500:
22:
181:
736:) to Njikpla, the god of the shooting star and of war and the most important of the secondary gods, who is represented seated on horseback and dressed in European style. He also points out the omnipresence of animal drawings in bright paint on Togolese homes, most of which he says depict a stylized horse, which he explains by the fact that "the horse , of all our domestic animals, the one that imposes the most on the
2606:
540:
370:. According to the French rider and editor Jean-Louis Gouraud, this gave rise to the Togolese cavalry regiment in the 1980s. Horse breeding declined during the second half of the 20th century, with a reduction of one-third of the estimated herd between 1977 (3,000) and 1989 (2,000). Some historical horse-breeding regions gave up the use of this animal altogether, for various reasons. In
415:
309:, a figure that is probably underestimated because the inhabitants tend to hide their animals. Jean Eugène Pierre Maroix described the presence in 1938 of a "small but very resistant Togolese horse was only found in the north". This observation was shared by various French settlers in Togo during the 1930s, one of whom wrote that the
121:), does not mention the presence of horses on the Togolese coast during the pre-colonial period and the situation inland remains unknown until the 19th century, due to the absence of sources. Another difficulty is the absence of a large African kingdom in Togo, which could have been written about by travelers.
397:
family, created the Pan-African
National Party in 2014, with the color red and a horse rearing, a Tem warrior emblem, as symbols, a choice he justifies by "its strength, courtesy, and elegance". In this context of political opposition, in 2018, the equestrian statue of a mounted warrior, in Kparatao,
261:
Finally, Zöller reports the interest of the inhabitants, especially the women, in his and the consul's passage, without being able to determine whether this interest is due to the unusual presence of horses in this region, or to that of white men. In Agoè, he writes that "the appearance of our horses
743:
In the tales and myths of Togo compiled by
Gerhard Prilop, Yao the orphan chooses a white horse that galloped to seven hills before returning to him, which then helps him in his adventures. In the tale of Halasiba, the latter, having made a little fortune, buys a white horse to sacrifice it: the sky
557:
Environmental constraints limit it; the north of the country is mountainous, and the south has vast grazing lands, but is invaded by parasites deadly to horses. In the
Savanna region in the north, breeders must manage forage supply and drought. The Togolese regions with the most horses in 1991 were,
171:
riders and mercenaries, the
Semassi, are known for having operated on Togolese territory on behalf of slave traders between 1883 and 1887. After having been co-opted by the Tem, they kidnap children on the roads at the level of Fazao mountains, or further south, and place up to two or three of them
727:
According to Togo political scientist Comi M. Toulabor, a horse's tail, when owned by an important religious or political figure, has an occult or symbolic significance in
Togolese customary societies as an object to ward off evil occult forces. In 1884, Hugo Zöller described a cult in the town of
526:
Horse breeding is mostly practiced by farmers, but on a very small scale compared to other forms of breeding. Village chiefs generally own between 1 and 5 horses; larger farms are privately owned for commercial purposes, such as the "Bena
Development" farm. State-owned stables are generally better
661:
in
Alabama (United States) tried to establish the horse in Togo because of its value as a working animal; to this end, they advocated dressing horses during the day "in something that protects them," adding that "since the price of a horse is 60, 70 or 80 Marks, assuming the horse lives and works
274:
The proliferation of firearms, as well as the disappearance of
African kingdoms and small chiefdoms that once lived off the slave trade, led to an overall decline in the number of horses in West Africa. That is the reason why this animal, once a military asset, became the prerogative of chiefs or
444:
The horse is not perceived as a transport animal, a sport animal, or a draught animal, although there has been a recent awareness of its physical capacities. It can be ridden for routine travel between villages and to visit family members or parties. It is also used for transporting water or
342:
of northern Togo, according to Robert
Cornevin (1962), "horses are frequently of little appearance but are resistant and therefore sufficient. The people appear to be good horsemen, well-trained in the use of weapons". The ladjo (Muslim customary chief) traditionally receives a horse at his
511:(1980), it was limited to the extreme north of the country; in 1991, it was practiced by private breeders as well as by the State, in a poorly organized manner, without any promotional structure. The Togolese ethnic groups that traditionally breed horses are the Koto-Koli (or Tem) and the
582:
and Pya are home to the
Togolese army's mares. The latter, which consisted of about 200 horses in 1991, is the country's leading equine breeding operation, despite various constraints that have led to a reduction in the number of animals. The mares are bred in Kara, and the stallions in
527:
maintained and supplied than those of private owners; the latter let their horses graze on available grassland. As a result, problems of undernourishment of the horses are frequent, with a lack of mineral and food supplements. Horse breeding is entirely natural, and mares
479:
2019. Every 13 January, the Togolese national holiday, is the occasion of the parade of a regiment mounted with 200 horses. This regiment also takes part in other military parades. It has a dissuasive function, allowing among other things to disperse demonstrations.
451:
have never been developed in Togo, despite the existence of this practice in neighboring countries. In the absence of a culture of transmission of the training and use of draft animals, local farmers prefer to use motorized vehicles.
602:
Belei and Gouraud point out the absence of a purely Togolese breed. Jean-Louis Gouraud describes local horses that are rather small and narrow, with slender thighs, a strongly arched head profile, and a wide variety of
634:. According to Law, this pony is bred in the northern mountains of the country. According to Jean-Louis Gouraud, Togolese horses are mainly sourced from neighboring countries, including Niger, Burkina Faso, and Ghana.
253:
The Togolese terrain is unfavorable for traveling by horse, and it is considered dangerous because for the most part, it consists of man-sized paths, sand, muddy silt, or very tall, sharp grass. However, the
156:
at the same time, after having subdued the natives. Nicoué attributes this success to the introduction of rifles and the use of horses, which they may have learned from a neighboring tribe: the Gondja or
673:
is decreasing due to the eradication programs of the insect vectors, which also infect cattle. Local breeds of horses are more resistant than imported ones. Two forms are known in Togolese horses:
755:
The honorific status of the horse tends to diminish, due to its possession by rural farmers, and its exploitation for economic purposes. The limbs of modern Togolese horses are often dyed with
434:. The largest gathering of horses in Togo attracts about 200 richly caparisoned riders, sometimes coming from very distant regions. It is also the occasion for horse races and dances.
1107:
463:
in Togo, following a north–south axis between Lomé and Fazao. Some horse riding activities on the Togolese beach are possible; in 1968, there were horse rides in a coconut grove. The
1641:
313:
people of northern Togo knew how to ride, while the ethnic groups of the south were unaware of horses. Taxes were applied to horses entering or leaving the country's borders.
623:
1247:
211:
that he visited, he pointed out that "One finds neither cattle nor horses. Our domestic animals are just pigs, sheep, goats, chickens and, from time to time, skinny dogs".
1275:
351:
ethnic group. Only a person with an important public function, or a power "invested by the ancestors to preside over the destiny of a clan or tribe," could own a horse.
724:
The horse was once of primary importance in Togolese society as a "sacred and mythological animal" and a symbol of honor and was not exploited for economic purposes.
554:
is restricted to about 2,000 individuals according to the Delachaux guide (2014); Dr. Donguila Belei's veterinary thesis also cites a herd of 2,000 horses in 1991.
646:(or glossina), which carries a fatal disease for horses, especially in the south of the country, near coconut groves, or forest areas. Other insects, notably the
657:
Attempts to immunize West African horses and donkeys were made during the 1900s. In particular, until 1909, an international technical assistance service of the
2371:
242:). These two horses are fed on maize and abundant local vegetation, growing within fifteen minutes of their stables. Each of these horses has a personal
2508:
426:
Only male horses are traditionally ridden, the females being reserved for breeding. The use of horses in Togo focuses essentially on prestige and
214:
By contrast, Europeans and colonial troops did use horses. Consul Randad (Togo's consul in 1884) rode a horse for his travels, especially to a
207:(contrary to what he had observed in North Africa), which is why the goods were essentially carried by men. In the localities under the German
2321:
2298:
2267:
2244:
1797:
343:
investiture, which takes place at his home; his horse is slaughtered at the time of his death. This custom of using the horse as a symbol of
290:
and managed to recruit others on the spot to chase the Germans, bringing the total number of cavalrymen to 170, most of whom were armed with
2628:
476:
301:, where a small, very resistant, and hardy horse was raised in "good conditions". The colonial administration does not count any horses in
523:
justify their refusal to raise horses by the fact that their ancestors were defeated by horses ridden by an invading tribe from the West.
2568:
2513:
2198:
2179:
85:. This tradition takes place during the Adossa festival, an annual customary ceremony that attracts around 200 riders to the town of
2335:. 1 de Chroniques anciennes du Togo (in French). Vol. 1. Translated by Amegan, K.; Ahadji, A. Lomé: Karthala et éditions Haho.
2221:
456:
is consumed by the local population, these animals being, when old, often reformed by selling them at low prices for this purpose.
262:
caused almost more sensation than our own presence. They were constantly assailed by a group of women and girls who kept shouting '
701:
has also been observed, mainly in the Savanna and Kara regions, making Togo a team focus. However, the country is not affected by
2553:
1001:
1304:
574:, which had fewer than 15 horses, but which were very unevenly distributed. More recently, farms have been established in the
2588:
2503:
2364:
2340:
2066:
1876:
1071:
2563:
997:"Law (Robin) : The horse in West African History. The rĂ´le of the horse in the societies of pre-colonial West Africa"
2578:
2558:
2543:
2498:
2493:
62:. The distribution of horses in the south is much more recent, as breeding was very limited due to the presence of the
2573:
2548:
2533:
2528:
2477:
430:. The most famous festive event around the horse is the Adossa festival, or Cutlery festival, organized every year in
2643:
2583:
2538:
2518:
1036:. Les pays africains sous mandat (in French). La Vie technique, industrielle, agricole & coloniale. p. 26.
563:
21:
2437:
2407:
2397:
2357:
2162:
468:
996:
101:
Togo is not a country with an equestrian tradition, being one of the West African countries that have neglected
2638:
702:
378:, livestock breeding motivated entirely by hunting is losing interest with the creation of protected areas and
358:
had never seen a horse in their lives. The establishment of horses in the Togolese capital came in part from a
865:
367:
662:
only 60 days," using a horse for plowing will be more profitable than paying a daily wage to local workers.
651:
499:
2256:
The horse in West African history : the role of the horse in the societies of pre-colonial West Africa
1865:
Le Togo, terre d'expérimentation de l'assistance technique internationale de Tuskegee University en Alabama
2457:
2447:
2290:
1992:
698:
689:
674:
670:
445:
foodstuffs. In the Savanna region, it is used to transport crops, people, or various goods and materials.
403:
2609:
2153:
744:
lights up at night thanks to the tail of this sacrificed white horse, which has been transformed into a
571:
567:
437:
Personalities can be honored by the presence of a horse, as the horse is seen as an animal of prestige.
255:
129:
50:
represented, at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, in the region of
1422:
752:", is said to have been founded by a cattle breeder, Agbaniwul, at the place where he tied his horse.
705:. No specific protection measures against contagious diseases and parasites had yet been implemented.
2600:
2432:
551:
460:
1868:
658:
491:
being collected in the animal's blood after it has been injected with a small dose of snake venom.
464:
448:
399:
394:
75:
74:
in the 1980s allowed the creation of the first Togolese honorary cavalry regiment. The use of the
2462:
2442:
2402:
2392:
679:
243:
227:
716:
during the rainy season, with animals getting sick and becoming contagious if they have wounds.
406:
in Timbu, so that he would win a "clean and total victory" in the 2020 presidential elections.
297:
In 1926, the French colonial administration described a practice of horse breeding in northern
2633:
2427:
2336:
2317:
2313:
2294:
2273:
2263:
2240:
2236:
2217:
2213:
2194:
2175:
2062:
2020:
2012:
1872:
1793:
1789:
1499:
1067:
684:
666:
604:
438:
363:
180:
81:
With an equine herd of about 2,000 horses, Togolese equestrian practices are exclusively for
2523:
2452:
2417:
2155:
Contribution Ă la connaissance et la pathologie infectieuse et parasitaire du cheval au Togo
2004:
756:
54:
and in the north of the current country. Horses were introduced at that time thanks to the
2467:
2308:
Porter, Valerie; Alderson, Lawrence; Hall, Stephen J. G.; Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2016).
1784:
Porter, Valerie; Alderson, Lawrence; Hall, Stephen J. G.; Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2016).
768:
359:
326:
317:
298:
158:
67:
2174:. Du XVIe siècle à l'occupation coloniale (in French) (2nd ed.). Karthala Éditions.
2422:
2412:
2193:. Le Togo sous administration coloniale (in French) (3rd ed.). Karthala Éditions.
520:
382:
in which hunting is prohibited, prompting their owners to sell their hunting horses to
339:
196:
184:
149:
102:
43:
2008:
1642:"Pourquoi est-il si difficile d'empĂŞcher les gens de mourir d'une morsure de serpent?"
2622:
745:
626:
reference book (2016) cite the so-called Koto-koli breed as being raised in northern
616:
612:
607:. Donguila Belei cites horses resulting from numerous crosses and breeds between the
418:
Rider dressed as a Semassi warrior during the Adossa festival (or knife festival) in
379:
133:
47:
1094:. Dubois et Bauer ; agence économique de l'Afrique occidentale Française. 1992.
316:
In 1937, the annual census of African livestock reported only four horses in all of
161:. In fact, according to Siriki Ouattara's thesis, the Chakosi people of present-day
737:
713:
712:
affecting horses in Togo remains unknown. Togo is one of the clusters of epizootic
570:
region (mainly due to the establishment of the "Bena DĂ©veloppement" farm), and the
427:
348:
310:
226:
had none. These were ponies adapted to the local climate, purchased for 200 or 300
215:
208:
168:
82:
1564:
1130:(in French). Vol. 6. Togo: L'Encyclopédie coloniale et maritime. p. 497.
1087:
1644:[Why is it so difficult to prevent people from dying from snake bites?].
748:. The district of Gkolonghioro in Agbandi (Diguina), whose name means "under the
398:
was riddled with bullets during a night clash. In April 2019, Togolese President
58:, who were the founders of a small kingdom that focused on the use of rifles and
559:
512:
371:
306:
287:
279:
162:
153:
51:
1489:
414:
2277:
749:
694:
643:
608:
579:
453:
247:
145:
137:
63:
55:
25:
2016:
1503:
1331:"Togo: A Timbu, le "Chevalier" Faure équipé pour une victoire totale en 2020"
1145:. Mondes d'Outre-mer (in French). Éditions Berger-Levrault. pp. 66, 156.
324:
described a "small horse well adapted to the environment, reminiscent of the
187:'s journey through West Africa in 1884 and 1885, passing through present-day
2259:
733:
647:
484:
472:
204:
141:
90:
2024:
431:
419:
302:
86:
66:. After sporadic imports of horses by German and French colonial troops, a
29:
1248:"A Lomé, dans le quartier d'Agoé, l'opposition à Faure Gnassingbé s'étend"
1280:
1252:
709:
488:
344:
283:
222:(located on the Togolese coast) had only two horses in 1884, and that of
200:
591:
575:
544:
539:
507:
Horse breeding has never been a priority in Togo's policies. In modern
375:
355:
223:
219:
117:, published in 1980 and republished with additions in 2018 (in French:
59:
2212:. Tourisme Ă©questre en Afrique ? Go to Togo ! (in French).
584:
516:
231:
2349:
1494:
729:
631:
538:
498:
413:
387:
383:
330:" under the name of Kotokoli, which was 1.10 to 1.20 meters long.
291:
239:
188:
179:
71:
1330:
1305:"Togo : un monument de guerrier criblé de balles à Kparatao"
665:
In 1991, Dr. Donguila Belei, a veterinarian, wrote his thesis on
483:
A part of the use of horses in Togo focuses on the production of
862:
Les Anofwe de CĂ´te d'Ivoire des origines Ă la conquĂŞte coloniale
627:
528:
508:
235:
148:, in the late 19th century. He also mentions the success of the
38:
2353:
441:, a Togolese soccer striker, was carried on a horse in Sokodé.
1276:"Tikpi Atchadam, l'opposant que personne n'a vu venir au Togo"
1584:
2235:. 31. Afrique : Tourisme Ă©questre au Togo (in French).
2061:. Les Afriques (in French). Karthala Éditions. p. 332.
1126:
Léonard Guernier, Eugène; Froment-Guieysse, Georges (1943).
2310:
Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding
1852:(in French). Vol. 7. Masson et Cie. 1905. p. 756.
1786:
Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding
1566:
Togo : les hommes et leur milieu : guide pratique
642:
The main obstacle to horse breeding is the presence of the
402:
received a white horse and a boubou from executives of the
1585:"Découverte du Horse-ball avec Hymane épique club de Lomé"
1128:
L'Encyclopédie coloniale et maritime : Cameroun. Togo
669:
and infections affecting horses in Togo. The incidence of
275:
merchants who made it a symbol of their power or wealth.
1427:
Actualité du Togo, Information de Lome, Lome Nachrichten
1423:"Quand Adébayor devient « notable » à Kpalimé"
1108:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2108:
Contes et mythes du Togo : la marmite miraculeuse
1105:"Annuaire de Statistiques Agricoles Et Alimentaires".
1062:
Martet, Jean (1995). "Chroniques anciennes du Togo".
152:
led by Na Biema, who created a small kingdom around
128:, Nicoué Ladjou Gayibor (assistant professor at the
28:
rider in a parade during the festival of Adossa, in
2486:
2385:
2191:
Histoire des Togolais. Des origines aux années 1960
2172:
Histoire des Togolais. Des origines aux années 1960
2110:(in French). Éditions Haho. pp. 187, 189, 197.
1573:] (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 208.
697:has also been observed in Togolese stables. Type 9
393:Tikpi Atchadam, a political opponent of the ruling
1066:(in French). Mission ORSTOM du Togo. p. 264.
740:, for the good reason that it is very rare here."
459:In 1989, Jean-Louis Gouraud proposes a circuit of
362:of a dozen small animals from Nigeria's President
270:From World War I to the end of the colonial period
1309:AFRICA RENDEZ VOUS - L'Afrique, par des Africains
250:young man and the second had a Hausa young man.
1850:Journal de physiologie et de pathologie générale
1571:Togo: men and their environment: practical guide
1051:(in French). Larose Ă©diteurs. pp. 38, 136.
119:Le cheval dans l'histoire d'Afrique de l'Ouest
2365:
286:from the north with 50 lightly armed cavalry
8:
1064:Regards français sur le Togo des années 1930
467:"Hymane épique club" in Lomé offers various
305:, but reports the presence of 676 horses in
218:camp. According to Hugo Zöller, the city of
531:without receiving special veterinary care.
140:) who settled near the present-day town of
2372:
2358:
2350:
1246:Châtelot, Christophe (26 September 2017).
1993:"Current status of some zoonoses in Togo"
203:in 1884, noted the absence of the use of
2135:
1378:
1155:
1049:Le Togo : pays d'influence français
1019:
878:
847:
832:
20:
1771:
1756:
1550:
1535:
1523:
1397:
1357:
1203:
792:
780:
2093:
2081:
1890:
1888:
1767:
1765:
1752:
1750:
1689:
1687:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1546:
1544:
1490:"Don't put the cart before the horse!"
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
917:
902:
890:
230:each, and exported from the market of
2233:Petite GĂ©ographie amoureuse du cheval
2044:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1836:
1824:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1678:
1627:
1615:
1475:
1454:
1409:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1353:
1351:
1233:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
930:
928:
926:
913:
911:
809:
7:
843:
841:
805:
803:
801:
788:
786:
784:
347:is particularly prevalent among the
334:From independence to the present day
322:L'Encyclopédie coloniale et maritime
258:region offers abundant equine food.
234:, then located ten days inland, via
1812:
1666:
1047:Pierre Maroix, Jean Eugène (1938).
821:
622:The Delachaux guide (2014) and the
195:The German explorer and journalist
176:Observations of Hugo Zöller in 1884
89:. Horses are also used in Togolese
2210:L'Afrique par monts et par chevaux
1303:Combey, Sylvio (29 October 2018).
294:, and about 30 armed with rifles.
172:on the same horse before fleeing.
14:
535:Size and distribution of the herd
115:The Horse in West African History
78:has always been unknown in Togo.
2605:
2604:
2121:Contes (1984). "Togo dialogue".
503:Tem rider in a street of Sokodé.
266:' which means “Oh, how pretty".
18:Cultural usage of horses in Togo
1991:Domingo, A. M. (21 July 2000).
594:alone has more than 20 horses.
1863:Ali-Napo, Pierre (1900–1909).
864:(in French). Doctoral thesis.
165:never knew the use of horses.
1:
2009:10.1016/S0001-706X(00)00092-9
1032:Bonecarère; Marchand (1926).
354:In the 1980s, most people in
238:(both located in present-day
136:by the nomadic Koto-Koli (or
2231:Gouraud, Jean-Louis (2017).
2208:Gouraud, Jean-Louis (2002).
1788:(in French) (6th ed.).
1002:Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire
113:Robin Law's reference work,
2629:Horse history and evolution
2163:Université Cheikh-Anta-Diop
1646:Actualité Houssenia Writing
132:) mentions the practice of
2660:
2057:Toulabor, Comi M. (1986).
2597:
2287:Tous les chevaux du monde
2189:Gayibor, Nicoué (2011b).
2170:Gayibor, Nicoué (2011a).
1141:Cornevin, Robert (1962).
590:The equestrian center in
2285:Rousseau, Élise (2014).
2152:Belei, Donguila (1991).
2106:Prilop, Gerhard (1985).
1563:Passot, Bernard (1988).
1143:Les Bassari du nord Togo
860:Outtara, Siriki (1986).
703:Equine infectious anemia
550:The horse population in
515:. In the Muslim town of
995:Mauny, Raymond (1980).
439:Shéyi Emmanuel Adébayor
1488:Mathis, Andre (1997).
1034:Le Togo et le Cameroun
699:African horse sickness
690:Trypanosoma equiperdum
659:University of Tuskegee
638:Diseases and parasites
598:Types of horses raised
547:
504:
423:
192:
35:The minor presence of
32:
2331:Zöller, Hugo (1990).
866:Université de Paris I
542:
502:
417:
183:
126:Histoire des Togolais
24:
2601:List of horse breeds
2291:Delachaux et Niestlé
2059:Le Togo sous Eyadéma
1640:Moshinaly, Houssen.
949:, p. 25,26,109)
562:, the Savannas, the
449:Horse-drawn vehicles
282:, Duranthon entered
2254:Law, Robin (2018).
1284:. 29 September 2017
465:equestrian facility
404:Cinkassé Prefecture
130:University of Benin
109:Pre-colonial period
76:horse-drawn vehicle
42:comes out of a few
2123:Imprimerie Editogo
1335:Togo Breaking News
835:, p. 232-233)
680:Trypanosoma brucei
548:
505:
461:equestrian tourism
424:
368:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
246:, the first had a
193:
33:
2644:Horses by country
2616:
2615:
2323:978-1-84593-466-8
2314:CAB International
2300:978-2-603-01865-1
2269:978-0-429-95456-6
2246:978-2-410-00205-8
1799:978-1-84593-466-8
1790:CAB International
710:zoonotic diseases
624:CAB International
469:equestrian sports
46:and practices of
2651:
2608:
2607:
2380:Horses by region
2374:
2367:
2360:
2351:
2346:
2327:
2312:(6th ed.).
2304:
2281:
2250:
2227:
2204:
2185:
2166:
2160:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2054:
2048:
2047:, p. 25,26)
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:, p. 69,77)
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1759:, p. 71-72)
1754:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1382:
1376:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1022:, p. 88-89)
1017:
1011:
1010:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
921:
915:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
869:
857:
851:
845:
836:
830:
824:
819:
813:
807:
796:
790:
475:discovery on 15
471:and organized a
400:Faure Gnassingbé
2659:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2639:Culture of Togo
2619:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2593:
2487:Lists of breeds
2482:
2381:
2378:
2343:
2333:Le Togo en 1884
2330:
2324:
2307:
2301:
2284:
2270:
2253:
2247:
2230:
2224:
2207:
2201:
2188:
2182:
2169:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:. p. 166.
1862:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1792:. p. 442.
1783:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1461:
1453:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1385:
1377:
1364:
1356:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1181:
1173:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1115:(1): 120. 1955.
1104:
1103:
1099:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1009:(248): 388–389.
994:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
953:
945:
941:
933:
924:
916:
909:
901:
897:
889:
885:
877:
873:
859:
858:
854:
846:
839:
831:
827:
820:
816:
808:
799:
791:
782:
777:
769:Poney du Logone
765:
732:(known for its
722:
671:trypanosomiasis
652:trypanosomiasis
640:
600:
537:
497:
412:
360:diplomatic gift
336:
327:poney du Logone
318:French Togoland
299:French Togoland
272:
178:
111:
99:
68:diplomatic gift
19:
12:
11:
5:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Czech Republic
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2328:
2322:
2305:
2299:
2282:
2268:
2251:
2245:
2228:
2222:
2214:Éditions Belin
2205:
2200:978-2811133443
2199:
2186:
2181:978-2811133436
2180:
2167:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:, p. 219)
2136:Gayibor (2011a
2128:
2113:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2067:
2049:
2037:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1884:
1877:
1855:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1798:
1776:
1761:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1632:
1620:
1597:
1576:
1555:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1480:
1459:
1440:
1429:. 30 June 2017
1414:
1402:
1383:
1381:, p. 405)
1379:Rousseau (2014
1362:
1347:
1321:
1295:
1267:
1238:
1226:
1207:
1204:Gouraud (2017)
1196:
1179:
1160:
1158:, p. 380)
1156:Gayibor (2011a
1148:
1133:
1118:
1097:
1079:
1072:
1054:
1039:
1024:
1020:Gayibor (2011b
1012:
987:
985:, p. 110)
975:
963:
951:
939:
922:
907:
905:, p. 114)
895:
883:
881:, p. 533)
879:Gayibor (2011a
871:
868:. p. 535.
852:
850:, p. 348)
848:Gayibor (2011a
837:
833:Gayibor (2011a
825:
814:
797:
779:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
764:
761:
721:
718:
708:The status of
639:
636:
619:, and ponies.
599:
596:
572:central region
536:
533:
521:Bassari people
496:
493:
411:
408:
380:national parks
364:Seyni Kountché
335:
332:
271:
268:
199:, who visited
177:
174:
150:Chakosi people
110:
107:
103:horse breeding
98:
95:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2656:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:North America
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:British Isles
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2478:United States
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:British Isles
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2289:(in French).
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2223:2-7011-3418-8
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2161:(in French).
2157:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:(95–112): 62.
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2096:, p. 86)
2095:
2090:
2087:
2084:, p. 31)
2083:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1981:, p. 81)
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1957:, p. 76)
1956:
1951:
1948:
1945:, p. 68)
1944:
1939:
1936:
1933:, p. 33)
1932:
1927:
1924:
1921:, p. 31)
1920:
1915:
1912:
1909:, p. 30)
1908:
1903:
1900:
1897:, p. 29)
1896:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:Éditions Haho
1867:(in French).
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1839:, p. 28)
1838:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1815:, p. 25)
1814:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1774:, p. 71)
1773:
1772:Gouraud (2002
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:Gouraud (2002
1753:
1751:
1747:
1744:, p. 10)
1743:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1708:, p. 14)
1707:
1702:
1699:
1696:, p. 19)
1695:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1669:, p. 42)
1668:
1663:
1660:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1630:, p. 17)
1629:
1624:
1621:
1618:, p. 13)
1617:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1553:, p. 65)
1552:
1551:Gouraud (2002
1547:
1545:
1541:
1538:, p. 68)
1537:
1536:Gouraud (2002
1532:
1529:
1526:, p. 61)
1525:
1524:Gouraud (2002
1520:
1517:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1478:, p. 15)
1477:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:, p. 12)
1456:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1412:, p. 18)
1411:
1406:
1403:
1400:, p. 63)
1399:
1398:Gouraud (2002
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1360:, p. 70)
1359:
1358:Gouraud (2002
1354:
1352:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1236:, p. 20)
1235:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1194:, p. 16)
1193:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1111:(in French).
1110:
1109:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
991:
988:
984:
979:
976:
973:, p. 37)
972:
967:
964:
961:, p. 26)
960:
955:
952:
948:
943:
940:
937:, p. 25)
936:
931:
929:
927:
923:
920:, p. 24)
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
899:
896:
893:, p. 12)
892:
887:
884:
880:
875:
872:
867:
863:
856:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
829:
826:
823:
818:
815:
811:
806:
804:
802:
798:
795:, p. 64)
794:
793:Gouraud (2002
789:
787:
785:
781:
774:
770:
767:
766:
762:
760:
758:
753:
751:
747:
746:constellation
741:
739:
735:
731:
725:
719:
717:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:
686:
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
663:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
597:
595:
593:
588:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
553:
546:
541:
534:
532:
530:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
501:
494:
492:
490:
486:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
450:
446:
442:
440:
435:
433:
429:
421:
416:
409:
407:
405:
401:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
341:
333:
331:
329:
328:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
269:
267:
265:
259:
257:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
190:
186:
182:
175:
173:
170:
166:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:equestrianism
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
108:
106:
104:
96:
94:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:equestrianism
45:
41:
40:
31:
27:
23:
16:
2599:
2514:Central Asia
2472:
2458:Saudi Arabia
2332:
2309:
2286:
2255:
2232:
2209:
2190:
2171:
2154:
2146:Bibliography
2131:
2122:
2116:
2107:
2101:
2094:Zöller (1990
2089:
2082:Zöller (1990
2077:
2058:
2052:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2003:(1): 65–69.
2000:
1997:Acta Tropica
1996:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1864:
1858:
1849:
1844:
1832:
1827:, p. 7)
1820:
1808:
1785:
1779:
1737:
1732:, p. 4)
1725:
1720:, p. 3)
1713:
1701:
1681:, p. 2)
1674:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1645:
1635:
1623:
1588:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1531:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1493:
1483:
1431:. Retrieved
1426:
1417:
1405:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1251:
1241:
1229:
1224:, p. 9)
1199:
1177:, p. 8)
1151:
1142:
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2584:Switzerland
2045:Belei (1991
1979:Belei (1991
1967:Belei (1991
1955:Belei (1991
1943:Belei (1991
1931:Belei (1991
1919:Belei (1991
1907:Belei (1991
1895:Belei (1991
1837:Belei (1991
1825:Belei (1991
1742:Belei (1991
1730:Belei (1991
1718:Belei (1991
1706:Belei (1991
1694:Belei (1991
1679:Belei (1991
1648:(in French)
1628:Belei (1991
1616:Belei (1991
1476:Belei (1991
1455:Belei (1991
1410:Belei (1991
1329:Didier, A.
1256:(in French)
1234:Belei (1991
1222:Belei (1991
1192:Belei (1991
1175:Belei (1991
810:Belei (1991
687:(caused by
677:(caused by
667:parasitosis
605:coat colors
320:. In 1943,
280:World War I
205:pack horses
197:Hugo Zöller
185:Hugo Zöller
163:Ivory Coast
144:, near the
93:practices.
2623:Categories
2433:Kyrgyzstan
2342:290671822X
2278:1049149788
2068:2865371506
1878:291374608X
1073:2906718505
822:Law (2018)
775:References
734:fetishists
695:Babesiosis
644:tsetse fly
558:in order:
543:Riders in
489:antibodies
473:horse-ball
454:Horse meat
395:Gnassingbé
338:Among the
159:Mamproussi
146:Mono River
64:tsetse fly
37:horses in
2554:Indonesia
2260:Routledge
2017:0001-706X
1813:Law (2018
1667:Law (2018
1504:1011-0054
1088:"Le Togo"
750:shea tree
648:Tabanidae
485:antivenom
477:September
191:and Togo.
142:Sotouboua
44:breedings
2634:Togoland
2610:Category
2524:Ethiopia
2463:Slovenia
2443:Normandy
2438:Mongolia
2403:Cameroon
2393:Botswana
2386:Articles
2237:Humensis
2025:10913769
1281:Le Monde
1253:Le Monde
763:See also
650:, cause
578:region.
568:Plateaux
564:maritime
495:Breeding
345:chiefdom
288:goumiers
284:Togoland
2589:Ukraine
2534:Germany
2499:Belgium
2428:Jamaica
2030:28 June
1652:28 June
1590:28 June
1509:28 June
1433:28 June
1340:28 June
1314:28 June
1288:28 June
1260:28 June
720:Culture
685:dourine
617:Arabian
613:Dongola
428:parades
410:Customs
376:Dapaong
340:Bassari
278:During
264:enongto
256:Savanna
224:Baguida
124:In his
97:History
83:parades
60:cavalry
2579:Russia
2574:Poland
2544:Iberia
2539:Greece
2529:France
2504:Brazil
2494:Africa
2453:Russia
2418:Greece
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2015:
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738:blacks
683:) and
675:nagana
585:Bafilo
519:, the
517:Bassar
432:Sokodé
420:Sokodé
303:Sokodé
292:spears
232:Salaga
91:fetish
87:Sokodé
30:Sokodé
2564:Japan
2559:Italy
2549:India
2468:Sudan
2448:Qatar
2408:China
2159:(PDF)
1569:[
1495:Spore
757:henna
632:Benin
388:Ghana
384:Benin
372:Mango
349:Kabye
311:Mossi
307:Mango
244:groom
240:Ghana
228:marks
216:Hausa
189:Benin
169:Zarma
154:Mango
72:Niger
70:from
52:Mango
2473:Togo
2423:Iran
2413:Cuba
2337:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2295:ISBN
2274:OCLC
2264:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2176:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2032:2020
2021:PMID
2013:ISSN
1873:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1654:2020
1592:2020
1511:2020
1500:ISSN
1435:2020
1342:2020
1316:2020
1290:2020
1262:2020
1068:ISBN
630:and
628:Togo
609:Barb
592:Lomé
580:Kara
576:Lomé
560:Kara
552:Togo
545:Lomé
529:foal
513:Moba
509:Togo
386:and
374:and
356:Lomé
248:Krou
236:Keta
220:Lomé
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