886:
the body processes thyroid hormones created with the I-131. For this reason, it is advised to regularly clean toilets, sinks, bed sheets and clothing used by the person who received the treatment. Patients may also be advised to wear slippers or socks at all times, and avoid prolonged close contact with others. This minimizes accidental exposure by family members, especially children. Use of a decontaminant specially made for radioactive iodine removal may be advised. The use of chlorine bleach solutions, or cleaners that contain chlorine bleach for cleanup, are not advised, since radioactive elemental iodine gas may be released. Airborne I-131 may cause a greater risk of second-hand exposure, spreading contamination over a wide area. Patient is advised if possible to stay in a room with a bathroom connected to it to limit unintended exposure to family members.
768:, showing the tumor by radiation from radioiodine in the MIBG. Two images are seen of the same patient from front and back. The image of the thyroid in the neck is due to unwanted uptake of radioiodine (as iodide) by the thyroid, after breakdown of the radioactive iodine-containing medication. Accumulation at the sides of the head is from salivary gland due to uptake of I-131 mIBG by the sympathetic neuronal elements in the salivary glands. Meta-iodobenzylguanidine is a radio-labeled analog of the adrenergic blocking agent guanethidine. Radioactivity is also seen from uptake by the liver, and excretion by the kidneys with accumulation in the bladder.
882:
radioactivity retained may be small and there is no medical proof of an actual risk from radioiodine treatment. Such a precaution would essentially eliminate direct fetal exposure to radioactivity and markedly reduce the possibility of conception with sperm that might theoretically have been damaged by exposure to radioiodine." These guidelines vary from hospital to hospital and will depend on national legislation and guidance, as well as the dose of radiation given. Some also advise not to hug or hold children when the radiation is still high, and a one- or two- metre distance to others may be recommended.
824:(MBq). Radioactive iodine (iodine-131) alone can potentially worsen thyrotoxicosis in the first few days after treatment. One side effect of treatment is an initial period of a few days of increased hyperthyroid symptoms. This occurs because when the radioactive iodine destroys the thyroid cells, they can release thyroid hormone into the blood stream. For this reason, sometimes patients are pre-treated with thyrostatic medications such as methimazole, and/or they are given symptomatic treatment such as propranolol. Radioactive iodine treatment is contraindicated in breast-feeding and pregnancy
412:
754:
643:
38:
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300:) whenever it is given for therapeutic use, since about 10% of its energy and radiation dose is via gamma radiation. However, since the other 90% of radiation (beta radiation) causes tissue damage without contributing to any ability to see or "image" the isotope, other less-damaging radioisotopes of iodine such as
1283:
In 1997, NCI conducted a detailed evaluation of dose to the thyroid glands of U.S. residents from I-131 in fallout from tests in Nevada. (...) we evaluated the risks of thyroid cancer from that exposure and estimated that about 49,000 fallout-related cases might occur in the United States, almost all
885:
I-131 will be eliminated from the body over the next several weeks after it is given. The majority of I-131 will be eliminated from the human body in 3–5 days, through natural decay, and through excretion in sweat and urine. Smaller amounts will continue to be released over the next several weeks, as
881:
Patients receiving I-131 radioiodine treatment may be warned not to have sexual intercourse for one month (or shorter, depending on dose given), and women told not to become pregnant for six months afterwards. "This is because a theoretical risk to a developing fetus exists, even though the amount of
926:
Because of the carcinogenicity of its beta radiation in the thyroid in small doses, I-131 is rarely used primarily or solely for diagnosis (although in the past this was more common due to this isotope's relative ease of production and low expense). Instead the more purely gamma-emitting radioiodine
710:
provides additional information on the health effects from exposure to I in fallout, as well as individualized estimates, for those born before 1971, for each of the 3070 counties in the USA. The calculations are taken from data collected regarding fallout from the nuclear weapons tests conducted at
718:
On 27 March 2011, the
Massachusetts Department of Public Health reported that I was detected in very low concentrations in rainwater from samples collected in Massachusetts, USA, and that this likely originated from the Fukushima power plant. Farmers near the plant dumped raw milk, while testing in
693:
The risk of thyroid cancer in later life appears to diminish with increasing age at time of exposure. Most risk estimates are based on studies in which radiation exposures occurred in children or teenagers. When adults are exposed, it has been difficult for epidemiologists to detect a statistically
974:
Since the late 1940s, radioactive tracers have been used by the oil industry. Tagged at the surface, water is then tracked downhole, using the appropriated gamma detector, to determine flows and detect underground leaks. I-131 has been the most widely used tagging isotope in an aqueous solution of
697:
The risk can be mitigated by taking iodine supplements, raising the total amount of iodine in the body and, therefore, reducing uptake and retention in the face and chest and lowering the relative proportion of radioactive iodine. However, such supplements were not consistently distributed to the
312:
nuclear imaging is required. The isotope I is still occasionally used for purely diagnostic (i.e., imaging) work, due to its low expense compared to other iodine radioisotopes. Very small medical imaging doses of I have not shown any increase in thyroid cancer. The low-cost availability of I, in
283:
tissues that would otherwise become cancerous as a result of the radiation. For example, children treated with moderate dose of I for thyroid adenomas had a detectable increase in thyroid cancer, but children treated with a much higher dose did not. Likewise, most studies of very-high-dose I for
2592:
856:
would be high near an undissolved capsule, I-131 is sometimes administered to human patients in a small amount of liquid. Administration of this liquid form is usually by straw which is used to slowly and carefully suck up the liquid from a shielded container. For administration to animals (for
288:
have failed to find any increase in thyroid cancer, even though there is linear increase in thyroid cancer risk with I absorption at moderate doses. Thus, iodine-131 is increasingly less employed in small doses in medical use (especially in children), but increasingly is used only in large and
1935:
Yama, Naoya; Sakata, Koh-ichi; Hyodoh, Hideki; Tamakawa, Mitsuharu; Hareyama, Masato (June 2012). "A retrospective study on the transition of radiation dose rate and iodine distribution in patients with I-131-treated well-differentiated thyroid cancer to improve bed control shorten isolation
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231:
in 1938 at the
University of California, Berkeley. It has a radioactive decay half-life of about eight days. It is associated with nuclear energy, medical diagnostic and treatment procedures, and natural gas production. It also plays a major role as a radioactive isotope present in
317:
in a nuclear reactor, then separating I out by various simple methods (i.e., heating to drive off the volatile iodine). By contrast, other iodine radioisotopes are usually created by far more expensive techniques, starting with cyclotron radiation of capsules of pressurized
1567:
Exposure of the
American Population to Radioactive Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Tests: A Review of the CDC-NCI Draft Report on a Feasibility Study of the Health Consequences to the American Population from Nuclear Weapons Tests Conducted by the United States and Other
1133:
Dobyns, B. M.; Sheline, G. E.; Workman, J. B.; Tompkins, E. A.; McConahey, W. M.; Becker, D. V. (June 1974). "Malignant and benign neoplasms of the thyroid in patients treated for hyperthyroidism: a report of the cooperative thyrotoxicosis therapy follow-up study".
1392:
no associations between
Hanford's iodine-131 releases and thyroid disease were observed. show that if there is an increased risk of thyroid disease from exposure to Hanford's iodine-131, it is probably too small to observe using the best epidemiologic methods
857:
example, cats with hyperthyroidism), for practical reasons the isotope must be administered by injection. European guidelines recommend administration of a capsule, due to "greater ease to the patient and the superior radiation protection for caregivers".
340:
after accidental nuclear contamination. These studies suppose that cancers happen from residual tissue radiation damage caused by the I, and should appear mostly years after exposure, long after the I has decayed. Other studies did not find a correlation.
918:. About 90% of its radiation damage to tissue is via beta radiation, and the rest occurs via its gamma radiation (at a longer distance from the radioisotope). It can be seen in diagnostic scans after its use as therapy, because I is also a gamma-emitter.
357:
become heavier stable isotopes, or else stable iodine or xenon. However, the heaviest naturally occurring tellurium nuclide, Te (34% of natural tellurium) absorbs a neutron to become tellurium-131, which beta decays with a half-life of 25 minutes to I.
996:
The use of Iodine-131 as a poison – used in small doses over a period of time to disrupt a person's ability to think and tell right from wrong – played a central role in the episode "The Case of the
Melancholy Marksman" of the long-running
439:
in its nucleus, while the only stable nuclide, I, has 74. On decaying, I most often (89% of the time) expends its 971 keV of decay energy by transforming into stable xenon-131 in two steps, with gamma decay following rapidly after beta decay:
544:
877:
advice states that "comforters and carers" of patients undergoing radionuclide therapy should be treated as members of the public for dose constraint purposes and any restrictions on the patient should be designed based on this principle.
1885:
Silberstein, E. B.; Alavi, A.; Balon, H. R.; Clarke, S. E. M.; Divgi, C.; Gelfand, M. J.; Goldsmith, S. J.; Jadvar, H.; Marcus, C. S.; Martin, W. H.; Parker, J. A.; Royal, H. D.; Sarkar, S. D.; Stabin, M.; Waxman, A. D. (11 July 2012).
889:
Many airports have radiation detectors to detect the smuggling of radioactive materials. Patients should be warned that if they travel by air, they may trigger radiation detectors at airports up to 95 days after their treatment with I.
625:
The primary emissions of I decay are thus electrons with a maximal energy of 606 keV (89% abundance, others 248–807 keV) and 364 keV gamma rays (81% abundance, others 723 keV). Beta decay also produces an
620:
943:
treatment (isotope confined in small seed-like metal capsules), where the low-energy gamma radiation without a beta component makes iodine-125 useful. The other radioisotopes of iodine are never used in brachytherapy.
2176:
705:
Within the US, the highest I fallout doses occurred during the 1950s and early 1960s to children having consumed fresh milk from sources contaminated as the result of above-ground testing of nuclear weapons. The
812:, and sometimes hyperactive thyroid nodules (abnormally active thyroid tissue that is not malignant). The therapeutic use of radioiodine to treat hyperthyroidism from Graves' disease was first reported by
2042:
Luster, M.; Clarke, S. E.; Dietlein, M.; Lassmann, M.; Lind, P.; Oyen, W. J. G.; Tennvall, J.; Bombardieri, E. (1 August 2008). "Guidelines for radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer".
682:, it can be absorbed through contaminated food, and will also accumulate in the thyroid. As it decays, it may cause damage to the thyroid. The primary risk from exposure to I is an increased risk of
279:
and death in cells that it penetrates, and other cells up to several millimeters away. For this reason, high doses of the isotope are sometimes less dangerous than low doses, since they tend to kill
4648:
630:, which carries off variable amounts of the beta decay energy. The electrons, due to their high mean energy (190 keV, with typical beta-decay spectra present) have a tissue penetration of
353:
of a natural tellurium target in a nuclear reactor. Irradiation of natural tellurium produces almost entirely I as the only radionuclide with a half-life longer than hours, since most lighter
3782:
2753:
723:
per liter of iodine-131 in a milk sample, but the radiation levels were 5,000 times lower than the FDA's "defined intervention level". The levels were expected to drop relatively quickly
2202:
1833:
Stokkel, Marcel P. M.; Handkiewicz Junak, Daria; Lassmann, Michael; Dietlein, Markus; Luster, Markus (13 July 2010). "EANM procedure guidelines for therapy of benign thyroid disease".
1322:
Guiraud-Vitaux, F.; Elbast, M.; Colas-Linhart, N.; Hindie, E. (February 2008). "Thyroid cancer after
Chernobyl: is iodine 131 the only culprit ? Impact on clinical practice".
1357:
951:
being rejected from crossing the Canada—U.S. border. Such material can enter the sewers directly from the medical facilities, or by being excreted by patients after a treatment
2180:
365:
into an alkaline solution. More commonly, powdered elemental tellurium is irradiated and then I separated from it by dry distillation of the iodine, which has a far higher
4641:
446:
3775:
2260:
2746:
2636:
2571:, Fertl, Walter H., "Method and apparatus for evaluating multiple stage fracturing or earth formations surrounding a borehole", published 1983-11-15
369:. The element is then dissolved in a mildly alkaline solution in the standard manner, to produce I as iodide and hypoiodate (which is soon reduced to iodide).
2519:
4634:
4126:
3555:
659:
1408:
Chattopadhyay, Sankha; Saha Das, Sujata (2010). "Recovery of 131I from alkaline solution of n-irradiated tellurium target using a tiny Dowex-1 column".
4406:
3768:
1793:
Nakajo, M., Shapiro, B. Sisson, J.C., Swanson, D.P., and
Beierwaltes, W.H. Salivary gland uptake of Meta-Iodobenzylguanidine. J Nucl Med 25:2–6, 1984
550:
336:
Much smaller incidental doses of iodine-131 than those used in medical therapeutic procedures, are supposed by some studies to be the major cause of
2739:
2637:
Sensitivity of
Personal Homeland Security Radiation Detectors to Medical Radionuclides and Implications for Counseling of Nuclear Medicine Patients
2085:
1782:
2226:
1080:
Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references".
788:, however it is rarely administered for diagnostic purposes only, imaging will normally be done following a therapeutic dose. Use of the I as
2963:
2472:
2436:
2372:
2336:
2209:
2095:
1584:
1548:
1284:
of them among persons who were under age 20 at some time during the period 1951–57, with 95-percent uncertainty limits of 11,300 and 212,000.
2590:, Scott, George L., "System and method for monitoring fracture growth during hydraulic fracture treatment", published 1995-08-15
4308:
1757:
3106:
2297:
5147:
3123:
1297:"National Cancer Institute calculator for thyroid cancer risk as a result of I-131 intake after nuclear testing before 1971 in Nevada"
241:
4256:
3118:
1814:
1265:
Simon, Steven L.; Bouville, André; Land, Charles E. (January–February 2006). "Fallout from
Nuclear Weapons Tests and Cancer Risks".
1107:
2152:
2552:, Scott, George L., "Method for monitoring the hydraulic fracturing of a subterranean formation", published 1997-06-03
4401:
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products, and was a significant contributor to the health hazards from open-air atomic bomb testing in the 1950s, and from the
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3996:
3096:
3062:
3052:
2995:
2788:
2641:
1989:"Closed system vacuum assisted administration of high dose radio iodine to cancer thyroid patients: NIMS techniqe [
4448:
2899:
873:
International Basic Safety
Standards recommend that patients are not discharged until the activity falls below 1100 MBq.
832:
Iodine-131, in higher doses than for thyrotoxicosis, is used for ablation of remnant thyroid tissue following a complete
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1875:
Brunton, Laurence L. et al. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e. 2011. Chapter 39
1371:
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707:
663:
5017:
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3272:
3179:
3005:
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A common treatment method for preventing iodine-131 exposure is by saturating the thyroid with regular, stable
683:
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where it is needed for the functioning of that gland. When I is present in high levels in the environment from
337:
694:
significant difference in the rates of thyroid disease above that of a similar but otherwise-unexposed group.
361:
A tellurium compound can be irradiated while bound as an oxide to an ion exchange column, with evolved I then
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1687:
903:
761:
tumor is seen as a dark sphere in the center of the body (it is in the left adrenal gland). The image is by
148:
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2776:
1296:
3440:
1731:
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4674:
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1635:
Robbins, Jacob; Schneider, Arthur B. (2000). "Thyroid cancer following exposure to radioactive iodine".
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study claims that nuclear fallout might have led to approximately 11,000 excess deaths, most caused by
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fluid to determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing.
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1443:
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nuclear power plant after the disaster, though they were widely distributed to children in Poland.
679:
289:
maximal treatment doses, as a way of killing targeted tissues. This is known as "therapeutic use".
539:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{131}_{53}I->\beta {}+{\bar {\nu }}_{e}+_{54}^{131}Xe^{\ast }{}+606keV}}}
4956:
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393:
326:
305:
237:
192:
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809:
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3400:
2113:"ICRP Publication 94: Release of Nuclear Medicine Patients after Therapy with Unsealed Sources"
1761:
1184:"The Management of Graves' Disease in Children, with Special Emphasis on Radioiodine Treatment"
650:
doses in the continental United States resulting from all exposure routes from all atmospheric
260:
for a comparison with other radioactive fission products. I is also a major fission product of
4795:
4790:
4583:
4543:
4135:
3792:
3496:
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3380:
3332:
3302:
2827:
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2711:
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2432:
2424:
2368:
2332:
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2024:
1961:
1953:
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1810:
1804:
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1544:
1425:
1339:
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939:
is also occasionally used when a longer half-life radioiodine is needed for diagnosis, and in
196:
106:
50:
4810:
4780:
2627:
RadiologyInfo – The radiology information resource for patients: Radioiodine (I −131) Therapy
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2124:
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2014:
2004:
1945:
1899:
1842:
1644:
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1417:
1331:
1274:
1195:
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1062:
932:
907:
777:
758:
732:
712:
655:
389:
293:
60:
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392:. However, the short half-life means it is not present in significant quantities in cooled
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4705:
4553:
4458:
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3189:
2842:
2626:
1621:
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in 1941. The dose is typically administered orally (either as a liquid or capsule), in an
651:
373:
245:
240:, as well as being a large fraction of the contamination hazard in the first weeks in the
233:
3760:
1111:
2731:
2159:
1507:
852:(MBq). Because of this high radioactivity and because the exposure of stomach tissue to
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5033:
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4261:
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4036:
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3732:
3618:
3218:
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2019:
1988:
1047:
959:
Used for the first time in 1951 to localize leaks in a drinking water supply system of
837:
805:
667:
366:
228:
89:
4626:
753:
5126:
5088:
5038:
4914:
4720:
4538:
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4061:
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3949:
3435:
3358:
3285:
2689:
2682:
2177:"Instructions for Receiving Radioactive Iodine Therapy after a Thyroid Cancer Survey"
976:
963:, Germany, iodine-131 became one of the most commonly used gamma-emitting industrial
940:
911:
853:
849:
833:
821:
424:
403:
It is discharged to the atmosphere in small quantities by some nuclear power plants.
224:
158:
141:
72:
2138:
1973:
1921:
1672:
5002:
4760:
4725:
4614:
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4187:
4094:
4081:
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3907:
3830:
3826:
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3737:
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3623:
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3559:
3466:
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3036:
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2329:
Isotopes in the water cycle : past, present and future of a developing science
2208:. Department of Nuclear Medicine McMaster University Medical Centre. Archived from
1862:
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1421:
983:
fluid to help determine the injection profile and location of fractures created by
781:
765:
720:
642:
627:
297:
216:
184:
180:
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turn, is due to the relative ease of creating I by neutron bombardment of natural
2071:
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4987:
4977:
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4904:
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4201:
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3011:
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2926:
2823:
2703:
1491:
687:
686:
in later life. Other risks include the possibility of non-cancerous growths and
615:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{131}_{54}Xe^{\ast }->_{54}^{131}Xe+\gamma {}+364keV}}}
381:
350:
261:
135:
2497:
Temperature, radioactive tracer, and noise logging for injection well integrity
2129:
2112:
1783:"Traces of radioactive iodine found in Washington state milk" Los Angeles Times
1093:
1066:
792:
salt exploits the mechanism of absorption of iodine by the normal cells of the
4805:
4800:
4770:
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3143:
3130:
3113:
3073:
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3021:
3001:
2873:
2798:
2694:
2055:
1949:
1904:
1887:
1846:
1648:
936:
928:
915:
817:
813:
738:
674:
Iodine in food is absorbed by the body and preferentially concentrated in the
397:
301:
272:
175:
1957:
1806:
Thyroid Cancer: From Emergent Biotechnologies to Clinical Practice Guidelines
1758:"Low Concentrations Of Radiation Found In Mass. | WCVB Home – WCVB Home"
1656:
1155:
4982:
4735:
4518:
4513:
3742:
3712:
3662:
3657:
3647:
3628:
3573:
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3511:
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3347:
3291:
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3196:
3040:
2949:
2883:
2718:
2616:
2009:
1225:"Technical meeting of project counterparts on cyclotron production of I-123"
1200:
1183:
948:
947:
The use of I as a medical isotope has been blamed for a routine shipment of
866:
428:
420:
314:
253:
163:
113:
2631:
2063:
2028:
1987:
Rao, V. P.; Sudhakar, P.; Swamy, V. K.; Pradeep, G.; Venugopal, N. (2010).
1965:
1913:
1888:"The SNMMI Practice Guideline for Therapy of Thyroid Disease with 131I 3.0"
1854:
1664:
1594:
1429:
1343:
2632:
Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Radiation Exposure from Iodine 131
1468:
1335:
1209:
1163:
1147:
5093:
5083:
5007:
4523:
4219:
4046:
4007:
3265:
2301:
276:
256:, comprising nearly 3% of the total products of fission (by weight). See
4815:
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4478:
3414:
3297:
2918:
793:
675:
647:
436:
432:
280:
265:
249:
37:
1278:
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4939:
4411:
4238:
4164:
4104:
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3501:
3486:
2930:
2667:
2327:. In Aggarwal, Pradeep K.; Gat, Joel R.; Froehlich, Klaus F. (eds.).
1493:
Effluent Releases from Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel-Cycle Facilities
960:
914:. In all of these therapeutic uses, I destroys tissue by short-range
789:
742:
362:
220:
17:
2090:. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 2009. pp. 1–288.
2087:
Nuclear medicine in thyroid cancer management: a practical approach
1576:
1469:"Nuclear Data for Safeguards, Table C-3, Cumulative Fission Yields"
1046:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
3515:
3471:
3083:
2865:
2203:"Precautions after Out-patient Radioactive Iodine (I-131) Therapy"
1732:"Individual Dose and Risk Calculator for Nevada Test Site fallout"
752:
641:
410:
319:
3867:
3491:
3317:
3312:
2888:
2298:"Medical isotopes the likely cause of radiation in Ottawa waste"
1235:
874:
870:
762:
325:
Iodine-131 is also one of the most commonly used gamma-emitting
4630:
4108:
3764:
2735:
1300:
1735:
1709:
998:
898:
The I isotope is also used as a radioactive label for certain
1182:
Rivkees, Scott A.; Sklar, Charles; Freemark, Michael (1998).
848:
Typical therapeutic doses of I-131 are between 2220 and 7400
1539:. A Cleveland Clinic Guide. Cleveland Clinic Press. p.
1734:. National Cancer Institute. 1 October 2007. Archived from
2367:. New Delhi: New India Publishing Agency. pp. 12–13.
2044:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
1835:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
2179:. University of Washington Medical Center. Archived from
495:
780:
to treat several conditions. It can also be detected by
2642:
NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Iodine, Radioactive
1007:(season 5, episode 24, first broadcast March 24, 1962).
2325:"Isotopic Tracers for Obtaining Hydrologic Parameters"
2423:
Araguás, Luis Araguás; Plata Bedmar, Antonio (2002).
1760:. Thebostonchannel.com. 27 March 2011. Archived from
553:
449:
400:
whose half-life is nearly a billion times that of I.
4607: Also known as sealed-source radiation therapy.
1136:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5066:
5016:
4955:
4938:
4880:
4863:
4829:
4759:
4698:
4684:
4667:
4467:
4431:
4394:
4330:
4276:
4236:
4217:
4162:
4153:
4142:
3948:
3915:
3906:
3866:
3840:
3804:
3546:
3264:
3249:
3217:
3082:
3035:
2977:
2940:
2913:
2864:
2841:
2775:
174:
169:
157:
147:
134:
112:
105:
88:
71:
59:
49:
44:
2499:. Washington: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1532:
1188:Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
614:
538:
1356:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1048:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
5018:
4686:
329:. Radioactive tracer isotopes are injected with
4882:
4601: Also known as external-beam radiotherapy.
2234:. Indianapolis. 2002. p. 7. Archived from
2153:"Radioiodine Therapy: Information for Patients"
1828:
1826:
1564:Council, National Research (11 February 2003).
1496:. National Academies Press (US). 29 March 2012.
1250:Environmental Control in Petroleum Engineering.
2465:Environmental Control in Petroleum Engineering
2396:"Investigating leaks in Dams & Reservoirs"
865:Ablation doses are usually administered on an
4642:
4120:
3776:
2747:
1803:Carpi, Angelo; Mechanick, Jeffrey I. (2016).
8:
2467:. Gulf Professional Publishers. p. 55.
1637:Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
1041:
1039:
1037:
935:scan of the thyroid). The longer half-lived
30:
2429:Detection and prevention of leaks from dams
4957:
4952:
4877:
4695:
4681:
4649:
4635:
4627:
4159:
4150:
4127:
4113:
4105:
3912:
3783:
3769:
3761:
3261:
2754:
2740:
2732:
2649:
2431:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 179–181.
2259:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
660:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
36:
2128:
2018:
2008:
1903:
1199:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1110:. wikifoundry. April 2008. Archived from
804:Major uses of I include the treatment of
607:
599:
590:
580:
575:
554:
552:
531:
523:
517:
507:
502:
494:
489:
478:
477:
471:
450:
448:
2361:"Radioisotopes of hydrological interest"
1232:International Nuclear Information System
1260:
1258:
1033:
3751:Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (V10)
2252:
2228:Biosafety Manual for Purdue University
1617:
1607:
1349:
29:
4095:Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals (V09)
1299:. Ntsi131.nci.nih.gov. Archived from
902:that can be used for therapy, e.g. I-
7:
4309:Selective internal radiation therapy
1471:. International Atomic Energy Agency
844:Administration of I-131 for ablation
415:Iodine-131 decay scheme (simplified)
2331:. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 11.
1688:"The Causes of the Chernobyl Event"
308:) are preferred in situations when
4847:Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac)
955:Industrial radioactive tracer uses
906:(I-MIBG) for imaging and treating
349:Most I production is from neutron
25:
1377:The Hanford Thyroid Disease Study
1223:Rayyes, Al; Hamid, Abdul (2002).
979:. It is used to characterize the
719:the United States found 0.8 pico-
698:population living nearest to the
670:linked to exposure to iodine-131.
5044:Ipodate sodium (sodium iopodate)
5023:Tooltip Iodothyronine deiodinase
4691:Tooltip Thyroid hormone receptor
4402:Intraoperative radiation therapy
2425:"Artificial radioactive tracers"
2274:Sutton, Jane (29 January 2007).
1710:"Radioactive I-131 from Fallout"
820:setting, and is usually 400–600
4887:Tooltip Sodium-iodide symporter
931:is used in diagnostic testing (
244:. This is because I is a major
4192:Stereotactic radiation therapy
2323:Moser, H.; Rauert, W. (2007).
1422:10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.04.033
1410:Applied Radiation and Isotopes
1338:(inactive 12 September 2024).
572:
483:
465:
1:
5111:Receptor/signaling modulators
4613: Also known as systemic
4449:Radiation-induced lung injury
1252:Gulf Professional Publishers.
327:radioactive industrial tracer
4579:Radiation treatment planning
2490:"Radioactive tracer surveys"
2158:. AACE. 2004. Archived from
774:unsealed source radiotherapy
423:of 8.0249(6) days with
292:Iodine-131 can be "seen" by
4564:Percentage depth dose curve
2365:Practical isotope hydrology
2111:Valentine, J. (June 2004).
1892:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1712:. National Cancer Institute
1508:"Nuclide Safety Data Sheet"
828:Treatment of thyroid cancer
800:Treatment of thyrotoxicosis
5169:
4962:Tooltip Thyroid peroxidase
4806:Sobetirome (GC-1, GRX-431)
2130:10.1016/j.icrp.2004.08.003
1938:Annals of Nuclear Medicine
1809:. CRC Press. p. 148.
1372:Centre for Disease Control
730:
632:0.6 to 2 mm
296:imaging techniques (e.g.,
197:Complete table of nuclides
5148:Radioactive contamination
5102:
4597:
4589:Tissue to Air Ratio (TAR)
4020:
3641:
2056:10.1007/s00259-008-0883-1
1950:10.1007/s12149-012-0586-3
1905:10.2967/jnumed.112.105148
1847:10.1007/s00259-010-1536-8
1481:(thermal neutron fission)
808:(hyperthyroidism) due to
708:National Cancer Institute
664:National Cancer Institute
570:
464:
384:, and can be released in
338:increased thyroid cancers
191:
35:
4658:Thyroid hormone receptor
4549:Oxygen enhancement ratio
4504:Dose verification system
2520:"Radioactive-tracer log"
2488:McKinley, R. M. (1994).
1094:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf
1067:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
861:Post-treatment isolation
727:Treatment and prevention
684:radiation-induced cancer
563:
555:
457:
451:
242:Fukushima nuclear crisis
65:iodine-131, 131I, I-131,
3477:Gallium (Ga) gozetotide
3026:Iodinated human albumin
2461:"Radioactive materials"
2010:10.4103/0972-3919.63601
1649:10.1023/A:1010031115233
1201:10.1210/jcem.83.11.5239
967:, with applications in
904:metaiodobenzylguanidine
772:Iodine-131 is used for
2777:Central nervous system
2459:Reis, John C. (1976).
2276:"Radioactive patients"
1531:Skugor, Mario (2006).
1449:. Nordion. August 2011
1248:Reis, John C. (1976).
894:Other therapeutic uses
769:
671:
616:
540:
416:
4909:potassium perchlorate
4900:Cyanogenic glycosides
4509:Dose-volume histogram
3411:Fludeoxyglucose (18F)
3338:Pittsburgh compound B
2979:Cardiovascular system
2588:US patent 5441110
2569:US patent 4415805
2550:US patent 5635712
2215:on 29 September 2011.
2165:on 10 September 2008.
1336:10.1684/bdc.2008.0574
1148:10.1210/jcem-38-6-976
756:
658:from 1951 to 1962. A
645:
617:
541:
414:
386:nuclear weapons tests
355:isotopes of tellurium
258:fission product yield
4919:sodium pertechnetate
4771:Eprotirome (KB-2115)
4764:(selective agonists)
4569:Radiation oncologist
4559:Pencil-beam scanning
4534:Multileaf collimator
4384:ibritumomab tiuxetan
3884:Ibritumomab tiuxetan
3793:radiopharmaceuticals
3457:Fluorothymidine F-18
3452:Fluoroestradiol F-18
3371:Desmethoxyfallypride
2878:Sodium iodohippurate
2764:radiopharmaceuticals
1108:"UW-L Brachy Course"
985:hydraulic fracturing
981:hydraulic fracturing
971:and leak detection.
900:radiopharmaceuticals
551:
447:
331:hydraulic fracturing
275:, iodine-131 causes
4574:Radiation Therapist
4444:Radiation proctitis
4303:Plaque radiotherapy
4178:Orthovoltage X-rays
3441:Fluorodeoxysorbitol
3185:Fluoroethyltyrosine
3124:Satumomab pendetide
2359:Rao, S. M. (2006).
2183:on 28 February 2009
965:radioactive tracers
680:radioactive fallout
638:Effects of exposure
585:
512:
497:
271:Due to its mode of
32:
5133:Isotopes of iodine
4741:Tiratricol (TRIAC)
4609:
4603:
4379:Radioimmunotherapy
4183:Megavoltage X-rays
4173:Superficial X-rays
4136:Radiation oncology
3831:Strontium chloride
3522:Piflufolastat F-18
3396:Flotufolastat F-18
3391:Flortaucipir (18F)
3209:Piflufolastat F-18
3180:Fluorodeoxyglucose
3119:Capromab pendetide
2942:Respiratory system
2832:Flutemetamol (18F)
2518:Schlumberger Ltd.
2117:Annals of the ICRP
1738:on 18 October 2007
1444:"I-131 Fact Sheet"
1324:Bulletin du Cancer
1267:American Scientist
1018:Isotopes of iodine
991:In popular culture
786:diagnostic imaging
770:
741:, as an iodide or
672:
612:
571:
536:
498:
476:
417:
394:spent nuclear fuel
306:isotopes of iodine
238:Chernobyl disaster
215:) is an important
193:Isotopes of iodine
31:Iodine-131, I
5138:Antithyroid drugs
5120:
5119:
5062:
5061:
4949:
4934:
4933:
4874:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4678:
4624:
4623:
4584:Radiopharmacology
4544:Neutron generator
4427:
4426:
4272:
4271:
4102:
4101:
4016:
4015:
3758:
3757:
3637:
3636:
3531:Rubidium chloride
3497:N-Methylspiperone
3386:Florbetapir (18F)
3381:Florbetaben (18F)
3333:N-Methylspiperone
3164:Iobenguane (131I)
3151:Iobenguane (123I)
3016:Rubidium chloride
2828:Florbetapir (18F)
2808:Iofetamine (123I)
2728:
2727:
2660:Iodine-131 is an
2474:978-0-88415-273-6
2438:978-90-5809-355-4
2374:978-81-89422-33-2
2338:978-1-4020-6671-9
2304:. 4 February 2009
2097:978-92-0-113108-9
2050:(10): 1941–1959.
1997:Indian J Nucl Med
1898:(10): 1633–1651.
1841:(11): 2218–2228.
1586:978-0-309-08713-1
1550:978-1-59624-021-6
1535:Thyroid Disorders
1397:Executive summary
1279:10.1511/2006.1.48
1082:Chinese Physics C
1055:Chinese Physics C
1023:Iodine in biology
969:isotope hydrology
654:conducted at the
610:
589:
559:
558:
534:
516:
492:
486:
456:
455:
454:
435:of iodine has 78
407:Radioactive decay
390:nuclear accidents
202:
201:
140:130.90612638(65)
27:Isotope of iodine
16:(Redirected from
5160:
5153:Medical isotopes
5143:Fission products
5054:Propylthiouracil
5024:
5020:
4998:Propylthiouracil
4993:Methylthiouracil
4973:Benzylthiouracil
4963:
4959:
4953:
4943:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4868:
4746:Triiodothyronine
4696:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4672:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4628:
4610:
4604:
4454:Bystander effect
4341:
4340:
4247:Particle therapy
4228:Electron therapy
4160:
4151:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4106:
3913:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3762:
3262:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3107:Hynic-octreotide
2915:Gastrointestinal
2813:Iolopride (123I)
2803:Ioflupane (123I)
2756:
2749:
2742:
2733:
2650:
2623:
2622:on 14 June 2003.
2621:
2615:. Archived from
2614:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2526:. Archived from
2524:Schlumberger.com
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2241:on 23 March 2012
2240:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2012:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1907:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1347:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1262:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1179:
1168:
1167:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1114:on 15 April 2019
1104:
1098:
1097:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1052:
1043:
933:nuclear medicine
908:pheochromocytoma
778:nuclear medicine
759:pheochromocytoma
733:Potassium iodide
713:Nevada Test Site
656:Nevada Test Site
633:
621:
619:
618:
613:
611:
608:
600:
595:
594:
587:
584:
579:
556:
545:
543:
542:
537:
535:
532:
524:
522:
521:
514:
511:
506:
496:
493:
490:
488:
487:
479:
472:
452:
431:emissions. This
419:I decays with a
294:nuclear medicine
264:, produced from
130:
129:8.0249(6) d
125:
98:
81:
40:
33:
21:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5098:
5058:
5022:
5012:
4961:
4942:
4930:
4927:
4889:
4886:
4867:
4851:
4825:
4763:
4755:
4751:Thyroid extract
4706:Dextrothyroxine
4690:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4625:
4620:
4608:
4602:
4593:
4472:
4470:
4463:
4459:Abscopal effect
4423:
4390:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:Unsealed source
4326:
4268:
4257:neutron-capture
4232:
4213:
4147:
4145:
4138:
4133:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4022:Isotopes used:
4012:
3944:
3929:Radium chloride
3902:
3862:
3836:
3800:
3789:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3643:Isotopes used:
3633:
3542:
3253:
3245:
3240:Iodocholesterol
3213:
3190:Sodium fluoride
3159:
3146:
3133:
3078:
3031:
2973:
2936:
2909:
2860:
2843:Skeletal system
2837:
2771:
2760:
2715:
2707:
2686:
2674:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2619:
2612:
2610:"ANL factsheet"
2608:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2041:
2040:
2036:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1764:on 3 April 2012
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1686:Frot, Jacques.
1685:
1684:
1680:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1587:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1348:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1303:on 23 July 2012
1295:
1294:
1290:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1194:(11): 3767–76.
1181:
1180:
1171:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1014:
993:
957:
924:
922:Diagnostic uses
896:
863:
846:
830:
810:Graves' disease
802:
751:
735:
729:
640:
631:
586:
549:
548:
513:
445:
444:
409:
380:of 2.878% from
374:fission product
347:
286:Graves' disease
246:fission product
234:nuclear fission
195:
128:
123:
116:
92:
75:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5166:
5164:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5125:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5034:Dexpropranolol
5027:
5025:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4966:
4964:
4950:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4922:
4915:Pertechnetates
4912:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4875:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4693:
4679:
4665:
4664:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4631:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4605:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4439:Radiation burn
4435:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4376:
4371:
4361:
4356:
4345:
4343:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4243:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4209:Cobalt therapy
4206:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4157:
4148:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4037:dysprosium-165
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3921:
3919:
3917:alpha emitters
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3875:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3847:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3811:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3733:technetium-99m
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3534:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3278:
3276:
3259:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3219:Adrenal cortex
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3009:
2999:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2923:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2821:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2796:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2726:
2725:
2709:
2708:of iodine-131
2700:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2658:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2604:
2603:External links
2601:
2599:
2598:
2579:
2560:
2541:
2530:on 3 June 2012
2510:
2480:
2473:
2451:
2437:
2415:
2387:
2373:
2351:
2337:
2315:
2289:
2266:
2218:
2194:
2168:
2144:
2103:
2096:
2077:
2034:
1979:
1944:(5): 390–396.
1927:
1877:
1868:
1822:
1815:
1795:
1786:
1775:
1749:
1723:
1701:
1678:
1643:(3): 197–203.
1627:
1618:|website=
1585:
1577:10.17226/10621
1556:
1549:
1523:
1499:
1483:
1460:
1435:
1416:(10): 1967–9.
1400:
1363:
1314:
1288:
1254:
1241:
1215:
1169:
1142:(6): 976–998.
1125:
1099:
1072:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
992:
989:
956:
953:
923:
920:
916:beta radiation
895:
892:
862:
859:
854:beta radiation
850:megabecquerels
845:
842:
838:thyroid cancer
829:
826:
822:megabecquerels
806:thyrotoxicosis
801:
798:
750:
747:
728:
725:
668:thyroid cancer
639:
636:
623:
622:
606:
603:
598:
593:
583:
578:
574:
569:
566:
562:
546:
530:
527:
520:
510:
505:
501:
485:
482:
475:
470:
467:
463:
460:
408:
405:
367:vapor pressure
346:
343:
229:John Livingood
223:discovered by
200:
199:
189:
188:
178:
172:
171:
167:
166:
161:
159:Decay products
155:
154:
151:
145:
144:
138:
132:
131:
126:
121:
110:
109:
103:
102:
99:
86:
85:
82:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5165:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:Thyroglobulin
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5039:Iopanoic acid
5037:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4761:Thyromimetics
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:Levothyroxine
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:Nanoimpellers
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4278:Brachytherapy
4275:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4096:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:phosphorus-32
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3997:Oxodotreotide
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3950:beta emitters
3947:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:Radionuclides
3905:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3752:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Fluorocholine
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3251:Radionuclides
3248:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2968:Pentetic acid
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2904:Pentetic acid
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2855:Medronic acid
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2793:Pentetic acid
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2683:Decay product
2681:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
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2326:
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2299:
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2222:
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2198:
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2182:
2178:
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2169:
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2154:
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2099:
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2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
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1844:
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1836:
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1823:
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1816:9781439862223
1812:
1808:
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1401:
1398:
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1379:
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1367:
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1207:
1202:
1197:
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1189:
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1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1088:(3): 030003.
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1061:(3): 030001.
1060:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
994:
990:
988:
986:
982:
978:
977:sodium iodide
972:
970:
966:
962:
954:
952:
950:
945:
942:
941:brachytherapy
938:
934:
930:
921:
919:
917:
913:
912:neuroblastoma
909:
905:
901:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
868:
860:
858:
855:
851:
843:
841:
839:
835:
834:thyroidectomy
827:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
799:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:gamma cameras
779:
775:
767:
764:
760:
755:
748:
746:
744:
740:
734:
726:
724:
722:
716:
714:
709:
703:
701:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:nuclear tests
649:
644:
637:
635:
629:
604:
601:
596:
591:
581:
576:
567:
564:
560:
547:
528:
525:
518:
508:
503:
499:
480:
473:
468:
461:
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443:
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359:
356:
352:
344:
342:
339:
334:
332:
328:
323:
321:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:gamma cameras
295:
290:
287:
284:treatment of
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
225:Glenn Seaborg
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:
177:
173:
168:
165:
162:
160:
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150:
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139:
137:
133:
127:
120:
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111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
64:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
19:
5107:
5106:
5078:
5030:
5003:2-Thiouracil
4969:
4925:Thiocyanates
4905:Perchlorates
4896:
4726:Liothyronine
4615:radioisotope
4529:Monitor unit
4499:Dose profile
4469:Features and
4352:
4335:radiotherapy
4315: /
4311: /
4252:fast neutron
4190: /
4188:Radiosurgery
4082:strontium-89
4077:samarium-153
4057:lutetium-177
4051:
4027:actinium-225
3972:
3890:
3850:
3791:Therapeutic
3738:thallium-201
3723:samarium-153
3697:
3598:
3560:scintigraphy
3467:Flutemetamol
3406:Fluciclovine
3235:
3175:Fluciclovine
3156:
3138:Minretumomab
3037:Inflammation
2729:
2721:
2717:
2702:
2692:
2688:
2675:
2662:
2655:
2646:
2617:the original
2582:
2563:
2544:
2532:. Retrieved
2528:the original
2523:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2496:
2483:
2464:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2428:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2364:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2328:
2318:
2308:30 September
2306:. Retrieved
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2269:
2243:. Retrieved
2236:the original
2227:
2221:
2210:the original
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:the original
2171:
2160:the original
2147:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2086:
2080:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1982:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1895:
1891:
1880:
1871:
1838:
1834:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:the original
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1681:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1598:. Retrieved
1566:
1559:
1534:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1502:
1492:
1486:
1473:. Retrieved
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1438:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1391:
1384:. Retrieved
1376:
1366:
1352:cite journal
1330:(2): 191–5.
1327:
1323:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1291:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1249:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1191:
1187:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1102:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1058:
1054:
1002:
973:
958:
946:
925:
897:
888:
884:
880:
864:
847:
831:
803:
771:
766:scintigraphy
736:
717:
704:
696:
692:
673:
628:antineutrino
624:
418:
402:
371:
360:
348:
335:
324:
309:
291:
270:
217:radioisotope
212:
208:
204:
203:
181:Decay energy
136:Isotope mass
118:
107:Nuclide data
94:
77:
5049:Propranolol
5031:Inhibitors:
4988:Methimazole
4978:Carbimazole
4970:Inhibitors:
4897:Inhibitors:
4865:Transporter
4830:Antagonists
4419:Tomotherapy
4317:TheraSphere
4313:SIR-Spheres
4202:Gamma Knife
4155:Teletherapy
4072:rhenium-186
4032:bismuth-213
3896:Tositumomab
3728:selenium-75
3718:rubidium-82
3708:nitrogen-13
3703:krypton-81m
3668:fluorine-18
3653:chromium-51
3308:Carfentanil
3254:(including
3097:Arcitumomab
3063:Tilmanocept
3053:Exametazime
2996:Tetrofosmin
2789:Exametazime
2762:Diagnostic
2704:Decay chain
2123:(2): 1–27.
2003:(1): 34–5.
1742:14 November
1716:14 November
1690:. Ecolo.org
1004:Perry Mason
869:basis, and
749:Medical use
688:thyroiditis
646:Per capita
382:uranium-235
351:irradiation
262:uranium-233
170:Decay modes
67:radioiodine
5127:Categories
5079:Iodine-131
4946:inhibitors
4801:Resmetirom
4661:modulators
4489:Bragg peak
4432:Conditions
4364:Lexidronam
4349:Iobenguane
4197:Cyberknife
4093:See also:
4087:yttrium-90
4067:radium-223
4052:iodine-131
4042:erbium-169
3871:antibodies
3856:Iobenguane
3842:Adrenergic
3820:Lexidronam
3807:palliation
3749:See also:
3698:iodine-131
3693:iodine-125
3688:iodine-123
3683:indium-111
3678:gallium-68
3673:gallium-67
3537:Setoperone
3462:Fluspidine
3447:Fluorodopa
3430:Altanserin
3421:Flumazenil
3376:Fallypride
3343:Raclopride
3328:Methionine
3323:Flumazenil
3294:(Cimbi-36)
2900:Mertiatide
1936:periods".
1516:26 October
1453:26 October
1029:References
1001:TV series
937:iodine-125
929:iodine-123
818:outpatient
814:Saul Hertz
739:iodine-127
731:See also:
425:beta minus
398:iodine-129
345:Production
302:iodine-123
273:beta decay
205:Iodine-131
176:Decay mode
5108:See also:
4983:Genistein
4786:KB-130015
4736:Thyroxine
4519:Isocenter
4514:Dosimetry
4471:equipment
4305: (I)
4146:therapies
3743:xenon-133
3713:oxygen-15
3663:copper-64
3658:cobalt-57
3648:carbon-11
3548:gamma ray
3401:Flubatine
3348:Verapamil
3292:25B-NBOMe
3286:ME@HAPTHI
3102:Votumumab
3058:Sulesomab
3041:infection
3006:Imciromab
2991:Sestamibi
2818:Iomazenil
2673:Heavier:
2653:Lighter:
2278:. reuters
2255:cite book
1958:1864-6433
1657:1389-9155
1620:ignored (
1610:cite book
1393:available
1273:: 48–57.
1156:0021-972X
949:biosolids
867:inpatient
836:to treat
700:Chernobyl
597:γ
573:⟶
561:∗
519:∗
484:¯
481:ν
469:β
466:⟶
421:half-life
396:, unlike
315:tellurium
254:plutonium
114:Half-life
5094:Tyrosine
5084:Selenium
5008:Thiourea
4871:blockers
4796:MB-07811
4791:MB-07344
4699:Agonists
4669:Receptor
4617:therapy.
4524:Mobetron
4407:electron
4286:Prostate
4220:electron
4144:Specific
4047:gold-198
3417:analogue
3266:positron
3202:Dotatate
2403:IAEA.org
2302:CBC News
2245:28 April
2187:12 April
2139:71901469
2064:18670773
2029:20844671
1974:19799564
1966:22382609
1922:13558098
1914:22787108
1855:20625722
1673:13575769
1665:11705004
1595:25057651
1475:14 March
1430:20471848
1374:(2002).
1344:18304904
1118:11 April
1012:See also
437:neutrons
277:mutation
90:Neutrons
4917:(e.g.,
4907:(e.g.,
4816:VK-2809
4811:VK-0214
4781:KB-2611
4731:Liotrix
4675:ligands
4479:BEAMnrc
4366: (
4351: (
4319: (
3415:glucose
3359:Ammonia
3303:Choline
3298:Acetate
3256:tracers
2919:Hepatic
2664:isotope
2020:2934601
1863:9062561
1768:17 June
1694:17 June
1600:3 April
1568:Nations
1386:17 June
1307:17 June
1210:9814445
1164:4134013
796:gland.
794:thyroid
676:thyroid
648:thyroid
433:isotope
376:with a
372:I is a
281:thyroid
266:thorium
250:uranium
73:Protons
45:General
5074:Iodine
5067:Others
4940:Enzyme
4890:
4776:KB-141
4554:Pencil
4412:TARGIT
4262:proton
4239:hadron
4165:photon
3844:tumors
3552:photon
3502:Nifene
3487:Mefway
3413:(FDG)-
3160:
3147:
3134:
2964:Tc-MAA
2931:SeHCAT
2712:Decays
2668:iodine
2594:
2575:
2556:
2471:
2435:
2371:
2335:
2282:15 May
2137:
2094:
2070:
2062:
2027:
2017:
1993:]"
1972:
1964:
1956:
1920:
1912:
1861:
1853:
1813:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1593:
1583:
1547:
1428:
1342:
1208:
1162:
1154:
961:Munich
790:iodide
745:salt.
743:iodate
721:curies
363:eluted
221:iodine
51:Symbol
4837:1-850
4716:DITPA
4711:DIMIT
4484:Bolus
4395:Other
3805:Pain
3556:SPECT
3516:Water
3472:FMISO
3443:(FDS)
3084:Tumor
2866:Renal
2620:(PDF)
2613:(PDF)
2534:6 May
2503:6 May
2493:(PDF)
2444:6 May
2408:6 May
2399:(PDF)
2380:6 May
2344:6 May
2239:(PDF)
2232:(PDF)
2213:(PDF)
2206:(PDF)
2163:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
2135:S2CID
2072:81465
2068:S2CID
1970:S2CID
1918:S2CID
1859:S2CID
1669:S2CID
1511:(PDF)
1447:(PDF)
1381:(PDF)
1228:(pdf)
1051:(PDF)
429:gamma
378:yield
322:gas.
320:xenon
304:(see
213:I-131
61:Names
18:I-131
4821:ZYT1
3868:CD20
3492:MPPF
3318:DTBZ
3313:DASB
3273:list
2889:ETS2
2722:(β)'
2714:to:
2685:of:
2536:2012
2505:2012
2469:ISBN
2446:2012
2433:ISBN
2410:2012
2382:2012
2369:ISBN
2346:2012
2333:ISBN
2310:2015
2284:2009
2261:link
2247:2011
2189:2009
2092:ISBN
2060:PMID
2025:PMID
1962:PMID
1954:ISSN
1910:PMID
1851:PMID
1811:ISBN
1770:2012
1744:2007
1718:2007
1696:2012
1661:PMID
1653:ISSN
1622:help
1602:2018
1591:PMID
1581:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1518:2010
1477:2011
1455:2010
1426:PMID
1388:2012
1358:link
1340:PMID
1309:2012
1236:IAEA
1206:PMID
1160:PMID
1152:ISSN
1120:2014
910:and
875:ICRP
871:IAEA
784:for
763:MIBG
711:the
427:and
388:and
310:only
252:and
227:and
153:7/2+
149:Spin
5019:DIO
4958:TPO
4883:NIS
4842:NH3
4687:THR
4494:D50
4237:by
4218:by
4163:by
3797:V10
3507:FET
3270:PET
2768:V09
2666:of
2125:doi
2052:doi
2015:PMC
2005:doi
1991:sic
1946:doi
1900:doi
1843:doi
1645:doi
1573:doi
1418:doi
1332:doi
1275:doi
1196:doi
1144:doi
1090:doi
1063:doi
999:CBS
776:in
609:keV
605:364
582:131
568:131
533:keV
529:606
509:131
462:131
248:of
219:of
185:MeV
122:1/2
5129::
4374:Sr
4368:Sm
4296:Pd
4008:Au
4003:Re
3993:Lu
3988:Er
3983:Dy
3978:Sm
3963:Sr
3940:Bi
3935:Ac
3925:Ra
3827:Sr
3815:Sm
3629:Xe
3624:Tl
3619:Tc
3614:Se
3609:Sm
3604:Kr
3584:In
3579:Ga
3574:Co
3569:Cr
3527:Rb
3482:Ga
3366:Cu
3234:/
3197:Cu
3114:In
3092:Tc
3074:Ga
3069:In
3049:Tc
3012:Rb
3002:In
2987:Tc
2966:,
2960:Tc
2955:Kr
2950:Xe
2927:Se
2902:,
2896:Tc
2884:Cu
2851:Tc
2830:,
2791:,
2785:Tc
2719:Xe
2697:)'
2690:Te
2522:.
2495:.
2463:.
2427:.
2401:.
2363:.
2300:.
2257:}}
2253:{{
2133:.
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2119:.
2115:.
2066:.
2058:.
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2046:.
2023:.
2013:.
2001:25
1999:.
1995:.
1968:.
1960:.
1952:.
1942:26
1940:.
1916:.
1908:.
1896:53
1894:.
1890:.
1857:.
1849:.
1839:37
1837:.
1825:^
1667:.
1659:.
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1612:}}
1608:{{
1589:.
1579:.
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1543:.
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1390:.
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1350:{{
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1326:.
1281:.
1271:94
1269:.
1257:^
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1230:.
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1192:83
1190:.
1186:.
1172:^
1158:.
1150:.
1140:38
1138:.
1086:45
1084:.
1059:45
1057:.
1053:.
1036:^
987:.
840:.
757:A
715:.
690:.
662:/
634:.
588:Xe
577:54
565:54
557:Xe
515:Xe
504:54
459:53
268:.
211:,
164:Xe
142:Da
101:78
84:53
4948:)
4944:(
4921:)
4911:)
4873:)
4869:(
4677:)
4673:(
4650:e
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4636:v
4370:)
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4355:)
4353:I
4339:3
4323:)
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4128:e
4121:t
4114:v
3999:)
3995:(
3973:I
3968:Y
3958:P
3931:)
3927:(
3891:I
3879:Y
3851:I
3833:)
3829:(
3799:)
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3784:e
3777:t
3770:v
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3562:)
3558:/
3554:(
3550:/
3539:)
3533:)
3529:(
3518:)
3514:(
3512:O
3432:)
3428:(
3426:F
3354:N
3350:)
3288:)
3284:(
3282:C
3275:)
3268:(
3258:)
3242:)
3238:(
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3170:F
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3162:(
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