492:
1068:
1326:
980:, whose biting mechanism and saliva allow a bite not noticed by the host at the time, bites from tabanids are immediately irritating to the victim, so that they are often brushed off, and may have to visit multiple hosts to obtain sufficient blood. This behaviour means that they may carry disease-causing organisms from one host to another. Large animals and livestock are generally powerless to dislodge the fly, so there is no selective advantage for the flies to evolve a less immediately painful bite.
658:
1076:
638:
1040:. The closer together the stripes, the fewer flies are visually attracted; the zebra's legs have particularly fine striping, and this is the shaded part of the body that is most likely to be bitten in other, unstriped equids. More recent research by the same lead author shows that the stripes were no less attractive to tabanids, but they merely touched—and could not make a controlled landing to bite. This suggests that a function of the stripes was interfering with
984:
390:
153:
805:
1335:
131:
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971:, meaning they require a blood meal before they are able to reproduce effectively. To obtain the blood, the females, but not the males, bite animals, including humans. The female needs about six days to fully digest her blood meal and after that, she needs to find another host. The flies seem to be attracted to a potential victim by its movement, warmth, and surface texture, and by the
1157:
620:
873:(whip-like structure) usually has eight annuli (or rings). In the Chrysopsinae, the antennal flagellum has a basal plate and the flagellum has four annuli. Females have a shining callus on the frons (front of the head between the eyes). The Adersiinae have a divided tergite on the ninth abdominal segment, and the Scepsidinae have highly reduced mouthparts. Members of the family
6090:
3477:
850:
1012:. On either side of these are two maxillary palps. When the insect lands on an animal, it grips the surface with its clawed feet, the labium is retracted, the head is thrust downwards and the stylets slice into the flesh. Some of these have sawing edges and muscles can move them from side-to-side to enlarge the wound.
1020:
is injected into the wound to prevent clotting. The blood that flows from the wound is lapped up by another mouthpart which functions as a sponge. Bites can be painful for a day or more; fly saliva may provoke allergic reactions such as hives and difficulty with breathing. Tabanid bites can make life
1459:
wrote that the horse-fly "carries before him a very hard, stiff, and well-compacted sting, with which he strikes through the Oxe his hide; he is in fashion like a great Fly, and forces the beasts for fear of him only to stand up to the belly in water, or else to betake themselves to wood sides, cool
475:
stemming from the antennae. Both the head and thorax are clad in short hairs, but no bristles are on the body. The membranous forewings are clear, either shaded uniformly grey or brown, or patterned in some species; they have a basal lobe (or calypter) that covers the modified knob-like hindwings or
1099:
species prefer drier places. The larvae are legless grubs, tapering at both ends. They have small heads and 11 or 13 segments and moult six to 13 times over the course of a year or more. In temperate species, the larvae have a quiescent period during winter (diapause), while tropical species breed
1263:
Blood loss is a common problem in some animals when large flies are abundant. Some animals have been known to lose up to 300 ml (11 imp fl oz; 10 US fl oz) of blood in a single day to tabanid flies, a loss which can weaken or even kill them. Anecdotal reports of
1021:
outdoors unpleasant for humans, and can reduce milk output in cattle. They are attracted by polarized reflections from water, making them a particular nuisance near swimming pools. Since tabanids prefer to be in sunshine, they normally avoid shaded places such as barns, and are inactive at night.
470:
composed of three segments, and wide bodies. In females, the eyes are widely separated; in males, however, they are almost touching. The eyes are often patterned and brightly coloured in living tabanids but appear dull in preserved specimens. The terminal segment of the antennae is pointed and
975:
it breathes out. The flies mainly choose large mammals such as cattle, horses, camels, and deer, but few are species-specific. They have also been observed feeding on smaller mammals, birds, lizards, and turtles, and even on animals that have recently died. Unlike many biting insects such as
762:
characters of the head, wing venation, and sometimes the last abdominal segment. The genitalia are very simple and do not provide clear species differentiation as in many other insect groups. In the past, most taxonomic treatments considered the family to be composed of three subfamilies:
1147:
is complete, the pupal case splits along the thorax, and the adult fly emerges. Males usually appear first, but when both sexes have emerged, mating takes place, courtship starting in the air and finishing on the ground. The female needs to feed on blood before depositing her egg mass.
1100:
several times a year. In the majority of species, they are white, but in some, they are greenish or brownish, and they often have dark bands on each segment. A respiratory siphon at the hind end allows the larvae to obtain air when submerged in water. Larvae of nearly all species are
441:
and has survived as the generic name. In general, country folk did not distinguish between the various biting insects that irritated their cattle and called them all "gad-flies", from the word "gad" meaning "spike". Other common names include "cleg", "gleg" or "clag", which come from
1052:. Another disruptive mechanism may also be in play, however: a study comparing horse-fly behaviour when approaching horses wearing either striped or check-patterned rugs, when compared with plain rugs, found that both patterns were equally effective in deterring the insects.
1086:
are laid on stones or vegetation near water, in clusters of up to 1000, especially on emergent water plants. The eggs are white at first but darken with age. They hatch after about six days, with the emerging larvae using a special hatching spike to open the egg case. The
605:
is absent from
Australia and South America. They mostly occur in warm areas with suitable moist locations for breeding, but also occupy a wide range of habitats from deserts to alpine meadows. They are found from sea level to at least 3,300 m (10,800 ft).
1136:). The larvae were discovered to tunnel in a spiral motion while the mud was still wet and plastic, forming a partitioned cylinder in the center of which the larva settled to pupate after closing the entrance; this adaption protects the pupae against
694:
of
England. Although the bloodsucking habit is associated with a long proboscis, a fossil insect that has elongated mouthparts is not necessarily a bloodsucker, as it may instead have fed on nectar. The ancestral tabanids may have co-evolved with the
450:. Other names such as "stouts" refer to the wide bodies of the insects and "dun-flies" to their sombre colouring. In Australia and the UK they are also known as March flies, a name used in other Anglophonic countries to refer to the non-bloodsucking
1284:. A dark shiny ball suspended below them that moves in the breeze can also attract them and forms a key part of a modified "Manitoba trap" that is used most often for trapping and sampling the Tabanidae. Cattle can be treated with pour-on
505:
Tabanid species range from medium-sized to very large, robust insects. Most have a body length between 5 and 25 mm (0.2 and 1.0 in), with the largest having a wingspan of 60 mm (2.4 in). Deer flies in the genus
480:. The tips of the legs have two lobes on the sides (pulvilli) and a central lobe (empodium) in addition to two claws that enable them to grip to surfaces. Species recognition is based on details of head structures (antennae,
304:. They prefer to fly in sunlight, avoiding dark and shady areas, and are inactive at night. They are found all over the world except for some islands and the polar regions (Hawaii, Greenland, Iceland). Both horse-flies and
554:
Some species, such as deer flies and the
Australian March flies, are known for being extremely noisy during flight, though clegs, for example, fly quietly and bite with little warning. Tabanids are agile fliers;
699:
plants on which they fed. With a necessity for high-protein food for egg production, the diet of early tabanomorphs was probably predatory, and from this, the bloodsucking habit may have evolved. In the
2669:
Horváth, G; Majer, J; Horváth, L; Szivák, I; Kriska, G. (2008). "Ventral polarization vision in tabanids: horseflies and deerflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) are attracted to horizontally polarized light".
1143:
The pupae are brown and glossy, rounded at the head end, and tapering at the other end. Wing and limb buds can be seen and each abdominal segment is fringed with short spines. After about two weeks,
331:. The mouthparts of females are formed into a stout stabbing organ with two pairs of sharp cutting blades, and a spongelike part used to lap up the blood that flows from the wound. The larvae are
948:
of certain specialised flowers; several South
African and Asian species in the Pangoniinae have spectacularly long probosces adapted for the extraction of nectar from flowers with long, narrow
3268:
524:) are similar in shape to deer flies, but have yellowish bodies and the eyes are purplish-black with a green sheen. Some species in the subfamily Pangoniinae have an exceptionally long
830:. The tribes Philolichini, Chrysopsini, Rhinomyzini, and Haematopotini were found to be monophyletic, with the Scionini also being monophyletic apart from the difficult-to-place genus
1438:
to that of a cow chased by a gadfly: "The breeze upon her, like a cow in June / hoists sail and flies", where "June" may allude not only to the month but also to the goddess
2326:
Morita, Shelah I. (2008). "A phylogeny of long-tongued horse flies (Diptera:Tabanidae:Philoliche) with the first cladistic review of higher relationships within the family".
551:, which has seven moveable abdominal segments, all except the front one of which bears a band of setae. The posterior end of the pupa bears a group of spine-like tubercles.
488:), wing venation, and body patterning; minute variations of surface structure cause subtle alterations of the overlying hairs, which alters the appearance of the body.
1504:
2806:
Caro, Tim; Argueta, Yvette; Briolat, Emmanuelle Sophie; Bruggink, Joren; Kasprowsky, Maurice; Lake, Jai; Mitchell, Matthew J.; Richardson, Sarah; How, Martin (2019).
414:
roam, and buffalo-flies, moose-flies and elephant-flies emanate from other parts of the world where these animals are found. The term "horse-fly" refers primarily to
6443:
6309:
1308:
of the United
Kingdom recommends that the site of the bite should be washed and a cold compress applied. Scratching the wound should be avoided at all times and an
704:
in Brazil, no mammals have been found, so the fossil tabanids found there likely fed on reptiles. Cold bloodsucking probably preceded warm bloodsucking, but some
6361:
5534:
745:. Tabanoid families seem to be united by the presence of a venom canal in the mandible of the larvae. Worldwide, about 4,455 species of Tabanidae have been
1428:, "Whom the foul fiend hath led through fire and through flame, through ford and whirlpool, o'er bog and quagmire", driven mad by the constant pursuit. In
518:) are larger, up to 25 mm (1 in) in length and are mostly dark brown or black, with dark eyes, often with a metallic sheen. Yellow flies (genus
3521:
2957:
Wilkerson, R.C.; Butler, J.F.; Pechuman, L.L. (1985). "Swarming, hovering and mating behavior of male horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)".
1312:
preparation can be applied. In most cases, the symptoms subside within a few hours, but if the wound becomes infected, medical advice should be sought.
512:
are up to 10 mm (0.4 in) long, have yellow to black bodies and striped abdomens, and membranous wings with dark patches. Horse-flies (genus
491:
6283:
2977:
6335:
5818:
1476:’s chapbook Binge contains a poem "Clegs and Midges" which uses gadflies, real and metaphoric, "cleg" being a British term for the horse-fly.
3457:
3430:
3398:
3185:
3155:
3078:
2741:
2413:
2369:
2266:
2199:
2088:
2012:
1914:
1851:
1718:
1674:
2867:"Polarotactic tabanids find striped patterns with brightness and/or polarization modulation least attractive: An advantage of zebra stripes"
1414:: "Io: Ah! Hah! Again the prick, the stab of gadfly-sting! O earth, earth, hide, the hollow shape—Argus—that evil thing—the hundred-eyed."
1288:
which may repel the flies, and fitting them with insecticide-impregnated eartags or collars has had some success in killing the insects.
2553:
2299:
Mackerras, I.M. (1955). "The classification and distribution of
Tabanidae (Diptera). III. Subfamilies Scepsidinae and Chrysopinae".
1509:
1280:
are most often used to capture them, and these can be modified with the use of baits and attractants that include carbon dioxide or
1067:
6410:
5527:
1296:
Tabanid bites can be painful to humans. Usually, a weal (raised area of skin) occurs around the site; other symptoms may include
5543:
1304:(a temporary itchy, pink or red swelling occurring around the eyes or lips). A few people experience an allergic reaction. The
1221:
346:
3388:
1112:. The larvae may be parasitized by nematodes, flies of the families Bombyliidae and Tachinidae, and Hymenoptera in the family
5933:
3514:
6340:
1024:
Attack patterns vary with species; clegs fly silently and prefer to bite humans on the wrist or bare leg; large species of
6348:
6016:
5609:
3028:"The remarkable adaptation by which a Dipterous pupa ( Tabanidae ) is preserved from the danger of fissures in drying mud"
2146:"The fossil tabanids (Diptera Tabanidae): When they began to appreciate warm blood and when they began transmit diseases?"
2028:
do Carmo, Daniel Dias
Dornelas; Sampronha, Stephanie; Santos, Charles Morphy D.; Ribeiro, Guilherme Cunha (21 July 2022).
1325:
485:
1005:
775:(tribes Diachlorini, Haematopotini, Tabanini). Some treatments increased this to five subfamilies, adding the subfamily
6448:
6322:
6192:
6169:
6066:
5520:
3073:. Yan Wong (Revised and expanded/Second Mariner Books ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 815–816.
2574:"Identification of anticoagulant activities in salivary gland extracts of four horsefly species (Diptera, Tabanidae)"
345:
from one animal to another through their feeding habit. In areas where diseases occur, they have been known to carry
300:. The adults are often large and agile in flight. Only female horseflies bite land vertebrates, including humans, to
6262:
6046:
6026:
152:
418:
that are typically larger and stouter, and that lack the banded wings deer flies have. Other common names include
370:. They can reduce growth rates in cattle and lower the milk output of cows if suitable shelters are not provided.
6453:
6366:
6275:
3507:
1622:
31:
1701:
Chainey, John E. (1993). "Horse-flies, deer-flies and clegs (Tabanidae)". In Lane, R.P.; Crosskey, R.W. (eds.).
888:
shares the blood-feeding habit as a common primitive characteristic, although this is restricted to the female.
561:
species have been observed to perform aerial manoeuvres similar to those performed by fighter jets, such as the
531:
The larvae are long and cylindrical or spindle-shaped with small heads and 12 body segments. They have rings of
6011:
6006:
5503:
3119:
323:, but females have mouthparts strong enough to bite large animals. This is for the purpose of obtaining enough
5913:
5890:
5803:
3293:
French, Frank E.; Kline, Daniel L. (1989). "l-Octen-3-ol, an effective attractant for
Tabanidae (Diptera)".
1627:
1305:
826:
of the
Tabanidae and supports three subfamilies. The subfamilies Pangoniinae and Tabaninae were shown to be
472:
1064:. The season, time of day, and type of landmark used for mating swarms are specific to particular species.
6109:
5978:
4682:
1061:
577:
Tabanids are found worldwide, except for the polar regions, but they are absent from some islands such as
35:
3005:
2230:
Mackerras, I.M. (1954). "The classification and distribution of
Tabanidae (DĂptera). I. General review".
1970:
1140:
when the mud dries up, as a spreading crack would change direction when it hit the wall of the cylinder.
569:
has been recorded reaching speeds of up to 145 kilometres per hour (90 mph) when pursuing a female.
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6071:
5963:
5753:
5748:
5599:
1345:
1205:
910:
819:
645:
339:
3481:
3321:
6197:
1184:. Adults are eaten by generalized predators such as birds, and some specialist predators, such as the
501:
showing large compound eyes, short antennae (between and below the eyes) and stout piercing mouthparts
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6376:
6231:
6156:
5918:
5712:
5699:
2819:
2770:
2678:
2643:
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flies somewhat higher, bites the back of the neck, and has a high buzzing note. The striped hides of
759:
1410:, who has been transformed into a cow and is watched constantly by the hundred eyes of the herdsman
1075:
6076:
6021:
5788:
5773:
5657:
2614:
1930:
Wilkerson, R.C.; Butler, J.F. (1984). "The Immelman turn, a pursuit maneuver used by hovering male
1415:
1213:
746:
665:
657:
342:
5351:
2439:(Iridaceae) in southern Africa; floral divergence and adaptation for long-tongued fly pollination"
1737:
992:
mouthparts: The sharp cutting stylets are on the right, the spongelike lapping part in the centre.
637:
6438:
5594:
5175:
3743:
3365:
3032:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character
2997:
2702:
2458:
2059:
1951:
1395:
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was recovered within the Pangoniini as were the genera previously placed in the Scepcidinae, and
786:
260:
147:
139:
6402:
3343:
983:
681:
2865:
Egri, A.; Blaho, M.; Kriska, G.; Farkas, R.; Gyurkovszky, M.; Akesson, S.; Horvath, G. (2012).
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2008:
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701:
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467:
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320:
6314:
3269:"Allergic reaction to horsefly bite kills father of four in seconds after anaphylactic shock"
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2403:
1904:
1877:
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5743:
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Caro, Tim; Izzo, Amanda; Reiner, Robert C. Jr; Walker, Hannah; Stankowich, Theodore (2014).
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2002:
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1435:
1419:
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1185:
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1045:
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are postulated to have been warm-blooded and may have been early hosts for the horse-flies.
676:
5903:
5020:
5015:
4880:
4779:
4728:
4565:
4246:
4111:
3937:
3929:
3751:
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1466:
1116:. When fully developed, the larvae move into drier soil near the surface of the ground to
797:
719:
586:
497:
294:
6147:
3493:
2823:
2774:
2682:
2572:
KazimĂrová, M.; Ĺ ulanová, M.; Kozánek, M.; Takáč, P.; Labuda, M.; Nuttall, P.A. (2001).
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4301:
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2807:
1411:
1407:
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1177:
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627:
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378:
1442:, who torments Io, and the cow in turn may allude to Io, who is changed into a cow in
6432:
6041:
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5442:
5434:
5425:
5317:
5251:
5243:
5196:
5162:
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4934:
4839:
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4753:
4743:
4687:
4659:
4549:
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4361:
4330:
4082:
4074:
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3865:
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3785:
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2727:
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1660:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1309:
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1017:
899:
823:
691:
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annulated, appearing to be composed of several tapering rings. There are no hairs or
354:
88:
3237:
2706:
2165:
1955:
1789:
1580:
Downes, J.A. (1988). "The Post-Glacial Colonization of the North Atlantic Islands".
535:(warty outgrowths) known as pseudopods around the segments, and also bands of short
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5938:
5862:
5632:
5473:
5465:
5456:
5398:
5359:
5342:
5217:
5117:
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4541:
4511:
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4317:
4267:
4065:
3964:
3875:
3823:
3815:
3718:
3694:
3632:
3574:
2723:
2145:
2113:"Molecular phylogeny of the horse flies: a framework for renewing tabanid taxonomy"
2111:
Morita, Shelah I.; Bayless, Keith M.; Yeates, David K.; Wiegmann, Brian M. (2015).
1656:
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130:
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Life Traces of the Georgia Coast: Revealing the Unseen Lives of Plants and Animals
1334:
6223:
6174:
3214:
2832:
2430:
2283:
2189:
2030:"Cretaceous Horse flies and their phylogenetic significance (Diptera: Tabanidae)"
1763:"Deer flies, yellow flies and horse flies - Chrysops, Diachlorus and Tabanus spp"
1546:
1470:), a tabanid with a blue-black abdomen common to the southeastern United States.
967:
Both males and females engage in nectar-feeding, but females of most species are
547:
organ. The outlines of the adult insect's head and wings are visible through the
6353:
6296:
6141:
6036:
5867:
5838:
5763:
5733:
5687:
5637:
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4386:
4353:
4296:
4233:
4190:
4044:
4003:
3995:
3977:
3870:
3852:
3665:
2808:"Benefits of zebra stripes: Behaviour of tabanid flies around zebras and horses"
2554:"Horsefly bites soar due to PADDLING POOLS, doctors urge Britons to drain water"
1906:
Arthropods of Humans and Domestic Animals: A Guide to Preliminary Identification
1710:
1265:
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1209:
1101:
1044:. This does not preclude the possible use of stripes for other purposes such as
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923:
878:
810:
764:
723:
350:
301:
255:
63:
3488:
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3104:
Horseflies of the Guyana biology, veterinary significance & control methods
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3614:
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1792:. University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital: Department of Medical Entomology
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332:
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108:
73:
6132:
3449:
Shakespeare and the Classical Tradition: An Annotated Bibliography, 1961–1991
3088:
3053:
2055:
1601:
410:
is known as deer flies, perhaps because of their abundance on moorland where
381:
mentioned them driving people to "madness" through their persistent pursuit.
6327:
6244:
6031:
5647:
5364:
5201:
5191:
5125:
5109:
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4919:
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4654:
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2906:
How, Martin J.; Gonzales, Dunia; Irwin, Alison; Caro, Tim (26 August 2020).
1947:
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1297:
1253:
1237:
1217:
1189:
1133:
1109:
1009:
870:
772:
619:
578:
557:
525:
443:
415:
374:
367:
265:
229:
184:
164:
113:
3253:
3222:
3044:
3027:
2943:
2924:
2892:
2851:
2792:
2698:
2599:
2174:
3499:
3476:
3068:
2046:
6205:
6184:
6126:
5928:
5833:
5675:
5670:
5133:
5041:
4766:
4669:
4625:
4477:
4440:
4225:
4207:
3673:
3568:
1232:
1181:
1137:
977:
705:
565:. Horseflies can lay claim to being the fastest flying insects; the male
532:
508:
477:
411:
305:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
42:
17:
6089:
741:. Along with the Rhagionoidea, this superfamily makes up the infraorder
5923:
5879:
5845:
5823:
5778:
4399:
3649:
3001:
2883:
2866:
2783:
2758:
2462:
2129:
2112:
1616:
1281:
1249:
1244:
997:
988:
941:
913:
in 1802. Meigen did pioneering research on flies and was the author of
849:
781:
751:
582:
514:
447:
363:
358:
324:
316:
297:
118:
93:
2590:
2573:
2312:
2243:
1176:, and the larvae are consumed by birds, as well as being paratised by
6301:
6210:
5857:
5558:
5547:
5183:
4241:
3556:
3544:
3120:"Predation of hilltopping horse-flies (Tabanidae) by birds in Brazil"
2530:
1811:
1484:
1257:
1129:
1013:
1001:
862:
716:
406:
Tabanidae are known by a large number of common names. The subfamily
291:
194:
174:
6288:
6103:
2993:
2454:
2339:
6249:
3201:
Padgett, J.J.; Jacobsen, K.H. (2008). "Loiasis: African eye worm".
1036:
may have evolved to reduce their attractiveness to horse-flies and
927:, meaning "blood-drinker", to another common genus of horse-flies.
5828:
3203:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1155:
1088:
1074:
1066:
1033:
982:
949:
866:
848:
803:
540:
490:
388:
283:
3236:
Quercia, O.; Emiliani, F.; Foschi, F.G.; Stefanini, G.F. (2008).
2217:
Horse-flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the World: Synoptic Catalogue
1230:
which cause diseases in animals and humans. Species of the genus
601:
all occur in temperate, subtropical, and tropical locations, but
5872:
1492:
1480:
1443:
1403:
1399:
1117:
1105:
1028:
buzz loudly, fly low, and bite ankles, legs, or backs of knees;
548:
536:
6107:
5516:
4167:
3587:
3503:
3107:. IICA Biblioteca Venezuela. pp. 11–12. GGKEY:5W9UT3G8BAF.
3531:
1551:. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. p. 55.
1083:
1060:
Mating often occurs in swarms, generally at landmarks such as
463:
328:
204:
6236:
3070:
The ancestor's tale : a pilgrimage the dawn of evolution
2908:"Zebra stripes, tabanid biting flies and the aperture effect"
2429:
Goldblatt, Peter; Manning, John C.; Bernhardt, Peter (1995).
402:(1665), perhaps the earliest accurate depiction of a horsefly
1545:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1961).
1464:" in the eponymous song was probably the mourning horsefly (
1192:), also preferentially attack horse-flies, catching them to
877:
were initially included in the Tabanidae and moved into the
3390:
Murder among Friends: Violation of Philia in Greek Tragedy
2285:
The Classification and Distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera)
1434:, Shakespeare likens Cleopatra's hasty departure from the
869:. In the Pangoniinae, ocelli are present and the antennal
865:(simple eyes) and have no spurs on the tips of their hind
853:
Long-tongued horseflies (subfamily Pangoniinae) like this
1909:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 78–79.
30:"Horsefly" and "Cleg" redirect here. For other uses, see
3393:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 47.
2562:
Quoting Natalie Bungay, British Pest Control Association
1390:, which is attributed to the Athenian tragic playwright
1268:
in humans have been made, an extremely rare occurrence.
2912:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1575:
1573:
1460:
shades, and places where the wind blows through." The "
1168:, catches horse-flies to provision its brood in a nest.
771:(tribes Bouvieromyiini, Chrysopsini, Rhinomyzini), and
2402:
Middlekauff, Woodrow Wilson; Lane, Robert S. (1980).
2001:
Middlekauff, Woodrow Wilson; Lane, Robert S. (1980).
1095:
species develop in particularly wet locations, while
2405:
Adult and Immature Tabanidae (Diptera) of California
2004:
Adult and Immature Tabanidae (Diptera) of California
1091:
fall into the water or onto the moist ground below.
6116:
6057:
5999:
5951:
5902:
5787:
5726:
5698:
5656:
5625:
5568:
5554:
5464:
5455:
5433:
5424:
5381:
5350:
5341:
5300:
5291:
5226:
5153:
5108:
5099:
5071:
5006:
4948:
4853:
4814:
4778:
4701:
4637:
4603:
4540:
4519:
4510:
4501:
4460:
4407:
4398:
4385:
4344:
4287:
4198:
4189:
4094:
4073:
4064:
4027:
3994:
3963:
3954:
3928:
3835:
3814:
3793:
3784:
3742:
3685:
3640:
3631:
3605:
3425:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 205–208.
2478:"Preliminary evidence that the long-proboscid fly,
1248:between humans, and tabanids are known to transmit
1079:
A mud cylinder created by a tabanid before pupation
543:has a breathing siphon and a bulbous area known as
373:Horse-flies have appeared in literature ever since
3242:European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
2718:
2716:
1615:
891:Two well-known genera are the common horse-flies,
881:before being elevated into a separate family. The
3320:Axtell, R.C.; Edwards, T.D.; Dukes, J.C. (1975).
1588:(S144). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 55–92.
1004:stylets that, together with a fold of the fleshy
2007:. University of California Press. pp. 1–2.
1505:List of soldierflies and allies of Great Britain
1104:, often cannibalistic in captivity, and consume
758:Tabanid identification is based mostly on adult
4443:(scuttle flies, coffin flies, humpbacked flies)
2362:Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America
1840:Cook, Gordon Charles; Zumla, Alimuddin (2009).
857:sp. have specialized nectar-sucking mouthparts.
675:The oldest records of the family come from the
3980:(minute black scavenger flies, or dung midges)
3414:
3412:
3410:
3150:. Indiana University Press. pp. 209–210.
2408:. University of California Press. p. 40.
1996:
1994:
1992:
1936:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
1582:Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada
462:Adult tabanids are large flies with prominent
396:marvelled at the eyes of a "drone fly" in his
5528:
3515:
2188:Chvala, M.; Lyneborg, L.; Moucha, J. (1972).
2083:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 522–.
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1300:(a rash), dizziness, weakness, wheezing, and
767:(tribes Pangoniini, Philolichini, Scionini),
8:
3326:Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society
3322:"Rigid canopy trap for Tabanidae (Diptera)"
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2077:Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. (2005).
996:The mouthparts of females are of the usual
315:Adult horse-flies feed on nectar and plant
6104:
5565:
5535:
5521:
5513:
5461:
5430:
5347:
5297:
5288:
5105:
4516:
4507:
4498:
4404:
4395:
4391:
4195:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4164:
4070:
4061:
4024:
3960:
3951:
3925:
3790:
3781:
3739:
3637:
3628:
3602:
3598:
3584:
3522:
3508:
3500:
2351:
2349:
2191:Horse Flies of Europe (Diptera, Tabanidae)
1878:"Deer flies, yellow flies and horse flies"
129:
49:
3043:
2933:
2923:
2882:
2841:
2831:
2782:
2736:. Chatto & Windus. pp. 310–312.
2589:
2505:
2219:. NárodnĂ muzeum – PĹ™ĂrodovÄ›deckĂ© muzeum.
2164:
2128:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2045:
1372:described the horse-fly in his 1634 book
437:The word "Tabanus" was first recorded by
308:(Oestridae) are sometimes referred to as
3169:
3167:
2391:. Oxford University Press. p. 2889.
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
940:Adult tabanids feed on nectar and plant
5165:(blow-flies: bluebottles, greenbottles)
2443:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
2261:(2 ed.). CSIRO. pp. 754–755.
2194:. Entomological Society of Copenhagen.
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1835:
1833:
1788:Doggett, Stephen L. (20 January 2010).
1548:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1537:
1520:
1276:Control of tabanid flies is difficult.
846:were recovered within the Chrysopsini.
6444:Extant Late Jurassic first appearances
5819:List of crop plants pollinated by bees
2356:Eaton, Eric R.; Kaufman, Kenn (2007).
2257:Colless, D.H.; McAlpine, D.K. (1991).
1352:1790, Plate CXCIV. Nos 7, 8 and 9 are
539:(bristles). The posterior tip of each
3452:. Taylor & Francis. p. 363.
3344:"Symptoms of insect bites and stings"
2034:Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny
1732:
1730:
1487:during the manufacture of the hammer
7:
6377:1e9e99d2-b796-44e6-805e-ada83cd1aee9
6276:84b6dde3-6e59-4dc4-a264-66c8bb30d2b2
1669:. Chatto & Windus. p. 312.
1636:participating institution membership
1483:took the form of a gadfly to hinder
1000:form and consist of a bundle of six
818:A 2015 study by Morita et al. using
2144:Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia (2003).
1876:Squitier, Jason M. (1 April 2014).
1742:Missouri Department of Conservation
4628:(cactus flies, banana stalk flies)
3366:"Treating insect bites and stings"
3118:Braga da Rosa; Gustavo A. (2006).
2364:. Hillstar Editions. p. 284.
2288:. Cornell University. p. 584.
2259:The Insects of Australia. Volume 2
1406:pursues and torments his mistress
749:, over 1,300 of them in the genus
734:, Tabanidae are classified in the
335:and grow in semiaquatic habitats.
25:
3419:Stagman, Myron (11 August 2010).
3180:. Elsevier Science. p. 660.
1528:
1510:Use of DNA in forensic entomology
1220:diseases of mammals, such as the
446:and may have originated from the
6088:
3487:
3475:
3422:Shakespeare's Greek Drama Secret
2613:Thomas, Anthony (1 April 2012).
2486:and its proposed Batesian model
1812:"Family Bibionidae: March Flies"
1333:
1324:
1172:Eggs are often attacked by tiny
656:
636:
618:
151:
3387:Belfiore, Elizabeth S. (2000).
3038:(741): 83–87. 14 January 1930.
2871:Journal of Experimental Biology
2759:"The function of zebra stripes"
2552:Ciaran McGrath (16 July 2018).
2494:South African Journal of Botany
2166:10.1590/s0074-02762003000900006
1222:equine infectious anaemia virus
1124:was discovered in the 1920s by
1120:. In dry places a "remarkable"
679:, with the oldest record being
347:equine infectious anaemia virus
5934:Home-stored product entomology
2476:Combs, J.K.; Pauw, A. (2009).
1705:. Springer. pp. 310–332.
686:known from wings found in the
1:
6017:Decline in insect populations
5610:List of insect-inspired songs
4312:(dagger flies, balloon flies)
3295:Journal of Medical Entomology
3267:Williams, R. (26 July 2013).
2388:Index Animalum. H, I, J, K, L
2301:Australian Journal of Zoology
2232:Australian Journal of Zoology
1703:Medical Insects and Arachnids
1455:The physician and naturalist
1418:, inspired by Aeschylus, has
902:in 1758, and the deer flies,
814:typically have speckled wings
3238:"The wasp-horsefly syndrome"
3215:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.03.022
2978:"Insect swarming and mating"
2976:Sullivan, Robert T. (1981).
2833:10.1371/journal.pone.0210831
2531:"Horse Flies and Deer Flies"
2358:"Deer flies and horse flies"
1252:among cattle and sheep, and
1071:Female horse-fly laying eggs
690:(145–140 million years ago)
366:among cattle and sheep, and
5504:List of families of Diptera
5136:(house flies, stable flies)
3446:Walker, John Lewis (2002).
3368:. NHS Choices. 27 June 2014
3346:. NHS Choices. 27 June 2014
3144:Martin, Anthony J. (2013).
1711:10.1007/978-94-011-1554-4_8
1350:Europäischen Zweiflügeligen
722:Diptera. With the families
6470:
6047:Pesticide toxicity to bees
6027:List of endangered insects
3907:(dark-winged fungus gnats)
3899:(long-winged fungus gnats)
3886:(long-beaked fungus gnats)
2507:10.1016/j.sajb.2009.06.015
1971:"Chapter 1: Fastest Flyer"
1969:Byrd, J.H. (31 May 1994).
1846:. Elsevier. p. 1752.
1843:Manson's Tropical Diseases
40:
29:
6085:
5501:
5287:
4981:(vinegar and fruit flies)
4891:(lekking, or druid flies)
4497:
4394:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4163:
4114:(long-bodied crane flies)
4060:
4023:
3950:
3924:
3780:
3738:
3627:
3601:
3597:
3583:
3539:
3174:Cheng, Thomas C. (2012).
3067:Dawkins, Richard (2016).
2691:10.1007/s00114-008-0425-5
1623:Oxford English Dictionary
944:, and some are important
649:feeding on a horse's head
242:
237:
148:Scientific classification
146:
137:
128:
52:
32:Horsefly (disambiguation)
6012:Colony collapse disorder
6007:Bees and toxic chemicals
3878:(predatory fungus gnats)
3307:10.1093/jmedent/26.5.459
2533:. University of Kentucky
2431:"Pollination biology of
2328:Invertebrate Systematics
2282:Mackerras, I.M. (1954).
2080:Evolution of the Insects
936:Diet and biting behavior
808:Horseflies in the genus
779:, with the single genus
573:Distribution and habitat
41:Not to be confused with
5914:Insect bites and stings
5891:Drosophila melanogaster
5804:Biological pest control
4769:(black scavenger flies)
4130:(hairy-eyed craneflies)
4047:(primitive crane flies)
3805:(march flies, lovebugs)
3127:Ornitologia Neotropical
2488:Pelargonium stipulaceum
2385:Sherborn, C.D. (1850).
1977:. University of Florida
1932:Hybomitra hinei wrighti
1884:. University of Florida
1818:. Iowa State University
1769:. University of Florida
1628:Oxford University Press
1594:10.4039/entm120144055-1
1306:National Health Service
1264:bites leading to fatal
1224:and various species of
1152:Predators and parasites
822:, aimed to clarify the
567:Hybomitra hinei wrighti
338:Female horse-flies can
5979:Rats, Lice and History
5411:(horse and deer flies)
4683:Strongylophthalmyiidae
4594:(picture-winged flies)
4122:(limoniid crane flies)
3045:10.1098/rspb.1930.0012
2925:10.1098/rspb.2020.1521
2644:"Horse and Deer Flies"
1975:Book of Insect Records
1934:(Diptera: Tabanidae".
1738:"Horse and Deer Flies"
1169:
1080:
1072:
993:
906:, named by the German
858:
815:
789:, with the two genera
610:Evolution and taxonomy
502:
403:
327:from blood to produce
36:Clegg (disambiguation)
6398:Paleobiology Database
5964:Alfred Russel Wallace
5749:Entomological warfare
5600:Insects in literature
4997:(frightful hairy fly)
4826:(beetle-backed flies)
4364:(tangle-veined flies)
4249:(hilarimorphid flies)
4210:(flower-loving flies)
4039:(phantom crane flies)
2763:Nature Communications
2153:Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz
2117:Systematic Entomology
2047:10.3897/asp.80.e86673
1948:10.1093/aesa/77.3.293
1903:Walker, A.R. (1994).
1527:For other names, see
1346:Johann Wilhelm Meigen
1194:provision their nests
1159:
1108:, insect larvae, and
1078:
1070:
986:
911:Johann Wilhelm Meigen
852:
807:
646:Haematopota pluvialis
528:(tubular mouthpart).
494:
392:
6271:Fauna Europaea (new)
5919:Insect sting allergy
5713:Cicadas in mythology
5328:(wood soldier flies)
5178:(New Zealand batfly)
5128:(little house flies)
4620:(stilt-legged flies)
4531:(thick-headed flies)
4427:(spear-winged flies)
4356:(small-headed flies)
4085:(winter crane flies)
3660:(frog-biting midges)
3484:at Wikimedia Commons
3177:General Parasitology
2982:Florida Entomologist
1431:Antony and Cleopatra
921:); he gave the name
785:, and the subfamily
343:blood-borne diseases
6022:Habitat destruction
5774:Insects in religion
5393:(water snipe flies)
4914:(upside-down flies)
4451:(flat-footed flies)
4435:(flat-footed flies)
4304:(long-legged flies)
4138:(large crane flies)
3754:(net-winged midges)
3721:(non-biting midges)
2824:2019PLoSO..1410831C
2775:2014NatCo...5.3535C
2683:2008NW.....95.1093H
2671:Naturwissenschaften
2650:. Purdue University
2215:Moucha, J. (1976).
1626:(Online ed.).
1529:§ Common names
1479:In Norse mythology
1416:William Shakespeare
1204:Tabanids are known
895:, named by Swedish
861:The Tabaninae lack
715:and members of the
666:Chrysops caecutiens
6449:Insects in culture
6095:Insects portal
6067:Insects and humans
5595:Arthropods in film
5544:Human interactions
5062:(freeloader flies)
4865:(leaf miner flies)
4805:(small dung flies)
4649:(stalk-eyed flies)
4472:(big-headed flies)
3930:Perissommatomorpha
3760:Deuterophlebiidae
3744:Blephariceromorpha
2918:(1933): 20201521.
2884:10.1242/jeb.065540
2784:10.1038/ncomms4535
2648:Medical Entomology
2130:10.1111/syen.12145
1882:Featured Creatures
1767:entnemdept.ufl.edu
1565:Tabanus sulcifrons
1495:(Hammer of Thor).
1436:Actium battlefield
1374:Theatre of Insects
1364:, and H. pluvialis
1212:bacterial, viral,
1200:As disease vectors
1170:
1081:
1073:
994:
859:
816:
711:The Tabanidae are
503:
428:green-headed flies
404:
319:; males have weak
140:Tabanus sulcifrons
6426:
6425:
6385:Open Tree of Life
6110:Taxon identifiers
6101:
6100:
5990:Insect Literature
5947:
5946:
5846:Carmine/Cochineal
5799:Beneficial insect
5769:Insects in ethics
5718:Scarab (artifact)
5708:Bees in mythology
5617:Insects on stamps
5510:
5509:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5451:
5450:
5420:
5419:
5412:
5394:
5373:
5337:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5313:
5310:Pantophthalmidae
5283:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5247:
5239:
5213:
5205:
5187:
5179:
5166:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5063:
5050:
5037:
5029:
5016:Acartophthalmidae
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4965:(quasimodo flies)
4915:
4892:
4884:
4866:
4835:
4827:
4806:
4770:
4762:
4714:
4673:
4650:
4629:
4621:
4595:
4587:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4532:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4326:
4313:
4305:
4279:
4271:
4258:
4250:
4237:
4229:
4211:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4105:
4086:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4029:Ptychopteromorpha
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4007:
3981:
3946:
3945:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3887:
3884:Lygistorrhinidae
3879:
3861:
3846:
3827:
3806:
3776:
3775:
3763:
3762:(mountain midges)
3755:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3697:(solitary midges)
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3652:(meniscus midges)
3623:
3622:
3480:Media related to
3459:978-0-8240-6697-0
3432:978-1-4438-2466-8
3400:978-0-19-513149-9
3187:978-0-323-14010-2
3157:978-0-253-00602-8
3080:978-0-547-52512-9
2743:978-0-7011-8180-2
2677:(11): 1093–1100.
2622:Micscape Magazine
2591:10.1159/000048076
2480:Philoliche gulosa
2415:978-0-520-09604-2
2371:978-0-618-15310-7
2313:10.1071/ZO9550583
2268:978-0-522-84638-6
2244:10.1071/zo9540431
2201:978-0-900848-57-5
2090:978-1-107-26877-7
2014:978-0-520-09604-2
1916:978-0-412-57280-7
1853:978-1-4160-4470-3
1720:978-94-011-1554-4
1676:978-0-7011-8180-2
1634:(Subscription or
702:Santana Formation
439:Pliny the Younger
273:
272:
233:
59:Berriasian–Recent
27:Family of insects
16:(Redirected from
6461:
6454:Flies and humans
6419:
6418:
6406:
6405:
6393:
6392:
6380:
6379:
6370:
6369:
6357:
6356:
6354:NBNSYS0000050594
6344:
6343:
6331:
6330:
6318:
6317:
6305:
6304:
6292:
6291:
6279:
6278:
6266:
6265:
6253:
6252:
6240:
6239:
6227:
6226:
6214:
6213:
6201:
6200:
6188:
6187:
6178:
6177:
6165:
6164:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6105:
6093:
6092:
5969:Jean-Henri Fabre
5744:Cricket fighting
5739:Cockroach racing
5605:Insects in music
5566:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5514:
5475:
5462:
5431:
5426:Vermileonomorpha
5410:
5404:Pelecorhynchidae
5392:
5371:
5348:
5327:
5319:
5311:
5298:
5293:Stratiomyomorpha
5289:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5237:
5211:
5203:
5185:
5177:
5176:Mystacinobiidae
5171:Mesembrinellidae
5164:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5119:
5106:
5085:
5061:
5048:
5035:
5027:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4913:
4890:
4882:
4881:Aulacigastridae
4864:
4833:
4825:
4804:
4768:
4760:
4712:
4688:Syringogastridae
4671:
4648:
4627:
4619:
4613:Cypselosomatidae
4593:
4585:
4567:
4566:Platystomatidae
4559:
4551:
4530:
4517:
4508:
4499:
4479:
4471:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4418:
4405:
4396:
4392:
4363:
4355:
4324:
4311:
4303:
4278:(stiletto flies)
4277:
4269:
4256:
4248:
4247:Hilarimorphidae
4235:
4227:
4216:Apsilocephalidae
4209:
4196:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4165:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4112:Cylindrotomidae
4104:
4103:
4099:
4084:
4071:
4062:
4046:
4038:
4025:
4005:
3979:
3973:Canthyloscelidae
3961:
3952:
3926:
3906:
3898:
3885:
3877:
3859:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3825:
3804:
3791:
3782:
3761:
3753:
3752:Blephariceridae
3740:
3720:
3712:
3711:Ceratopogonidae
3704:
3696:
3675:
3668:(phantom midges)
3667:
3659:
3651:
3638:
3629:
3603:
3599:
3585:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3501:
3492:Data related to
3491:
3479:
3464:
3463:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3416:
3405:
3404:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3004:. Archived from
2973:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2927:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2835:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2615:"Horse Fly head"
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2584:(3–6): 294–305.
2569:
2563:
2561:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2527:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2150:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2049:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1998:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1873:
1858:
1857:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1698:
1681:
1680:
1653:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1525:
1387:Prometheus Bound
1378:
1366:, respectively.
1337:
1328:
1186:horse guard wasp
1166:Stictia carolina
1162:horse guard wasp
875:Pelecorhynchidae
728:Pelecorhynchidae
677:Early Cretaceous
660:
640:
622:
228:
156:
155:
133:
123:
60:
56:Temporal range:
50:
21:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6414:
6409:
6401:
6396:
6388:
6383:
6375:
6373:
6365:
6360:
6352:
6347:
6339:
6334:
6326:
6321:
6313:
6308:
6300:
6295:
6287:
6282:
6274:
6269:
6261:
6256:
6248:
6243:
6235:
6230:
6222:
6217:
6209:
6204:
6196:
6191:
6183:
6181:
6173:
6168:
6160:
6155:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6112:
6102:
6097:
6087:
6081:
6059:
6053:
5995:
5943:
5905:
5898:
5790:
5783:
5722:
5694:
5652:
5621:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5541:
5511:
5506:
5481:
5457:Xylophagomorpha
5447:
5416:
5377:
5333:
5320:(soldier flies)
5267:
5222:
5212:(tachina flies)
5149:
5142:Scathophagidae
5120:(cabbage flies)
5091:
5067:
5021:Australimyzidae
5002:
4995:Mormotomyiidae
4944:
4912:Neurochaetidae
4849:
4810:
4803:Sphaeroceridae
4780:Sphaeroceroidea
4774:
4734:Heterocheilidae
4729:Helosciomyzidae
4697:
4633:
4599:
4586:(peacock flies)
4552:(flutter flies)
4536:
4485:
4456:
4425:Lonchopteridae
4369:
4340:
4318:Homalocnemiidae
4302:Dolichopodidae
4283:
4173:
4143:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4090:
4052:
4037:Ptychopteridae
4011:
3990:
3942:
3938:Perissommatidae
3912:
3897:Rangomaramidae
3842:
3841:
3839:
3831:
3810:
3772:
3726:
3713:(biting midges)
3681:
3658:Corethrellidae
3619:
3593:
3579:
3535:
3528:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3418:
3417:
3408:
3401:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3273:The Independent
3266:
3265:
3261:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3081:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3008:on 4 March 2016
2994:10.2307/3494600
2975:
2974:
2970:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2818:(2): e0210831.
2805:
2804:
2800:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2733:Bugs Britannica
2722:
2721:
2714:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2624:. Microscopy-UK
2617:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2515:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2455:10.2307/2399833
2428:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2340:10.1071/IS07005
2325:
2324:
2320:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2091:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2000:
1999:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1861:
1854:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1700:
1699:
1684:
1677:
1666:Bugs Britannica
1655:
1654:
1643:
1633:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1561:Cirrus Digital
1560:
1556:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1501:
1467:Tabanus atratus
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1367:
1358:H. crassicornis
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1294:
1274:
1202:
1190:bembicinid wasp
1174:parasitic wasps
1154:
1058:
952:tubes, such as
938:
933:
820:nucleotide data
673:
672:
671:
670:
669:
661:
652:
651:
650:
641:
633:
632:
623:
612:
575:
498:Tabanus atratus
460:
387:
227:
150:
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
58:
57:
54:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6467:
6465:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6431:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6407:
6394:
6381:
6371:
6358:
6345:
6332:
6319:
6306:
6293:
6280:
6267:
6258:Fauna Europaea
6254:
6241:
6228:
6215:
6202:
6189:
6179:
6166:
6153:
6138:
6122:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6099:
6098:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5986:Lafcadio Hearn
5983:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5959:Jan Swammerdam
5955:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5885:Model organism
5882:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5759:Insect farming
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5662:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5643:Artificial fly
5640:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5576:Insects in art
5572:
5570:
5563:
5552:
5551:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5517:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5470:
5468:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5439:
5437:
5435:Vermileonoidea
5428:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5387:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5362:
5360:Austroleptidae
5356:
5354:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5318:Stratiomyidae
5315:
5312:(timber flies)
5306:
5304:
5302:Stratiomyoidea
5295:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5252:Nycteribiidae
5249:
5244:Hippoboscidae
5241:
5238:(tsetse flies)
5232:
5230:
5228:Hippoboscoidea
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5207:
5202:Sarcophagidae
5199:
5194:
5189:
5181:
5173:
5168:
5163:Calliphoridae
5159:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5114:
5112:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5081:
5079:Cryptochetidae
5075:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5057:
5052:
5044:
5039:
5031:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4992:
4984:
4979:Drosophilidae
4976:
4968:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4930:Periscelididae
4927:
4922:
4917:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4897:Fergusoninidae
4894:
4886:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4859:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:Chamaemyiidae
4829:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4800:
4798:Nannodastiidae
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4568:(signal flies)
4563:
4560:(cheese flies)
4555:
4550:Pallopteridae
4546:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4525:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4475:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4419:(ironic flies)
4413:
4411:
4402:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:Nemestrinidae
4359:
4350:
4348:
4346:Nemestrinoidea
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4320:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4273:
4270:(window flies)
4265:
4263:Mythicomyiidae
4260:
4252:
4244:
4239:
4231:
4228:(robber flies)
4223:
4218:
4213:
4204:
4202:
4193:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4108:
4106:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:Trichoceridae
4079:
4077:
4075:Trichoceroidea
4068:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4033:
4031:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3958:
3956:Psychodomorpha
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3892:Mycetophilidae
3889:
3881:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:Cecidomyiidae
3855:
3853:Bolitophilidae
3849:
3847:
3843:(fungus gnats)
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3799:
3797:
3788:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3757:
3748:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3646:
3644:
3635:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3496:at Wikispecies
3485:
3471:
3470:External links
3468:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3438:
3431:
3406:
3399:
3379:
3357:
3335:
3312:
3301:(5): 459–461.
3285:
3259:
3228:
3193:
3186:
3163:
3156:
3136:
3110:
3094:
3079:
3059:
3019:
2968:
2949:
2898:
2857:
2798:
2749:
2742:
2728:Mabey, Richard
2712:
2661:
2635:
2605:
2564:
2544:
2513:
2500:(4): 757–761.
2468:
2449:(4): 517–534.
2421:
2414:
2394:
2377:
2370:
2345:
2334:(3): 311–327.
2318:
2307:(4): 583–633.
2291:
2274:
2267:
2249:
2238:(3): 431–454.
2222:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2136:
2096:
2089:
2069:
2020:
2013:
1988:
1961:
1942:(3): 293–295.
1922:
1915:
1895:
1859:
1852:
1829:
1803:
1790:"Biting flies"
1780:
1754:
1726:
1719:
1682:
1675:
1661:Mabey, Richard
1641:
1607:
1569:
1554:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1370:Thomas Muffett
1342:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1293:
1290:
1273:
1270:
1201:
1198:
1178:tachinid flies
1153:
1150:
1057:
1054:
973:carbon dioxide
958:, and certain
937:
934:
932:
929:
662:
655:
654:
653:
642:
635:
634:
628:Tabanus eggeri
624:
617:
616:
615:
614:
613:
611:
608:
574:
571:
563:Immelmann turn
459:
456:
386:
383:
379:Ancient Greece
286:in the family
271:
270:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
240:
239:
235:
234:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
144:
143:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
61:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6466:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6158:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6096:
6091:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6056:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6042:Neonicotinoid
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5901:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:Other aspects
5725:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5587:Musca depicta
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5538:
5533:
5531:
5526:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5505:
5500:
5478:
5474:Xylophagidae
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5466:Xylophagoidea
5463:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5444:
5443:Vermileonidae
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5372:(snipe flies)
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5330:
5324:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5246:(louse flies)
5242:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5204:(flesh flies)
5200:
5198:
5197:Rhinophoridae
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5118:Anthomyiidae
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5086:(lance flies)
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5036:(beach flies)
5032:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4989:(shore flies)
4985:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4963:Curtonotidae
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Teratomyzidae
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:Cremifaniidae
4838:
4836:
4834:(aphid flies)
4830:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4761:(marsh flies)
4757:
4755:
4754:Ropalomeridae
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4744:Natalimyzidae
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Megamerinidae
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:Micropezidae
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4470:Pipunculidae
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4449:Platypezidae
4447:
4445:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4417:Ironomyiidae
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4409:Platypezoidea
4406:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Oreogetonidae
4329:
4327:
4325:(dance flies)
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:Scenopinidae
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4257:(mydas flies)
4253:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4221:Apystomyiidae
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4102:(crane flies)
4097:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3986:Valeseguyidae
3984:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3876:Keroplatidae
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Diadocidiidae
3864:
3862:
3860:(gall midges)
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3824:Anisopodidae
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3816:Anisopodoidea
3813:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Bibionomorpha
3783:
3779:
3769:
3768:Nymphomyiidae
3766:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3723:
3719:Chironomidae
3717:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3705:(black flies)
3701:
3699:
3695:Thaumaleidae
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3687:Chironomoidea
3684:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3607:Axymyiomorpha
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3383:
3380:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:(10): 983–9.
3208:
3204:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2877:(5): 736–45.
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2724:Marren, Peter
2719:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2558:Daily Express
2555:
2548:
2545:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:Disa karooica
2482:, pollinates
2481:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1896:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1657:Marren, Peter
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1462:Blue Tail Fly
1458:
1457:Thomas Muffet
1453:
1451:
1450:
1449:Metamorphoses
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1420:Tom o' Bedlam
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1356:horse-flies,
1355:
1351:
1347:
1336:
1327:
1316:In literature
1315:
1313:
1311:
1310:antihistamine
1307:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:Malaise traps
1271:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1241:filarial worm
1239:
1236:transmit the
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:, fungi, and
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:metamorphosis
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1018:anticoagulant
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
990:
985:
981:
979:
974:
970:
965:
963:
962:
957:
956:
951:
947:
943:
935:
930:
928:
926:
925:
920:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
900:Carl Linnaeus
898:
894:
889:
887:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
856:
851:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
813:
812:
806:
802:
800:
799:
794:
793:
788:
784:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
760:morphological
756:
754:
753:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
698:
693:
692:Purbeck Group
689:
685:
683:
678:
668:
667:
659:
648:
647:
639:
630:
629:
625:A horse-fly,
621:
609:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:. The genera
588:
584:
580:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
559:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
522:
517:
516:
511:
510:
500:
499:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
474:
469:
465:
464:compound eyes
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
401:
400:
395:
391:
384:
382:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
360:
356:
355:filarial worm
352:
348:
344:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
241:
236:
231:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
211:Superfamily:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
145:
142:
141:
136:
132:
127:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
6117:
6072:Insecticides
5989:
5977:
5974:Hans Zinsser
5939:Clothes moth
5889:
5700:In mythology
5633:Fishing bait
5585:
5408:
5399:Oreoleptidae
5391:Athericidae
5370:Rhagionidae
5365:Bolbomyiidae
5352:Rhagionoidea
5343:Tabanomorpha
5236:Glossinidae
5218:Ulurumyiidae
5144:(dung flies)
5084:Lonchaeidae
5072:Lonchaeoidea
5060:Milichiidae
5055:Inbiomyiidae
5049:(frit flies)
5047:Chloropidae
4971:Diastatidae
4940:Xenasteiidae
4871:Anthomyzidae
4863:Agromyzidae
4816:Lauxanioidea
4793:Heleomyzidae
4759:Sciomyzidae
4749:Phaeomyiidae
4739:Huttoninidae
4724:Helcomyzidae
4713:(kelp flies)
4703:Sciomyzoidea
4672:(rust flies)
4584:Tephritidae
4579:Richardiidae
4558:Piophilidae
4542:Tephritoidea
4512:Acalyptratae
4480:(hoverflies)
4354:Acroceridae
4234:Bombyliidae
4208:Apioceridae
4066:Tipulomorpha
4045:Tanyderidae
4006:(moth flies)
4004:Psychodidae
3996:Psychodoidea
3978:Scatopsidae
3965:Scatopsoidea
3826:(wood gnats)
3676:(mosquitoes)
3666:Chaoboridae
3633:Culicomorpha
3575:Holometabola
3573:Superorder:
3567:Infraclass:
3448:
3441:
3421:
3389:
3382:
3372:30 September
3370:. Retrieved
3360:
3350:30 September
3348:. Retrieved
3338:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3272:
3262:
3248:(3): 61–63.
3245:
3241:
3231:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3176:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3126:
3113:
3103:
3097:
3069:
3062:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3006:the original
2988:(1): 44–65.
2985:
2981:
2971:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2732:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2647:
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2621:
2608:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2497:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2404:
2397:
2387:
2380:
2361:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2284:
2277:
2258:
2252:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2210:
2190:
2183:
2159:(1): 29–34.
2156:
2152:
2139:
2120:
2116:
2079:
2072:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2003:
1979:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1905:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1881:
1842:
1820:. Retrieved
1815:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:
1702:
1665:
1621:
1610:
1585:
1581:
1564:
1557:
1547:
1540:
1523:
1491:, weapon of
1478:
1474:Paul Muldoon
1472:
1465:
1454:
1447:
1429:
1423:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1295:
1275:
1262:
1260:and humans.
1243:
1231:
1225:
1203:
1171:
1165:
1142:
1126:W.A. Lamborn
1114:Pteromalidae
1096:
1092:
1082:
1059:
1056:Reproduction
1038:tsetse flies
1029:
1025:
1023:
995:
987:
969:anautogenous
966:
959:
953:
939:
922:
918:
914:
908:entomologist
903:
892:
890:
886:Tabanomorpha
860:
854:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:monophyletic
817:
809:
796:
792:Braunsiomyia
790:
780:
769:Chrysopsinae
757:
750:
743:Tabanomorpha
732:Oreoleptidae
710:
680:
674:
664:
663:A deer fly,
644:
643:Horse-flies
626:
602:
598:
594:
590:
576:
566:
556:
553:
530:
519:
513:
507:
504:
496:
461:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
408:Chrysopsinae
405:
399:Micrographia
397:
394:Robert Hooke
385:Common names
372:
357:
351:trypanosomes
337:
314:
309:
302:obtain blood
287:
279:
275:
274:
251:Chrysopsinae
238:Subfamilies
224:
138:
47:
6297:iNaturalist
6142:Wikispecies
6058:Categories,
6037:Insecticide
5868:Sericulture
5839:Royal jelly
5764:Flea circus
5754:Entomophagy
5688:Cantharidin
5683:Spanish fly
5658:In medicine
5638:Fly fishing
5569:In the arts
5476:(awl flies)
5326:Xylomyidae
5262:(bat flies)
5260:Streblidae
5254:(bat flies)
5210:Tachinidae
5101:Calyptratae
4987:Ephydridae
4973:(bog flies)
4950:Ephydroidea
4883:(sap flies)
4855:Opomyzoidea
4845:Lauxaniidae
4824:Celyphidae
4788:Chyromyidae
4719:Dryomyzidae
4711:Coelopidae
4693:Tanypezidae
4503:Schizophora
4387:Muscomorpha
4297:Atelestidae
4276:Therevidae
4236:(bee flies)
4191:Asilomorpha
4128:Pediciidae
4120:Limoniidae
3871:Ditomyiidae
3803:Bibionidae
3795:Bibionoidea
3703:Simuliidae
3332:(1): 64–67.
3278:9 September
2578:Haemostasis
2437:Lapeirousia
2433:Lapeirousia
2040:: 295–307.
1981:13 November
1354:Haematopota
1286:pyrethroids
1266:anaphylaxis
1227:Trypanosoma
1210:blood-borne
1102:carnivorous
1016:containing
1008:, form the
961:Pelargonium
955:Lapeirousia
946:pollinators
924:Haematopota
915:Die Fliegen
879:Rhagionidae
840:Mycteromyia
811:Haematopota
787:Scepcidinae
765:Pangoniinae
736:superfamily
724:Athericidae
603:Haematopota
599:Haematopota
458:Description
432:green flies
276:Horse-flies
261:Scepsidinae
256:Pangoniinae
6433:Categories
6077:Pesticides
5814:Bee pollen
5809:Beekeeping
5791:entomology
5734:Biomimicry
5666:Apitherapy
5626:In fishing
5581:Beetlewing
5562:in culture
5409:Tabanidae
5383:Tabanoidea
5186:(botflies)
5184:Oestridae
5155:Oestroidea
5126:Fanniidae
5034:Canacidae
5028:(bee lice)
5026:Braulidae
4958:Camillidae
4925:Opomyzidae
4902:Marginidae
4889:Clusiidae
4678:Somatiidae
4665:Nothybidae
4647:Diopsidae
4639:Diopsoidea
4592:Ulidiidae
4574:Pyrgotidae
4529:Conopidae
4521:Conopoidea
4478:Syrphidae
4462:Syrphoidea
4433:Opetiidae
4323:Hybotidae
4310:Empididae
4289:Empidoidea
4171:Brachycera
4136:Tipulidae
4096:Tipuloidea
3905:Sciaridae
3837:Sciaroidea
3674:Culicidae
3642:Culicoidea
3615:Axymyiidae
3591:Nematocera
3561:Subclass:
3551:Arthropoda
3133:: 619–622.
2965:: 515–546.
1638:required.)
1563:Horse Fly
1516:References
1362:H. grandis
1302:angioedema
1272:Management
1122:adaptation
1110:arthropods
1050:camouflage
1042:optic flow
978:mosquitoes
897:taxonomist
883:infraorder
855:Philoliche
777:Adersiinae
739:Tabanoidea
713:true flies
697:angiosperm
688:Berriasian
682:Eotabanoid
521:Diachlorus
452:Bibionidae
333:predaceous
321:mouthparts
280:deer flies
246:Adersiinae
215:Tabanoidea
185:Arthropoda
6439:Tabanidae
6175:TABANIDAE
6162:Tabanidae
6148:Tabanidae
6118:Tabanidae
6060:templates
6032:Pesticide
5648:Fly tying
5192:Rhiniidae
5134:Muscidae
5110:Muscoidea
5008:Carnoidea
4920:Odiniidae
4907:Neminidae
4876:Asteiidae
4767:Sepsidae
4670:Psilidae
4655:Gobryidae
4626:Neriidae
4605:Nerioidea
4441:Phoridae
4336:Ragadidae
4242:Evocoidae
4226:Asilidae
4200:Asiloidea
4169:Suborder
3589:Suborder
3563:Pterygota
3543:Kingdom:
3494:Tabanidae
3482:Tabanidae
3089:957127003
3054:0950-1193
3012:21 August
2435:subgenus
2123:: 56–72.
2064:250974222
2056:1864-8312
1602:0071-075X
1425:King Lear
1392:Aeschylus
1298:urticaria
1254:tularemia
1238:parasitic
1214:protozoan
1208:for some
1182:nematodes
1138:mudcracks
1134:Nyasaland
1046:signaling
1010:proboscis
1002:chitinous
919:The Flies
871:flagellum
824:phylogeny
773:Tabaninae
747:described
706:dinosaurs
579:Greenland
558:Hybomitra
533:tubercles
526:proboscis
444:Old Norse
416:Tabaninae
375:Aeschylus
368:tularemia
288:Tabanidae
282:are true
266:Tabaninae
230:Latreille
225:Tabanidae
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
53:Tabanidae
18:Horse-fly
6206:BugGuide
6182:BioLib:
6127:Wikidata
6000:Concerns
5952:Pioneers
5929:Woodworm
5834:Propolis
5789:Economic
5676:Melittin
5671:Apitoxin
5042:Carnidae
4255:Mydidae
3650:Dixidae
3569:Neoptera
3549:Phylum:
3545:Animalia
3534:families
3254:18717054
3223:18466939
2944:32811316
2893:22323196
2852:30785882
2812:PLOS ONE
2793:24691390
2769:: 3535.
2730:(2010).
2707:10709063
2699:18685822
2600:11910198
2175:12687759
1956:85338001
1816:BugGuide
1663:(2010).
1617:"gadfly"
1499:See also
1402:'s wife
1398:sent by
1256:between
1233:Chrysops
1093:Chrysops
1062:hilltops
1030:Chrysops
998:dipteran
942:exudates
904:Chrysops
631:, France
595:Chrysops
545:Graber's
509:Chrysops
495:Head of
486:maxillae
478:halteres
468:antennae
466:, short
424:gadflies
420:tabanids
340:transfer
317:exudates
310:gadflies
306:botflies
221:Family:
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
43:housefly
6133:Q228241
5924:Bed bug
5906:insects
5904:Harmful
5880:Shellac
5824:Beeswax
5779:Jingzhe
5559:insects
5555:Aspects
5548:insects
4400:Aschiza
3557:Insecta
3555:Class:
3532:Diptera
3530:Extant
3002:3494600
2935:7482270
2843:6382098
2820:Bibcode
2771:Bibcode
2679:Bibcode
2654:24 July
2628:25 July
2537:24 July
2463:2399833
1888:24 July
1822:30 July
1796:30 July
1773:2 April
1747:2 April
1489:Mjölnir
1368:Right:
1282:octenol
1258:rabbits
1250:anthrax
1245:Loa loa
1206:vectors
1097:Tabanus
1026:Tabanus
989:Tabanus
950:corolla
931:Biology
893:Tabanus
844:Goniops
836:Adersia
832:Goniops
798:Scepsis
782:Adersia
752:Tabanus
591:Tabanus
583:Iceland
515:Tabanus
448:Vikings
364:anthrax
359:Loa loa
349:, some
325:protein
298:Diptera
290:in the
205:Diptera
201:Order:
195:Insecta
191:Class:
6416:493907
6403:138863
6390:555817
6374:NZOR:
6341:130934
6328:105617
6315:105702
6250:1TABAF
5863:Kermes
5858:Chitin
5851:Polish
3456:
3429:
3397:
3252:
3221:
3184:
3154:
3087:
3077:
3052:
3000:
2942:
2932:
2891:
2850:
2840:
2791:
2740:
2705:
2697:
2598:
2461:
2412:
2368:
2265:
2198:
2173:
2087:
2062:
2054:
2011:
1954:
1913:
1850:
1717:
1673:
1600:
1485:Brokkr
1396:gadfly
1344:Left:
1216:, and
1132:(then
1130:Malawi
1118:pupate
1089:larvae
1034:zebras
1014:Saliva
1006:labium
867:tibiae
863:ocelli
717:insect
597:, and
587:Hawaii
585:, and
484:, and
473:arista
430:, and
353:, the
292:insect
232:, 1802
6411:WoRMS
6310:IRMNG
6302:47821
6263:10963
6185:17474
5829:Honey
5546:with
3123:(PDF)
2998:JSTOR
2703:S2CID
2618:(PDF)
2459:JSTOR
2149:(PDF)
2060:S2CID
1952:S2CID
1632:
1412:Argus
1292:Bites
1106:worms
720:order
541:larva
537:setae
482:frons
295:order
284:flies
6367:7205
6362:NCBI
6336:ITIS
6289:6919
6284:GBIF
6245:EPPO
6237:9018
6193:BOLD
5873:Silk
3454:ISBN
3427:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3374:2015
3352:2015
3280:2015
3250:PMID
3219:PMID
3182:ISBN
3152:ISBN
3085:OCLC
3075:ISBN
3050:ISSN
3014:2015
2959:Myia
2940:PMID
2889:PMID
2848:PMID
2789:PMID
2738:ISBN
2695:PMID
2656:2015
2630:2015
2596:PMID
2539:2015
2410:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2171:PMID
2085:ISBN
2052:ISSN
2009:ISBN
1983:2017
1911:ISBN
1890:2015
1848:ISBN
1824:2015
1798:2015
1775:2023
1749:2023
1715:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1598:ISSN
1493:Thor
1481:Loki
1444:Ovid
1440:Juno
1404:Hera
1400:Zeus
1394:, a
1218:worm
1160:The
1084:Eggs
842:and
795:and
730:and
549:pupa
412:deer
329:eggs
278:and
64:Preęž’
34:and
6349:NBN
6323:ISC
6232:EoL
6224:GVW
6219:CoL
6211:117
6198:465
6170:AFD
6157:ADW
5557:of
3303:doi
3211:doi
3207:102
3040:doi
3036:106
2990:doi
2930:PMC
2920:doi
2916:287
2879:doi
2875:215
2838:PMC
2828:doi
2779:doi
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