechner
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Josef Kollmer
1887:
1885:
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1880:
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1859:Kurt Gerstein
1857:
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1854:Hans Hoffmann
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1824:Juana Bormann
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1762:Erich Naumann
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1717:Lothar Beutel
1715:
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1687:Jürgen Stroop
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1631:Eduard Wirths
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1616:Josef Mengele
1614:
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1609:
1607:
1606:Horst Fischer
1604:
1602:
1601:Karl Gebhardt
1599:
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1596:Carl Clauberg
1594:
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1580:
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1568:Ludwig Plagge
1566:
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1558:Herbert Lange
1556:
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1538:Kurt Bolender
1536:
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1510:Gustav Wagner
1508:
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1435:Franz Hössler
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1400:Karl Fritzsch
1398:
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1370:Wilhelm Boger
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1289:Erwin Lambert
1287:
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1274:Wilhelm Koppe
1272:
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1264:Hermann Höfle
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1229:Theodor Eicke
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1063:
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1040:
1036:
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1028:
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1023:
1021:
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1016:
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983:
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978:
975:
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968:
965:
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960:
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951:
947:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:Aktion Krakau
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
900:Bloody Sunday
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866:
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851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
825:
823:
822:Concentration
819:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
795:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
773:
771:
770:Extermination
767:
764:
762:
758:
749:
744:
742:
737:
735:
730:
729:
726:
722:
718:
712:
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672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
641:
639:
638:The Holocaust
636:
633:
632:
629:
625:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
599:
598:
595:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
557:
556:3-596-22003-3
553:
549:
545:
542:
541:Wolfgang Benz
537:
534:
530:
527:
526:
522:
518:
517:Eduard Wirths
515:
513:
512:Carl Clauberg
510:
508:
507:Josef Mengele
505:
503:
500:
498:
497:The Holocaust
495:
494:
490:
480:
477:
472:
466:
463:
458:
452:
450:
446:
443:Lang, 132-143
440:
437:
431:
428:
423:
419:
413:
410:
403:
401:
398:
393:
389:
385:
377:
375:
373:
372:Kwame Nkrumah
369:
365:
361:
357:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
328:
320:
315:
311:
309:
305:
300:
296:
288:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
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256:
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236:
234:
229:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:sterilization
169:
168:
162:
154:
151:
147:
143:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
123:
122:
121:Schutzstaffel
117:
112:
109:
103:
100:
89:
85:
82:
78:
69:
65:
62:
61:German Empire
58:
54:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3341:Stille Hilfe
3133:(Circassian)
3052:Mykola Lebed
2985:Ante Pavelić
2975:Anton Geiser
2944:Franz Stangl
2933:
2919:Walter Rauff
2889:Aribert Heim
2864:Klaus Barbie
2502:
2426:Höcker Album
2409:Nazi sources
2297:Victim lists
2263:Miles Lerman
2070:Trawniki men
2010:Hotel Polski
1919:Detlef Nebbe
1884:Oswald Kaduk
1879:Karl Jeschke
1757:Bruno Müller
1747:Felix Landau
1732:Ernst Damzog
1727:Karl Brunner
1696:
1672:Franz Konrad
1620:
1573:Adolf Theuer
1526:executioners
1505:Franz Stangl
1475:Robert Mulka
1445:Josef Kramer
1395:Karl Frenzel
1365:Richard Baer
1360:Hans Aumeier
1353:Camp command
1339:Otto Wächter
1219:Josef Bühler
1214:Viktor Brack
1200:Perpetrators
792:
634:Main article
561:
532:
479:
465:
439:
430:
421:
412:
388:West Germany
381:
352:
332:
324:
292:
255:Action 14f13
239:Viktor Brack
232:
225:
211:
197:
186:by means of
164:
160:
159:
139:
119:
99:Nazi Germany
81:West Germany
72:(1983-05-05)
18:
3383:1983 deaths
3378:1906 births
3261:Alois Hudal
3094:Karl Linnas
3073:Carl Værnet
3026:René Lagrou
3016:Pierre Daye
2995:Dinko Šakić
2990:Ivo Rojnica
2884:Hans Eisele
2546:Gas chamber
2514:Concealment
2505:photographs
2352:Gross-Rosen
2321:Lviv (Lwów)
2283:Roza Robota
2187:Częstochowa
1819:Herta Bothe
1809:Hans Anhalt
1802:Camp guards
1742:Ludwig Hahn
1722:Paul Blobel
1662:Franz Bürkl
1652:Hans Biebow
1611:Fritz Klein
1548:Josef Klehr
1533:Erich Bauer
1524:Gas chamber
1470:Karl Möckel
1455:Maria Mandl
1430:Rudolf Höss
1415:Otto Hantke
1304:Oswald Pohl
1294:Ernst Lerch
1105:Stanisławów
1015:Częstochowa
905:Bronna Góra
835:Gross-Rosen
830:Auschwitz I
275:Gross-Rosen
271:Flossenbürg
222:Nazi doctor
3372:Categories
3151:Assistance
1869:Irma Grese
1864:Paul Götze
1834:Luise Danz
1583:Physicians
1390:Kurt Franz
1239:Hans Frank
1207:Organizers
1151:Heidelager
523:References
283:Neuengamme
279:Mauthausen
263:Buchenwald
204:Nazi party
194:Early life
176:castration
87:Allegiance
70:5 May 1983
50:1 May 1906
46:1906-05-01
3139:(Finnish)
3068:Søren Kam
3035:Ukrainian
2840:Fugitives
2723:Memorials
2620:Aftermath
2387:Treblinka
2342:Auschwitz
2197:Treblinka
2182:Białystok
2170:Uprisings
1950:Treblinka
1795:Personnel
1563:Otto Moll
1553:Hans Koch
1405:Amon Göth
1136:Action T4
1100:Sosnowiec
1070:Nowy Sącz
1005:Białystok
972:Szczuczyn
920:Erntefest
910:Bydgoszcz
895:Białystok
810:Treblinka
686:Lithuania
531:, (1986)
404:Footnotes
392:Frankfurt
295:Auschwitz
289:Auschwitz
259:Auschwitz
243:Grafeneck
180:Auschwitz
153:Auschwitz
131:1939–1945
111:Luftwaffe
3350:See also
3165:Ratlines
3082:Estonian
2958:Croatian
2566:Zyklon B
2382:Trawniki
2377:Stutthof
2362:Majdanek
1110:Tarnopol
1050:Lubartów
962:Jedwabne
865:Trawniki
855:Stutthof
845:Potulice
788:Majdanek
706:Slovakia
491:See also
434:Klee, 53
364:Khartoum
356:Gladbeck
327:Block 10
105:Service/
3289:Hunters
3103:Latvian
3009:Belgian
2551:Gas van
2367:Sobibór
2304:Ghettos
2211:Leaders
2192:Sobibor
1945:Sobibor
1938:By camp
1085:Siedlce
992:Ghettos
977:Tykocin
949:Pogroms
935:Palmiry
860:Szebnie
805:Sobibor
783:Chełmno
711:Ukraine
696:Romania
676:Germany
666:Estonia
661:Denmark
656:Croatia
651:Belgium
646:Belarus
424:. 2020.
308:Wrocław
306:(today
304:Breslau
299:Breslau
144:(Major)
3336:ODESSA
3298:&
3061:Danish
2663:Trials
2638:Bricha
2372:Soldau
2357:Izbica
2347:Bełżec
2326:Warsaw
2311:Kraków
2151:Żegota
1120:Warsaw
1095:Słonim
1090:Sambor
1065:Mizocz
1055:Lublin
1030:Kraków
1025:Kielce
1020:Grodno
1000:Będzin
982:Wąsosz
958:(1946)
956:Kielce
870:Warsaw
850:Soldau
800:Belzec
701:Russia
691:Norway
681:Latvia
671:France
568:
554:
343:Saxony
335:typhus
267:Dachau
233:Aktion
188:X-rays
107:branch
96:
2335:Camps
1995:RKFDV
1115:Wilno
1080:Radom
1075:Pińsk
1010:Brest
915:Dynów
761:Camps
547:1969.
384:Ghana
368:Sudan
360:Egypt
228:Halle
2778:List
2316:Łódź
2136:Bund
2000:VoMi
1990:WVHA
1045:Łódź
1035:Lwów
967:Lviv
566:ISBN
552:ISBN
184:Jews
174:and
149:Unit
136:Rank
67:Died
40:Born
2161:ŻZW
2156:ŻOB
2146:PKB
2131:AOB
386:to
366:in
341:in
218:.
165:SS-
3374::
2141:GL
2126:AK
2062:/
2058:,
2054:,
2050:,
2046:,
2042:,
2038:/
2034:,
1974:SS
448:^
420:.
281:,
277:,
273:,
269:,
265:,
261:,
235:T4
190:.
79:,
59:,
55:,
2827:e
2820:t
2813:v
2780:)
2776:(
2606:e
2599:t
2592:v
2106:e
2099:t
2092:v
2066:)
2030:(
1986:)
1982:(
1976:)
1972:(
1187:e
1180:t
1173:v
1041:)
1037:(
747:e
740:t
733:v
616:e
609:t
602:v
572:.
48:)
44:(
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