1698:
1693:
128:
1721:
518:. The centrum facets of the back and tail vertebrae have a round instead of a heart-shaped profile. The transverse processes of the vertebrae each have two ridges at their undersides delimiting a depression and gradually merging with the vertebral body. The transverse processes of the front tail vertebrae have a distinctive top ridge, running from the front to the rear, merging with the
115:
522:
at the base of the process, while sloping downwards at its inner side. The "pseudoacromion" is located close to the front edge of the shoulder blade. The rear ribs are large and tall instead of rather slender. The shinbone is relatively longer. The osteoderm spikes on the back have a circular base of
530:
In 2015, three traits were added. The shoulder blade is robust and large, fused with the coracoid. The vertebral centra of the front tail vertebrae are shorter and especially taller. With the tail vertebrae, the base of the side process covers the top half of the centrum, seen from the front or from
523:
which the front underside is excavated but the rear underside solid, instead of an oval base with a uniformly concave underside. One of the osteoderms seems to have been part of the back armour and is large and flat with a concave underside; plates of such a type have not been discovered with
391:
bones. Subsequently, neurologist
William T. Blows, an amateur paleontologist who already had extensively published on the subject of armoured dinosaurs, determined that the bones were not iguanodontian but instead represented ankylosaurian remains.
623:
Raven, T. J., P. M. Barrett, S. B. Pond, and S. C. R. Maidment. 2020. Osteology and taxonomy of
British Wealden Supergroup (Berriasian–Aptian) ankylosaurs (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI:
1755:
1697:
1770:
652:
612:
British
Polacanthid Dinosaurs – Observations on the History and Palaeontology of the UK Polacanthid Armoured Dinosaurs and their Relatives
1714:
435:, part of a front tail vertebra, bone fragments of other vertebrae, a partial left scapulocoracoid of the shoulder girdle, the
1780:
1692:
127:
436:
1765:
1760:
645:
743:
1750:
406:
1775:
770:
638:
277:
1745:
1724:
1130:
1027:
381:, fossils were dug up of dinosaurs by John Underhill. These were secured by two volunteers of the
866:
302:
122:
253:
510:
armour. Apart from the greater length, in 1996 several traits were established, distinguishing
1623:
887:
498:
seems, at roughly five metres length, to have been about 30% longer than the type species of
1088:
1035:
873:
385:: Morris Zdzalek and Sylvia Standing. After 1988, the finds were exhibited in the museum as
344:
30:
1553:
1517:
1457:
1423:
1416:
1309:
1250:
1122:
1019:
935:
895:
728:
468:
1616:
1602:
1588:
1496:
1469:
1365:
1346:
1261:
1207:
1072:
1012:
975:
951:
547:
382:
431:
age, over 125 million years old. It is fragmentary and includes two incomplete dorsal
1739:
1579:
1489:
1482:
1434:
1378:
1325:
1291:
1192:
1138:
1113:
1095:
998:
944:
917:
909:
559:
337:
65:
1609:
1595:
1524:
1408:
1332:
1277:
1228:
1200:
1185:
1172:
1145:
1064:
1049:
1005:
985:
852:
834:
812:
782:
755:
703:
661:
567:
563:
484:
459:
356:
233:
220:
188:
1644:
1561:
1510:
1450:
1401:
1243:
1221:
1153:
1102:
902:
880:
712:
519:
397:
378:
312:
204:
40:
1637:
1630:
1568:
1443:
1394:
1386:
1339:
1284:
1270:
1236:
1214:
1080:
924:
859:
448:
424:
352:
85:
50:
1651:
1531:
1318:
1298:
1160:
1057:
959:
593:(Ornithischia; Ankylosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Sussex, England".
543:
432:
428:
387:
348:
139:
114:
90:
1658:
694:
685:
413:
374:
340:
172:
159:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
1546:
1538:
440:
95:
70:
679:
507:
149:
373:
In 1985, at the marl quarry of the
Rudgwick Brickworks Company near
1503:
487:. The presumed tibia was also re-interpreted as being an ischium.
444:
333:
1665:
506:
and differs from it in numerous characters of the vertebrae and
420:
672:
634:
630:
395:
In 1996, on basis of the finds, a new species of the genus
483:
was determined to be dubious, and not diagnosable beyond
1578:
1468:
1433:
1364:
1308:
1260:
1171:
1112:
984:
973:
934:
832:
781:
754:
727:
646:
458:, the generic name referring to Horsham. Its
8:
531:behind, instead of a quarter of the height.
585:
583:
1474:
1370:
1177:
990:
981:
844:
840:
829:
760:
733:
724:
669:
653:
639:
631:
113:
20:
454:In 2015, Blows made it a separate genus
409:refers to the provenance from Rudgwick.
405:, was named and described by Blows. The
579:
566:. He suggested it was a member of the
562:but in a more derived position in the
419:, was found in a layer of grey-green
7:
1756:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
589:Blows W.T. (1996) "A new species of
14:
1720:
1719:
1696:
1691:
347:of England. It lived during the
126:
614:, Siri Scientific Press, 220 pp
554:. In 2015, Blows did not place
1:
1771:Fossil taxa described in 2015
624:10.1080/02724634.2020.1826956
546:analyses not recovered as a
474:Horshamosaurus rudgwickensis
362:Horshamosaurus rudgwickensis
290:Horshamosaurus rudgwickensis
1797:
443:, a nearly complete right
16:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
1709:
1689:
1477:
1373:
1180:
993:
847:
843:
828:
809:
763:
736:
723:
668:
464:Polacanthus rudgwickensis
447:, rib fragments, and two
403:Polacanthus rudgwickensis
308:
301:
283:
276:
123:Scientific classification
121:
112:
23:
610:Blows, W.T., (2015),
269:H. rudgwickensis
1781:Ornithischian genera
595:Geological Magazine
1766:Fossils of England
1761:Cretaceous England
423:beds of the lower
1733:
1732:
1705:
1704:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1624:Nodocephalosaurus
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
969:
968:
888:Serendipaceratops
824:
823:
820:
819:
805:
804:
801:
800:
525:Polacanthus foxii
504:Polacanthus foxii
325:
324:
319:
257:
1788:
1723:
1722:
1700:
1695:
1475:
1371:
1178:
1089:Propanoplosaurus
1036:Glyptodontopelta
991:
982:
874:Priodontognathus
845:
841:
830:
761:
734:
725:
718:
717:
670:
655:
648:
641:
632:
625:
621:
615:
608:
602:
587:
427:dating from the
345:Early Cretaceous
317:
292:
288:
252:
245:
232:
219:
203:
187:
131:
130:
117:
107:
37:
31:Early Cretaceous
29:Temporal range:
21:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1701:
1671:
1574:
1554:Tianzhenosaurus
1518:Minotaurasaurus
1464:
1458:Zhongyuansaurus
1429:
1424:Zhejiangosaurus
1417:Liaoningosaurus
1352:
1310:Struthiosaurini
1304:
1256:
1251:Tatankacephalus
1167:
1123:Gargoyleosaurus
1108:
1020:Gargoyleosaurus
978:
965:
936:Parankylosauria
930:
896:Sinankylosaurus
837:
816:
797:
777:
750:
744:Avemetatarsalia
729:Avemetatarsalia
719:
675:
674:
664:
659:
629:
628:
622:
618:
609:
605:
588:
581:
576:
537:
493:
469:combinatio nova
417:HORSM 1988.1546
371:
336:of herbivorous
297:
294:
286:
285:
272:
251:
243:
230:
217:
201:
185:
125:
108:
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Barremian life
1748:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1617:Euoplocephalus
1613:
1606:
1603:Anodontosaurus
1599:
1592:
1589:Akainacephalus
1584:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1497:Crichtonsaurus
1493:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1470:Ankylosaurinae
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1366:Ankylosauridae
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1347:Struthiosaurus
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1262:Panoplosaurini
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1208:Niobrarasaurus
1204:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1073:Polacanthoides
1069:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1043:Horshamosaurus
1039:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1013:Dongyangopelta
1009:
1002:
994:
988:
979:
976:Euankylosauria
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
964:
963:
956:
952:Kunbarrasaurus
948:
940:
938:
932:
931:
929:
928:
921:
914:
906:
899:
892:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
848:
838:
833:
826:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
796:
795:
794:
793:
787:
785:
779:
778:
776:
775:
774:
773:
764:
758:
752:
751:
749:
748:
747:
746:
737:
731:
721:
720:
716:
715:
706:
697:
688:
682:
673:
666:
665:
660:
658:
657:
650:
643:
635:
627:
626:
616:
603:
578:
577:
575:
572:
556:Horshamosaurus
548:sister species
540:Horshamosaurus
536:
533:
512:Horshamosaurus
496:Horshamosaurus
492:
489:
481:Horshamosaurus
456:Horshamosaurus
412:The material,
383:Horsham Museum
370:
367:
329:Horshamosaurus
323:
322:
321:
320:
306:
305:
299:
298:
295:
281:
280:
274:
273:
265:
263:
259:
258:
248:Horshamosaurus
241:
237:
236:
228:
224:
223:
215:
208:
207:
199:
192:
191:
183:
176:
175:
170:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
38:
28:
25:Horshamosaurus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1793:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1726:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1699:
1694:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1580:Ankylosaurini
1577:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1490:Crichtonpelta
1487:
1485:
1484:
1483:Bissektipelta
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1435:Shamosaurinae
1432:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:Ahshislepelta
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1326:Hungarosaurus
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1292:Panoplosaurus
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:Ahshislepelta
1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:Hoplitosaurus
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1114:Polacanthinae
1111:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1096:Rhadinosaurus
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
999:Acanthopholis
996:
995:
992:
989:
987:
983:
980:
977:
972:
962:
961:
957:
954:
953:
949:
947:
946:
945:Antarctopelta
942:
941:
939:
937:
933:
927:
926:
922:
920:
919:
918:Tianchisaurus
915:
912:
911:
910:Stegosaurides
907:
905:
904:
900:
898:
897:
893:
890:
889:
885:
883:
882:
878:
876:
875:
871:
869:
868:
864:
862:
861:
857:
855:
854:
850:
849:
846:
842:
839:
836:
831:
827:
815:
814:
808:
791:
790:
789:
788:
786:
784:
780:
772:
768:
767:
766:
765:
762:
759:
757:
753:
745:
741:
740:
739:
738:
735:
732:
730:
726:
722:
714:
710:
707:
705:
701:
698:
696:
692:
689:
687:
683:
681:
677:
676:
671:
667:
663:
656:
651:
649:
644:
642:
637:
636:
633:
620:
617:
613:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
586:
584:
580:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
560:Polacanthidae
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:
532:
528:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:
488:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
470:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
410:
408:
407:specific name
404:
400:
399:
393:
390:
389:
384:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
338:ankylosaurian
335:
331:
330:
316:
315:rudgwickensis
314:
310:
309:
307:
304:
300:
293:
291:
282:
279:
278:Binomial name
275:
271:
270:
264:
261:
260:
255:
250:
249:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
226:
225:
222:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
129:
124:
120:
116:
111:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
32:
26:
22:
19:
1776:Nomina dubia
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1610:Dyoplosaurus
1608:
1601:
1596:Ankylosaurus
1594:
1587:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1525:Pinacosaurus
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1422:
1415:
1409:Hylaeosaurus
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1345:
1338:
1333:Pawpawsaurus
1331:
1324:
1317:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1278:Denversaurus
1276:
1269:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1229:Peloroplites
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1201:Borealopelta
1199:
1191:
1186:Acantholipan
1184:
1173:Nodosaurinae
1159:
1152:
1146:Peloroplites
1144:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1065:Mymoorapelta
1063:
1056:
1050:Hylaeosaurus
1048:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1011:
1006:Anoplosaurus
1004:
997:
986:Nodosauridae
958:
950:
943:
923:
916:
908:
901:
894:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
853:Cryptosaurus
851:
835:Ankylosauria
813:Ankylosauria
811:
783:Ankylosauria
771:Ornithischia
756:Ornithischia
708:
704:Ornithischia
699:
690:
662:Ankylosauria
619:
611:
606:
601:(6): 671–682
598:
594:
590:
568:Nodosauridae
564:Ankylosauria
555:
551:
539:
538:
529:
524:
515:
511:
503:
499:
495:
494:
485:Nodosauridae
480:
478:
473:
467:
463:
460:type species
455:
453:
416:
411:
402:
396:
394:
386:
372:
361:
360:
357:type species
328:
327:
326:
311:
289:
284:
268:
267:
247:
246:
234:Nodosauridae
221:Ankylosauria
211:
195:
189:Ornithischia
179:
166:
24:
18:
1746:Nodosaurids
1645:Scolosaurus
1562:Tsagantegia
1511:Jinyunpelta
1451:Shamosaurus
1402:Chuanqilong
1244:Silvisaurus
1222:Patagopelta
1154:Polacanthus
1103:Sauroplites
903:Spicomellus
881:Sarcolestes
713:Thyreophora
591:Polacanthus
552:Polacanthus
520:neural arch
516:Polacanthus
500:Polacanthus
491:Description
398:Polacanthus
379:West Sussex
318:Blows, 1996
313:Polacanthus
296:Blows, 2015
205:Thyreophora
1740:Categories
1713:See also:
1638:Platypelta
1631:Oohkotokia
1569:Zaraapelta
1444:Gobisaurus
1395:Cedarpelta
1387:Aletopelta
1340:Stegopelta
1285:Edmontonia
1271:Animantarx
1237:Sauropelta
1215:Nodosaurus
1081:Priconodon
925:Vectipelta
860:Dracopelta
792:see below↓
695:Dinosauria
574:References
449:osteoderms
425:Weald Clay
353:Cretaceous
173:Dinosauria
1652:Talarurus
1532:Saichania
1319:Europelta
1299:Texasetes
1161:Taohelong
1058:Invictarx
960:Stegouros
678:Kingdom:
544:cladistic
535:Phylogeny
479:In 2020,
439:end of a
433:vertebrae
429:Barremian
388:Iguanodon
369:Discovery
349:Barremian
343:from the
262:Species:
146:Kingdom:
140:Eukaryota
36:Barremian
1725:Category
1715:Timeline
1659:Ziapelta
1131:Gastonia
1028:Gastonia
686:Chordata
684:Phylum:
680:Animalia
414:holotype
375:Rudgwick
355:and the
341:dinosaur
303:Synonyms
227:Family:
160:Chordata
156:Phylum:
150:Animalia
136:Domain:
1547:Tarchia
1539:Shanxia
542:was in
441:humerus
351:of the
287:†
266:†
240:Genus:
102:↓
508:dermal
466:. The
437:distal
256:, 2015
1504:Datai
867:Minmi
709:Clade
700:Clade
691:Clade
558:in a
514:from
445:tibia
334:genus
332:is a
254:Blows
212:Clade
196:Clade
180:Clade
167:Clade
1666:Zuul
769:see
742:see
421:marl
41:PreꞒ
599:133
550:of
472:is
462:is
377:in
359:is
1742::
711::
702::
693::
597:,
582:^
570:.
527:.
502:,
476:.
451:.
401:,
365:.
214::
198::
182::
169::
91:Pg
33:,
1557:?
1542:?
1461:?
1412:?
1390:?
1382:?
1232:?
1196:?
1164:?
1149:?
1134:?
1126:?
1084:?
1076:?
1068:?
1053:?
1031:?
1023:?
955:?
913:?
891:?
654:e
647:t
640:v
244:†
231:†
218:†
202:†
186:†
96:N
86:K
81:J
76:T
71:P
66:C
61:D
56:S
51:O
46:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
