194:.The most common wall is a paracrystalline surface layer formed by proteins or glycoproteins of hexagonal symmetry. With the exception of the genus Thermoplasma which lacks a wall, a deficiency that is filled by the development of a cell membrane with a unique chemical structure. It contains a lipid tetraether with and glucose in a very high proportion to the total lipids. In addition, it is accompanied by glycoproteins that together with lipids give the membrane of Thermoplasma spp stability against the acidic and thermophilic conditions in which it lives.
268:. It grows on many different sugars such as starch, maltose, and cellobiose, that once in the cell they are transformed in glucose, but they can use even others organic substrate as carbon and energy source. Some evidences showed that glucose is catabolysed by a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway, that is the canonical version of well-known glycolysis, present in both eukaryotes and bacteria.
156:
271:
Some differences discovered concerned the sugar kinase of starting reactions of this pathway: instead of conventional glucokinase and phosphofructokinase, two novel sugar kinase have been discovered. These enzymes are ADP-dependent glucokinase (ADP-GK) and ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase (ADP-PFK),
613:
In June 1965, Thomas Brock, a microbiologist at
Indiana University, discovered a new form of bacteria in the thermal vents of Yellowstone National Park. They can survive at near-boiling temperatures. At that time the upper temperature for life was thought to be 73 °C. He found that one particular
216:
denature at elevated temperatures and so also must adapt. Protein complexes known as heat shock proteins assist with proper folding. Their function is to bind or engulf the protein during synthesis, creating an environment conducive to its correct tertiary conformation. In addition, heat shock
179:. They grow-similar to mesophiles-within a temperature range of about 25–30 °C between the minimal and maximal temperature. The fastest growth is obtained at their optimal growth temperature which may be up to 106 °C. The main characteristics they present in their morphology are:
209:
units. At certain points of the membrane, side chains linked by covalent bonds and a monolayer are found at these points. Thus, the membrane is much more stable and resistant to temperature alterations than the acidic bilayers present in eukaryotic organisms and
34:
is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments—from 60 °C (140 °F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is often above 80 °C (176 °F). Hyperthermophiles are often within the domain
254:
Hyperthermophiles have a great diversity in metabolism including chemolithoautotrophs and chemoorganoheterotrophs, while there are not phototrophic hyperthermophiles known. Sugar catabolism involves non-phosphorylated versions of the
137:
to their functional analogs in organisms that thrive at lower temperatures but have evolved to exhibit optimal function at much greater temperatures. Most of the low-temperature homologs of the hyperthermostable proteins would be
200:
is the main adaptation to temperature. This membrane is radically different from that known from and to eukaryotes. The membrane of
Archaeabacteria is built on a tetraether unit, thus establishing ether bonds between
896:
Saiki, R. K.; Gelfand, d. h.; Stoffel, S; Scharf, S. J.; Higuchi, R; Horn, G. T.; Mullis, K. B.; Erlich, H. A. (1988). "Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase".
47:
increase the boiling point of water. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to withstand other environmental extremes, such as high acidity or high radiation levels. Hyperthermophiles are a subset of
296:. Thermophiles-hyperthermophiles employ different mechanisms to adapt their cells to heat, especially to the cell wall, plasma membrane and its biomolecules (DNA, proteins, etc.):
122:; however, recent studies show that "there is no obvious correlation between the GC content of the genome and the optimal environmental growth temperature of the organism."
280:
As a rule, hyperthermophiles do not propagate at 50 °C or below, some not even below 80 or 90º. Although unable to grow at ambient temperatures, they are able to
102:
Although no hyperthermophile has shown to thrive at temperatures >122 °C, their existence is possible. Strain 121 survives 130 °C for two hours, but was
524:
237:
is an enzyme found in all hyperthermophiles. It is responsible for the introduction of positive spins which confer greater stability against high temperatures.
259:
some modified versions of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, the canonical Embden-Meyerhof pathway is present only in hyperthermophilic
Bacteria but not Archaea.
792:"Gene-centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine-cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species"
43:
are also able to tolerate extreme temperatures. Some of these bacteria are able to live at temperatures greater than 100 °C, deep in the ocean where
588:
1367:
976:
Vázquez
Bringas FJ, Santiago I, Gil L, Ribera T, Gracia-Salinas MJ, Román LS, Blas ID, Prades M, Alonso de Diego M, Ardanaz N, Muniesa A (2014).
304:" bonds (diether or tetraether) in archaea. In some archaea the membrane has a monolayer structure which further increases its heat resistance.
142:
above 60 °C. Such hyperthermostable proteins are often commercially important, as chemical reactions proceed faster at high temperatures.
1158:
Bar-Even, Arren; Flamholz, Avi; Noor, Elad; Milo, Ron (2012-05-17). "Rethinking glycolysis: on the biochemical logic of metabolic pathways".
700:
606:
1115:
Sakuraba, Haruhiko; Goda, Shuichiro; Ohshima, Toshihisa (2004). "Unique sugar metabolism and novel enzymes of hyperthermophilic archaea".
359:
that distinguish these organisms from other organisms. These strategies include an essential requirement for key proteins employed in
1686:
241:
this protein has been found in the genus and characterized by an increase, up to 40 °C, in the melting temperature of DNA. The
356:
205:
molecules and hydrophobic side chains that do not consist of fatty acids. These side chains are mainly composed of repeating
716:
256:
1360:
318:
that help the correct folding of proteins in situations of cellular stress such as the temperature in which they grow.
139:
743:"High guanine-cytosine content is not an adaptation to high temperature: a comparative analysis amongst prokaryotes"
1671:
1604:
368:
186:
the outermost part of archaea, it is arranged around the cell and protects the cell contents. It does not contain
133:—that is, they can maintain structural stability (and therefore function) at high temperatures. Such proteins are
83:, requiring temperatures of at least 90 °C for survival. An extraordinary heat-tolerant hyperthermophile is
68:
1013:
Brock, Christina M.; Bañó-Polo, Manuel; Garcia-Murria, Maria J.; Mingarro, Ismael; Esteve-Gasent, Maria (2017).
75:
in 1965. Since then, more than 70 species have been established. The most extreme hyperthermophiles live on the
1522:
1257:"Understanding DNA Repair in Hyperthermophilic Archaea: Persistent Gaps and Other Reasons to Focus on the Fork"
432:
360:
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1638:
1624:
1529:
1353:
163:
Due to their extreme environments, hyperthermophiles can be adapted to several variety of factors such as
339:
Presence of a DNA reverse DNA gyrase that produces positive supercoiling and stabilizes DNA against heat.
1801:
1631:
1560:
52:
978:"Desarrollo de una aplicación informática para aprender clínica y producción equina jugando al Trivial"
593:. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol. 27. Springer. pp. xviii.
1553:
906:
463:
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there for many years. Based on their simple growth requirements, hyperthermophiles could grow on any
103:
1752:
1729:
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1420:
614:
spring, Octopus Spring, had large amounts of pink, filamentous bacteria at temperatures of 82–88 °C.
496:
412:
372:
315:
264:
1339:
1203:"Temperature dependent mistranslation in a hyperthermophile adapts proteins to lower temperatures"
1097:
680:
569:
272:
they catalyse the same reactions but use ADP as phosphoryl donor, instead of ATP, producing AMP.
134:
977:
300:
The presence in their plasma membrane of long-chain and saturated fatty acids in bacteria and "
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until it had been transferred into a fresh growth medium, at a relatively cooler 103 °C.
80:
1806:
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genome and proteome composition: indications for hyperthermophilic and parasitic adaptation"
813:
803:
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688:
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93:
at 121 °C (hence its name). The current record growth temperature is 122 °C, for
1775:
1711:
1681:
1475:
1440:
130:
72:
1311:
Stetter, Karl (Feb 2013). "A brief history of the discovery of hyperthermophilic life".
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proteins can collaborate in transporting newly folded proteins to their site of action.
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229:
95:
76:
48:
44:
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1015:"Characterization of the inner membrane protein BB0173 from Borrelia burgdorferi"
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1747:
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808:
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519:
355:
The hyperthermophilic archaea appear to have special strategies for coping with
233:
is characterized by the fact that it prevents DNA damage at these temperatures.
946:
1762:
1591:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1430:
1400:
1390:
1064:
Schönheit, P.; Schäfer, T. (January 1995). "Metabolism of hyperthermophiles".
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598:
557:
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446:
389:
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119:
85:
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is also adapted to elevated temperatures by several mechanisms. The first is
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17:
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882:
827:
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758:
565:
544:
Stetter, K. (2006). "History of discovery of the first hyperthermophiles".
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1219:
926:
665:
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1513:
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486:, which thrives in 65–100 °C in Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park.
459:
417:
405:
393:
333:
245:
with which these proteins are associated collaborate in its supercoiling.
206:
202:
191:
40:
1324:
420:
which thrives at 100 °C, first discovered in Italy near a volcanic vent.
1576:
1077:
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that prevent chemical damage (depurination or depyrimidination) to DNA.
242:
126:
36:
1128:
159:
Different morphologies and classes of hyperthermophilic microorganisms
1566:
262:
Most of informations about sugar catabolism came from observation on
115:
89:, which has been able to double its population during 24 hours in an
27:
Organism that thrives in extremely hot environments from 60°C upwards
155:
312:
308:
301:
154:
587:
Seckbach, Joseph; Oren, Aharon; Stan-Lotter, Helga, eds. (2013).
1345:
289:
56:
1349:
227:, which has been isolated in only a few species of the genus.
114:
Early research into hyperthermophiles speculated that their
367:
process), an apparent lack of the DNA repair process of
717:"Microbe from depths takes life to hottest known limit"
590:
Polyextremophiles — Life under multiple forms of stress
947:"Archaeabacterias hipertermófilas: vida en ebullición"
1664:
1614:
1575:
1512:
1503:
1383:
1066:World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology
51:. Their existence may support the possibility of
408:living at 113 °C in Atlantic hydrothermal vents.
67:Hyperthermophiles isolated from hot springs in
525:Unique properties of hyperthermophilic archaea
1361:
1250:
1248:
1201:Schwartz, Michael H.; Pan, Tao (2015-12-10).
683:. In Horneck, G.; Baumstark-Khan, C. (eds.).
8:
985:Revista complutense de ciencias veterinarias
954:Revista Complutense de Ciencias Veterinarias
841:Das S, Paul S, Bag SK, Dutta C (July 2006).
342:Presence of proteins with higher content in
628:"The value of basic research: discovery of
129:molecules in the hyperthermophiles exhibit
1509:
1368:
1354:
1346:
190:, which makes them naturally resistant to
1282:
1272:
1228:
1218:
1040:
1030:
940:
938:
936:
872:
862:
817:
807:
766:
655:
971:
969:
967:
536:
288:, even on other planets and moons like
225:cyclic potassium 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
1340:How hot is too Hot? T-Limit Expedition
396:living at 121 °C in the Pacific Ocean.
371:and a lack of the MutS/MutL homologs (
59:can thrive in environmental extremes.
1008:
1006:
7:
945:Fernández, P.G.; Ruiz, M.P. (2007).
741:Hurst LD, Merchant AR (March 2001).
790:Zheng H, Wu H; Wu (December 2010).
681:"Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms"
321:Accumulation of compounds such as
25:
1687:Acidophiles in acid mine drainage
997:10.5209/rev_RCCV.2014.v8.n1.44301
1313:Biochemical Society Transactions
484:Geothermobacterium ferrireducens
632:and other extreme thermophiles"
118:could be characterized by high
687:. Springer. pp. 169–184.
1:
332:that stabilizes DNA, RNA and
919:10.1126/science.239.4839.487
693:10.1007/978-3-642-59381-9_12
323:potassium diphosphoglycerate
809:10.1186/1471-2105-11-S11-S7
648:10.1093/genetics/146.4.1207
1823:
1672:Abiogenic petroleum origin
1605:Thermococcus gammatolerans
379:Specific hyperthermophiles
369:nucleotide excision repair
1032:10.1186/s12866-017-1127-y
599:10.1007/978-94-007-6488-0
558:10.1007/s00792-006-0012-7
346:, more resistant to heat.
286:hot water-containing site
69:Yellowstone National Park
1523:Chloroflexus aurantiacus
626:Brock TD (August 1997).
433:Methanococcus jannaschii
361:homologous recombination
257:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
120:guanine-cytosine content
1646:Halicephalobus mephisto
1639:Paralvinella sulfincola
1625:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
1530:Deinococcus radiodurans
1160:Nature Chemical Biology
864:10.1186/1471-2164-7-186
71:were first reported by
1207:Nucleic Acids Research
759:10.1098/rspb.2000.1397
679:Stetter, K.O. (2002).
471:Gram-negative Bacteria
160:
1632:Galdieria sulphuraria
1561:Spirochaeta americana
845:Nanoarchaeum equitans
198:Cytoplasmic membrane:
158:
104:not able to reproduce
96:Methanopyrus kandleri
53:extraterrestrial life
1554:Thermus thermophilus
1172:10.1038/nchembio.971
464:Central Indian Ridge
131:hyperthermostability
1753:Radiotrophic fungus
1730:Helaeomyia petrolei
1677:Acidithiobacillales
1586:Pyrococcus furiosus
1325:10.1042/BST20120284
1274:10.1155/2015/942605
1220:10.1093/nar/gkv1379
1117:The Chemical Record
911:1988Sci...239..487S
497:Thermotoga maritima
413:Pyrococcus furiosus
373:DNA mismatch repair
265:Pyrococcus furiosus
1255:Grogan DW (2015).
1078:10.1007/bf00339135
796:BMC Bioinformatics
462:in 80–122 °C in a
307:Overexpression of
161:
151:General physiology
81:hydrothermal vents
79:walls of deep-sea
1789:
1788:
1736:Hydrothermal vent
1660:
1659:
1598:Pyrolobus fumarii
1547:Thermus aquaticus
1129:10.1002/tcr.10066
702:978-3-642-59381-9
630:Thermus aquaticus
608:978-94-007-6487-3
401:Pyrolobus fumarii
16:(Redirected from
1814:
1692:Archaeoglobaceae
1665:Related articles
1510:
1490:Thermoacidophile
1485:Hyperthermophile
1461:Polyextremophile
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905:(4839): 487–91.
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802:(Suppl 11): S7.
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719:. Archived from
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659:
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584:
578:
577:
541:
478:Aquifex aeolicus
440:Aeropyrum pernix
39:, although some
32:hyperthermophile
21:
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1821:
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1792:
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1776:Thermostability
1712:Grylloblattidae
1682:Acidobacteriota
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1499:
1441:Metallotolerant
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1304:Further reading
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753:(1466): 493–7.
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458:strain 116, an
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344:α-helix regions
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169:redox potential
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73:Thomas D. Brock
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55:, showing that
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1476:Radioresistant
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1426:Lithoautotroph
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1319:(1): 416–420.
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1213:(1): 294–303.
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1166:(6): 509–517.
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642:(4): 1207–10.
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1506:extremophiles
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1377:Extremophiles
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1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
972:
970:
968:
964:
959:
955:
948:
941:
939:
937:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
889:
884:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
846:
843:"Analysis of
837:
834:
829:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
783:
778:
774:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:Proc Biol Sci
744:
737:
734:
723:on 2023-10-04
722:
718:
712:
709:
704:
698:
694:
690:
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682:
675:
672:
667:
663:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
631:
622:
619:
615:
610:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
583:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Extremophiles
540:
537:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
499:
498:
494:, especially
493:
492:
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457:
455:
451:
449:
448:
444:
442:
441:
437:
435:
434:
430:
428:
426:
425:Archaeoglobus
422:
419:
415:
414:
410:
407:
403:
402:
398:
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391:
388:
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383:
378:
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317:
314:
310:
306:
303:
299:
298:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
275:
273:
269:
267:
266:
260:
258:
249:
244:
240:
236:
235:Topoisomerase
232:
231:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
199:
196:
193:
189:
188:peptidoglycan
185:
182:
181:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
157:
150:
145:
143:
141:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
109:
107:
105:
100:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
60:
58:
54:
50:
49:extremophiles
46:
42:
38:
33:
19:
1802:Thermophiles
1781:Thermotogota
1768:
1742:Methanopyrus
1740:
1728:
1721:
1717:Halobacteria
1697:Berkeley Pit
1652:Pompeii worm
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1603:
1596:
1584:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1536:Deinococcota
1528:
1521:
1484:
1483: /
1471:Psychrophile
1316:
1312:
1264:
1260:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1123:(5): 281–7.
1120:
1116:
1110:
1072:(1): 26–57.
1069:
1065:
1059:
1022:
1018:
988:
984:
957:
953:
902:
898:
891:
854:
851:BMC Genomics
850:
844:
836:
799:
795:
785:
750:
746:
736:
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
711:
685:Astrobiology
684:
674:
639:
635:
629:
621:
612:
589:
582:
549:
545:
539:
515:Psychrophile
495:
489:
483:
476:
454:Methanopyrus
452:
445:
438:
431:
423:
411:
399:
354:
343:
322:
285:
281:
279:
270:
263:
261:
253:
238:
230:Methanopyrus
228:
224:
220:
213:
197:
183:
176:
172:
168:
164:
162:
124:
113:
101:
94:
84:
66:
31:
29:
18:Hottest life
1748:Movile Cave
1702:Blood Falls
1481:Thermophile
1466:Psammophile
1396:Alkaliphile
520:Thermophile
375:proteins).
276:Adaptations
177:temperature
171:, level of
77:superheated
1796:Categories
1771:polymerase
1763:Tardigrade
1592:Strain 121
1456:Piezophile
1446:Oligotroph
1436:Methanogen
1431:Lithophile
1401:Capnophile
1391:Acidophile
1267:: 942605.
1025:(1): 219.
960:(2)): 560.
727:2018-04-06
531:References
491:Thermotoga
447:Sulfolobus
390:Strain 121
365:DNA repair
357:DNA damage
351:DNA repair
330:spermidine
316:chaperones
250:Metabolism
184:Cell wall:
146:Physiology
135:homologous
86:Strain 121
1758:Rio Tinto
1616:Eukaryota
1495:Xerophile
1451:Osmophile
1421:Lipophile
1411:Halophile
1180:1552-4450
1137:1527-8999
1086:0959-3993
991:(1): 45.
510:Mesophile
334:ribosomes
214:Proteins:
210:bacteria.
173:salinity,
140:denatured
91:autoclave
1541:Snottite
1514:Bacteria
1416:Hypolith
1406:Endolith
1333:23356321
1293:26146487
1239:26657639
1188:22596202
1145:14762828
1102:21904448
1094:24414410
1051:29166863
883:16869956
828:21172057
777:11296861
636:Genetics
574:36345694
566:16941067
504:See also
460:archaeon
456:kandleri
427:fulgidus
418:archaeon
406:archaeon
394:archaeon
243:histones
207:isoprene
203:glycerol
192:lysozyme
110:Research
41:bacteria
1807:Geysers
1577:Archaea
1504:Notable
1284:4471258
1261:Archaea
1230:4705672
1042:5700661
927:2448875
907:Bibcode
899:Science
874:1574309
857:: 186.
819:3024870
768:1088632
666:9258667
657:1208068
384:Archaea
282:survive
127:protein
63:History
37:Archaea
1567:GFAJ-1
1331:
1291:
1281:
1237:
1227:
1186:
1178:
1143:
1135:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1049:
1039:
925:
881:
871:
826:
816:
775:
765:
699:
664:
654:
605:
572:
564:
294:Europa
116:genome
1384:Types
1098:S2CID
981:(PDF)
950:(PDF)
570:S2CID
416:, an
404:, an
392:, an
313:GroEL
309:GroES
302:ether
239:Sac7d
1329:PMID
1289:PMID
1265:2015
1235:PMID
1184:PMID
1176:ISSN
1141:PMID
1133:ISSN
1090:PMID
1082:ISSN
1047:PMID
923:PMID
879:PMID
824:PMID
773:PMID
697:ISBN
662:PMID
603:ISBN
562:PMID
311:and
292:and
290:Mars
221:DNA:
175:and
125:The
57:life
1769:Taq
1321:doi
1279:PMC
1269:doi
1225:PMC
1215:doi
1168:doi
1125:doi
1074:doi
1037:PMC
1027:doi
993:doi
915:doi
903:239
869:PMC
859:doi
814:PMC
804:doi
763:PMC
755:doi
751:268
689:doi
652:PMC
644:doi
640:146
595:doi
554:doi
363:(a
1798::
1327:.
1317:41
1315:.
1287:.
1277:.
1263:.
1259:.
1247:^
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1223:.
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1205:.
1182:.
1174:.
1162:.
1139:.
1131:.
1119:.
1096:.
1088:.
1080:.
1070:11
1068:.
1045:.
1035:.
1023:17
1021:.
1017:.
1005:^
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983:.
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956:.
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877:.
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800:11
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794:.
771:.
761:.
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745:.
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660:.
650:.
638:.
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601:.
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560:.
550:10
548:.
167:,
165:pH
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30:A
1369:e
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1271::
1241:.
1217::
1190:.
1170::
1164:8
1147:.
1127::
1121:3
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1053:.
1029::
999:.
995::
989:8
958:1
929:.
917::
909::
885:.
861::
855:7
830:.
806::
779:.
757::
730:.
705:.
691::
668:.
646::
597::
576:.
556::
466:.
336:.
20:)
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