600:) without powering down the system, older generations of systems varied in their support of hot-swapping capabilities. For example, whereas the Sony PlayStation and PlayStation 2 could eject a game disc with the system powered on, the Nintendo Game Boy Advance and the Nintendo 64 would freeze up and could potentially become corrupt if the game cartridge was removed with the power on. Manufacturers specifically warned against such practices in the owner's manual or on the game cartridge. It was supposedly for this reason that
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that would also benefit from this effect, for example sensing when the connector is fully seated. This diagram illustrates good practice where the grounds are in the corners and the power pins are near the center. Two sense pins are located in opposite corners so that fully seated detection is confirmed only when both of them are in contact with the slot. The remaining pins are used for all the other data signals.
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365:
The other pins may all be the same length, but in some cases three pin lengths are used so that the incoming device is grounded first, data lines connected second, and power applied third, in rapid succession as the device is inserted. Pins of the same nominal length do not necessarily make contact at exactly the same time due to mechanical tolerances, and angling of the connector when inserted.
43:
299:, either automatically on detecting the change, or by user intervention. All electrical and mechanical connections associated with hot-swapping must be designed so that neither the equipment nor the user can be harmed while hot-swapping. Other components in the system must be designed so that the removal of a hot-swappable component does not interrupt operation.
468:
Particular care must be taken when designing systems with bussed signals which are wired to more than one hot-swap component. When a hot-swap component is inserted its input and output signal pins will represent a temporary short-circuit to ground. This can cause unwanted ground-level pulses on the
364:
Most modern hot-swap methods use a specialized connector with staggered pins, so that certain pins are certain to be connected before others. Most staggered-pin designs have ground pins longer than the others, ensuring that no sensitive circuitry is connected before there is a reliable system ground.
263:
Hot swapping is used whenever it is desirable to change the configuration or repair a working system without interrupting its operation. It may simply be for convenience of avoiding the delay and nuisance of shutting down and then restarting complex equipment or because it is essential for equipment,
388:
As long as the hot-swap connector is sufficiently rigid, one of the four corner pins will always be the first to engage. For a typical two-row connector arrangement this provides four first-to-make corner pins that are usually used for grounds. Other pins near the corners can be used for functions
335:
Some implementations require a component shutdown procedure prior to removal. This simplifies the design, but such devices are not robust in the case of component failure. If a component is removed while it is being used, the operations to that device fail and the user is responsible for retrying if
401:
by dedicated long pins that make contact before the main power pins. These pre-charge pins are protected by a circuit that limits the inrush current to an acceptable value that cannot damage the pins nor disturb the supply voltage to adjacent slots. The pre-charge circuit might be a simple series
311:
Additional guide slots, pins, notches, or holes may be used to aid in proper insertion of a component between other live components, while mechanical engagement latches, handles, or levers may be used to assist in proper insertion and removal of devices that either require large amounts of force to
544:. Hot swapping power modules is not a new technology, as many of the radio transmitters manufactured in the 1930s were capable of having power tubes swapped out while the transmitter was running—but this feature was not universally adopted due to the introduction of more reliable high power tubes.
473:
disk-drives. One common design solution is to protect bussed signal pins with series diodes or resistors. CMOS buffer devices are now available with specialized inputs and outputs that minimize disturbance of bussed signals during the hot-swap operation. If all else fails, another solution is to
368:
At one time staggered pins were thought to be an expensive solution, but many contemporary connector families now come with staggered pins as standard; for example, they are used on all modern serial SCSI disk-drives. Specialized hot-plug power connector pins are now commercially available with
376:
Although the speed of plugging cannot be controlled precisely, practical considerations will provide limits that can be used to determine worst-case conditions. For a typical staggered pin design where the length difference is 0.5 mm, the elapsed time between long and short pin contact is
307:
Protective covering plates, shields, or bezels may be used on either the removable components or the main device itself to prevent operator contact with live powered circuitry, to provide antistatic protection for components being added or removed, or to prevent the removable components from
561:
The reintroduction of power modules has been good for the radio transmitter industry, as it has fostered innovation. Modular transmitters have proven to be more reliable than tube transmitters, when the transmitter is properly chosen for the conditions at the transmitting site.
254:
compartments for quick changing with only minimal interruption of operation. Batteries can be cycled through by recharging reserve batteries externally while unused. Many cameras and camcorders feature an internal memory to allow capturing when no memory card is inserted.
465:(ESD). This usually takes the form of clamp diodes to ground and to the DC power supply voltage. ESD effects can be reduced by careful design of the mechanical package around the hot-swap component, perhaps by coating it with a thin film of conductive material.
900:
A properly designed parallel configuration allows the on-line replacement (hot-swapping) of defective modules. This provides means for non-interrupting maintenance and repair, a very desirable feature in high-reliability systems operating in a continuous
503: with: Major uses including server components and USB peripherals (currently mentioned in lead but not discussed in body). Other uses (not currently mentioned but shouldn't be hard to find reliable sources) include
343:
in the system to allow operation to continue if a component is removed without being shut down. In these systems hot swap is normally used for regular maintenance to the computer, or to replace a broken component.
324:. It may refer only to the ability to add or remove hardware without powering down the system, while the system software may have to be notified by the user of the event in order to cope with it. Examples include
1165:"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval (TSDR); Mark: HOT PLUG; US Serial Number: 74140414; Application Filing Date: Feb. 19, 1991; US Registration Number: 1732038; Registration Date: Nov. 10, 1992"
616:(such as a player having infinite lives) and other temporary software alterations to games by hot swapping cartridges, even though the cartridges were not designed to be hot swappable.
645:
Due to hot-swappable keyboards being less common, they often require being custom built or bought from custom keyboard manufacturers. They can be found in a variety of sizes and
287:
may be designed with redundant paths in order for these to be replaceable in case of failure without necessitating interruption of associated computer system operation.
760:, support detecting module changes and reloading them on the fly. However, although the same as hotswapping for most intents and purposes, this is technically just a
275:
or components, to allow a device to synchronize data with a computer, and to replace faulty modules without interrupting equipment operation. A machine may have dual
414:
circuit. Further protection can be provided by a "soft-start" circuit that provides a managed ramp-up of the internal DC supply voltages within the component.
783:
Hot swapping also facilitates developing systems where large amounts of data are being processed, as in entire genomes in bioinformatics algorithms.
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880:. Seventh Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1992. APEC '92. Conference Proceedings 1992. IEEE. pp. 11–12.
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741:, where programming is an integral part of the runtime process. In general, all programming languages used in live coding, such as
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642:. Hot-swappable keyboards instead have a socket in its place that allows the switch to be freely replaced without re-soldering.
547:
In the mid-1990s, several radio transmitter manufactures in the US started offering swappable high power RF transistor modules.
671:
Hot swapping can also refer to the ability to alter the running code of a program without needing to interrupt its execution.
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between 25 ms and 250 ms. It is quite practical to design hot-swap circuits that can operate at that speed.
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respectively, in the general case, as these files are normally reinterpreted on each use by default. There are a few
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connect or disconnect, or to assist in the proper mating and holding together of power and communications connectors.
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Most smartphones and tablets with tray-loading holders can interchange SIM cards without powering down the system.
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signals which can disturb the operation of other hot-swap components in the system. This was a problem for early
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that makes extensive use of hot swapping, so the programming activity becomes part of the program flow itself.
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More complex implementations may recommend but do not require that the component be shut down, with sufficient
232:(HDD), mouse, keyboard, or printer out of a computer's USB slot or peripheral hub without ejecting it first.
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without having to disassemble the keyboard. On standard mechanical-switch keyboards, the switch is directly
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By the early 2000s, many transmitter models were available that used many different kinds of power modules.
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describes the addition of components only. Components which have such functionality are said to be
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Circuitry attached to signal pins in a hot-swap component should include some protection against
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827:. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Architecture and Design. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 707.
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purge, triggered by a new file. This does not apply to markup and programming languages such as
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279:, each adequate to power the machine; a faulty one may be hot-swapped. Important cards such as
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193:, such as CPUs and memory, are only cold-pluggable. However, it is common for mid to high-end
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Machines that support hot swapping need to be able to modify their operation for the changed
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Long ground pins make contact; basic electrical safety and ESD protection becomes available.
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The term "HOT PLUG" was registered as a trademark in the United States in
November 1992 to
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A typical sequence for a hot-swap component being plugged into a slot could be as follows:
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780:) that employ caching, however. In these cases, similar abilities and exceptions apply.
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There was no industry standard for the design of the swappable power modules at the time.
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are made with staggered edge-fingers for direct hot-plugging into a backplane connector.
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Long (or medium) pre-charge pins make contact; decoupling capacitors start to charge up.
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accidentally touching and shorting out the powered components in the operating device.
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Lowest power modular transmitter: generally 1.0 kW, using 600 W modules.
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supports a kind of hot swapping called Edit and
Continue, which is supported by
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Hot-swap power circuits can now be purchased commercially in specially designed
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Connector becomes fully seated; power-on reset signal asserted within component
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Soft-start circuit completes sequence; power-on reset circuit deasserted
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to feature hot-swappable capability for hardware components, such as
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necessary, although this is not usually considered to be a problem.
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Tabisz, W.A.; Jovanovic, M.M.; Lee, F.C. (23–27 February 1992).
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repeatable DC current interruption ratings of up to 16 A.
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as well) use high power RF transistor power modules instead of
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the operation of all components during the hot-swap operation.
914:"Health & Safety Precautions for Cartridge-Based Consoles"
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202:
36:
1031:"The 8 Best Hot Swappable Mechanical Keyboards – Review Geek"
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An example of hot swapping is the express ability to pull a
436:
Soft-start circuit starts to apply power to the component.
397:
The DC power supplies to a hot-swap component are usually
30:"Hot swap" redirects here. For battery hot swapping, see
554:
Early module designs had only limited patent protection.
583:
Highest power modular transmitter: 45 kW (FM, TV).
508:
320:
There are two slightly differing meanings of the term
572:
Highest power modular transmitter: 1.0 MW (for
507:
batteries, electric car batteries.. You can help by
596:systems can interchange games and multimedia (e.g.
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
154:is the replacement or addition of components to a
1056:"Interactive programming – Hot-swapping in Elm"
878:Present and future of distributed power systems
823:Hennessy, John L.; Patterson, David A. (2002).
1107:"HotSwap for bioinformatics: A STRAP tutorial"
825:Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach
1105:Gille, Christoph; Robinson, Peter N. (2006).
8:
630:Hot-swappable keyboards enable changing the
1006:"What are hot-swappable keyboard switches?"
612:system, it was sometimes possible to apply
271:Hot swapping may be used to add or remove
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1122:
686:support hot swapping natively, including
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
948:Sega Genesis Games Secrets Greatest Tips
776:and other PHP-based frameworks (such as
453:called hot-swap power managers (HSPMs).
439:Real time delay of tens of milliseconds.
427:Real time delay of tens of milliseconds.
228:device, such as a thumb drive, external
178:; likewise, components which do not are
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737:Hot swapping is the central method in
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430:Short power/signal pins make contact.
7:
1083:. Msdn.microsoft.com. Archived from
1081:"MSDN Article for Edit and Continue"
65:adding citations to reliable sources
756:Some web-based frameworks, such as
445:Component begins normal operation.
25:
490:
408:negative temperature coefficient
246:usually have readily accessible
41:
1197:Fault-tolerant computer systems
734:when running under a debugger.
356:Sun SPARCstation hot swappable
52:needs additional citations for
1058:. elm-lang.org. Archived from
384:Hot-swap connector corner pins
1:
795:, and cancelled in May 1999.
649:, including more specialized
268:, to be continuously active.
853:Searchstorage.techtarget.com
505:uninterruptible power supply
592:Although most contemporary
358:Single Connector Attachment
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29:
1117:. Biomedcentral.com: 64.
663:Dynamic software updating
886:10.1109/APEC.1992.228437
793:Core International, Inc.
849:"Hot Swap and Hot Plug"
720:Microsoft Visual Studio
673:Interactive programming
667:Interactive programming
610:Sega Genesis/Mega Drive
463:electrostatic discharge
1124:10.1186/1471-2105-7-64
753:support hot swapping.
702:, Visual Basic 6 (not
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371:Printed circuit boards
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684:programming languages
661:Further information:
604:was taken out of the
410:(NTC) resistor, or a
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291:System considerations
142:
1192:Computer peripherals
677:programming paradigm
606:Banjo-Kazooie series
222:Universal Serial Bus
61:improve this article
27:Concept in computing
626:Keyboard technology
565:Power limitations:
147:in a storage server
1111:BMC Bioinformatics
1035:www.reviewgeek.com
987:has generic name (
710:and most recently
534:radio transmitters
528:Radio transmitters
457:Signal electronics
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360:(SCA) drive cradle
158:without stopping,
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1037:. 9 February 2020
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393:Power electronics
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328:and lower-end
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184:cold-pluggable
180:cold-swappable
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76:"Hot swapping"
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1087:on 2010-07-31
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602:Stop 'N' Swop
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499:This section
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471:parallel SCSI
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189:Most desktop
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176:hot-pluggable
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172:hot-swappable
169:
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160:shutting down
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117:December 2008
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78: –
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72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1169:. Retrieved
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1114:
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1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1075:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:the original
1050:
1039:. Retrieved
1034:
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1012:. 2022-09-15
1009:
966:. Retrieved
947:
936:
925:. Retrieved
918:nintendo.com
917:
908:
899:
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871:
860:. Retrieved
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542:vacuum tubes
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509:adding to it
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482:Applications
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168:hot plugging
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166:the system;
152:Hot swapping
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71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1202:Live coding
1171:27 November
747:TidalCycles
739:live coding
682:Only a few
608:. With the
532:Modern day
399:pre-charged
273:peripherals
248:memory card
1186:Categories
1091:2013-08-18
1066:2015-02-15
1041:2022-12-02
1016:2022-12-02
968:2014-05-12
927:2014-04-22
862:2013-08-18
857:TechTarget
811:References
787:Trademarks
624:See also:
594:video game
536:(and some
516:April 2022
348:Connectors
341:redundancy
316:Variations
264:such as a
244:camcorders
238:Dedicated
226:peripheral
205:, memory,
199:mainframes
145:hard drive
87:newspapers
977:cite book
751:Extempore
700:Smalltalk
653:layouts.
651:ergonomic
620:Keyboards
332:devices.
259:Rationale
164:rebooting
1151:18283272
1143:16469097
945:(1994).
922:Nintendo
901:fashion.
799:See also
657:Software
636:soldered
632:switches
598:Blu-rays
404:resistor
217:drives.
18:Hot swap
1167:. USPTO
1134:1386713
647:layouts
638:to the
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