4655:
5399:
1025:
1832:
3238:
3372:
35:
4650:
Any data storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. Though they are sometimes referred to as solid-state disks, these devices contain neither an actual disk nor a drive motor to spin a disk. On average, solid-state drives cost about four times as much
3227:
A small electronic data storage device consisting of a flat piece of plastic no larger than a thumbnail that can be inserted into a special socket in a computer or a portable electronic device such as a camera or a cell phone in order to provide instant access to removable memory, typically
4549:
circuitry to connect the data lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the entry. Usually, more than one bit of storage is accessed by the same address, and RAM devices often have multiple data lines and are said to be '8-bit' or '16-bit' etc. devices. In today's technology,
1543:
A digital display interface developed by the Video
Electronics Standards Association (VESA). The interface is primarily used to connect a video source to a display device such as a computer monitor, though it can also be used to transmit audio, USB, and other forms of data. Unline
2191:
A compact interface for transferring encrypted uncompressed digital audio and video data to a device such as a computer monitor, video projector or digital television. Motherboard and graphics card manufacturers must pay a licensing fee to incorporate HDMI into their
1890:
A data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible ("floppy") magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. Historically floppy disks came in 8-inch, 5.25-inch, and 3.5-inch sizes, with the latter being by far the most
572:
format. Blu-ray Disc is capable of storing about 5 times as much data as a standard DVD. Most computers do not come shipped with Blu-ray drives, however they can be purchased and added as a separate upgrade. Blu-ray won a
5542:
The Zip drive is a removable floppy disk storage system that was introduced by Iomega in late 1994. Considered medium-to-high-capacity at the time of its release, Zip disks were originally launched with capacities of 100
591:
A common path shared by multiple subsystems or components to send / receive signals. It is a low cost option in mini and micro computers compared to multiple dedicated non- shared paths in main frame computers.
3039:
An especially powerful computer used mainly by large organizations for bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.
3286:
A device that enables two distant computer systems to communicate with one another. In the past, modems connected to a phone line, however, since the mid 2000s broadband modems have been the predominant type
1583:
A series of dynamic random-access memory integrated circuits. These modules are mounted on a printed circuit board and designed for use in personal computers, workstations and servers. Contrast
872:
A generic term that refers to a high-performance input/output (I/O) architecture that is implemented in various forms on a number of computer architectures, especially on mainframe computers.
3400:(PCB) in many modern computers which provides a physical platform for attaching and arranging many of the crucial components of the system, usually while also providing connection space for
1441:
A video display interface developed by the
Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). The digital interface is used to connect a video source to a display device, such as a computer monitor.
4027:
whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator.
1614:
A type of random-access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit and which must be periodically refreshed to retain the stored data.
52:
2110:
A specialized processor designed for the purpose of creating images and animations and displaying them on a computer screen, independent of the CPU and onboard video memory.
5725:
6052:
6120:
4526:
Any of various data storage schemes that can divide and replicate data across multiple hard disk drives in order to increase reliability, allow faster access, or both.
327:
A dedicated video bus standard introduced by INTEL enabling 3D graphics capabilities; commonly present on an AGP slot on the motherboard. (Presently a historical
1782:
which moves information between the internal hardware of a computer system (including the CPU and RAM) and peripheral devices. It is a collection of wires and
6150:
3357:
1933:
5137:
The third revision of USB, introduced in 2008. It provides transfer rates of up to 5 Gbit/s (gigabits per second), more than 10 times faster than USB 2.0.
525:
3276:
A layer of hardware-level instructions involved in the implementation of higher level machine code instructions in many computers and other processors.
4742:
4797:
A computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives.
99:
1422:
An optical compact disc - of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs), but store more than six times as much data. Primarily used for storing
989:
The enclosure that contains most of the components of a computer, usually excluding the display, keyboard, mouse, and various other peripherals.
71:
6045:
5773:
4286:
6140:
5735:
4519:
78:
6145:
6130:
6100:
6070:
5718:
4654:
619:
A small and fast buffer memory between CPU and Main memory. Reduces access time for frequently accessed items (instructions / operands).
132:
5043:
A card that allows the user to view television channels on a computer using an antenna. It can also be used to connect devices such as
6115:
5917:
5886:
5730:
85:
5999:
5951:
5833:
5698:
4290:
4005:
3714:
118:
5079:). The USB standard was first finalized in 1996, and has undergone many revisions since then, enabling faster data transfer speeds.
6176:
6038:
4160:
67:
3422:
that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface; motion is usually mapped to a cursor in
1046:
The name used to denote the dimensions, power supply type, location of mounting holes, number of ports on the back panel, etc.
6095:
4184:
2390:
810:
56:
4541:
or written) in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory. RAM contains
3111:
Devices that are used to store data or programs on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer.
891:
A group of integrated circuits, or chips, that are designed to work together. They are usually marketed as a single product.
6135:
6105:
5708:
4298:
4241:
3291:
2458:
6155:
6090:
6080:
5713:
5398:
4602:
4041:
3612:
2786:
2782:
1607:
1514:
1445:
4037:
A unit of the computer that converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC for the power of all the computer components.
2775:
4678:
596:
407:
A register that holds the result of previous operation in ALU. It can be also used as an input register to the adder.
5796:
5127:
The second revision of USB, introduced in 2000. It significantly increased the maximum transfer rate to 480 Mbit/s.
4733:
4057:
45:
4113:
4012:
a local computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer and which is part of the PCI Local Bus standard
3683:
3349:
498:
320:
92:
4998:
hardware device that is used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or a computing system.
6075:
5703:
4294:
4024:
3427:
2177:
2103:
1452:
A mainframe terminology introduced by IBM denoting secondary storage with random access, typically (arrays of)
1434:
677:
4105:
4075:
2756:
2377:
1783:
753:
673:
481:
specification developed by Intel in 1995 to improve on previous DE factor standards like the AT form factor.
401:
5424:
4226:
1860:
Any hardware device or software program designed to protect a computer from viruses, trojans, malware, etc.
5048:
4991:
4137:
1911:
1118:; nearly all CPUs produced since the late 2000s decade have multiple cores (e.g. "a quad-core processor").
706:, preventing the need to search for that resource in a more distant location (or to repeat a calculation).
518:
344:
146:, i.e. the physical and structural components of computers, architectural issues, and peripheral devices.
4256:
4222:
4117:
4093:
4066:
have a manual switch for selecting input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the mains voltage.
3435:
3115:
3024:
1797:
1356:
803:
355:
2365:
The communication between an information processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world.
1024:
5768:. Available Titles Skills Assessment Manager (SAM) - Office 2010 Series. Cengage Learning. p. 6.
5496:
5458:
5408:
typically includes a lens (shown at top), an image sensor (shown at bottom), and supporting circuitry.
4183:
or an internal component of one) that may function autonomously or under external control, performing
2354:
Any peripheral equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system.
6085:
5340:
5066:
4530:
4085:
3945:
2732:
2715:
2538:
A condition related to the state of the hardware that may be signaled by an external hardware device.
2462:
2161:
2148:
1854:
1801:
1504:
1496:
1135:
1040:
348:
5483:
5117:
The first revision of USB, which was capable of transferring up to 12 Mbit/s (megabits per second).
4263:
4249:
4234:
4230:
4124:
4089:
3693:
3189:
2728:
1462:
1363:
669:
411:
4651:
as conventional hard drives of the same capacity, but can provide significantly faster boot times.
749:
5044:
4578:
4302:
4266:
4176:
3928:
3648:
3033:
2521:
2505:
1406:
1134:, dating back from the pre-semiconductor-chip times when the dominant main memory technology was
1115:
4694:
that uses bistable latching circuitry to store each bit. The term static differentiates it from
1831:
5995:
5947:
5913:
5903:
5882:
5876:
5829:
5823:
5769:
4995:
4984:
4966:
4631:
4206:
4049:
4016:
3634:
3410:
2736:
2412:
2138:
2094:
1895:
1880:
A type of non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
799:
613:
510:
143:
5909:
5763:
5445:
5428:
5073:
A specification to establish communication between devices and a host controller (usually a
5052:
4671:
4595:
4560:
4202:
4188:
4109:
3988:
3916:
3894:
3881:
3676:
3605:
3594:
3431:
3365:
3356:, circuitry, casing, and power supply. The display device in modern monitors is typically a
3342:
1367:
1072:
739:
697:
502:
6125:
5371:
5141:
5096:
4538:
4210:
4141:
3600:
A collection of computers and other devices connected by communications channels, e.g. by
3196:
3105:
2750:
2472:
2121:
1427:
764:
623:
585:
450:
5023:
consisting of specialized surface that can translate the motion and position of a user's
4363:
standard that enhances the 32-bit PCI Local Bus for higher bandwidth demanded by servers.
5803:. The Punched Card Machine Accounting and Data Processing Semi-annual. 1952. p. 123
3237:
6025:
5367:, however, it can still be found as an integrated graphics option in some motherboards.
5100:
4546:
4282:
4180:
4145:
3949:
3353:
3161:
2134:
that stores data on rapidly rotating rigid (i.e. hard) platters with magnetic surfaces.
1790:
1393:
1331:
1000:
781:
757:
656:
506:
485:
328:
1149:
The portion of a computer system that executes the instructions of a computer program.
6170:
5037:
4970:
4686:
4610:
4157:
4140:
such as paper or transparencies. The two most common types of printers available are
4136:
which produces a text or graphics of documents stored in electronic form, usually on
4056:
for the internal components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use
2525:
1770:
1050:
1014:
946:
602:
An occurrence where a certain component compromises the way another component works.
437:
5420:
4977:
4278:
4031:
3953:
3423:
3371:
2358:
2348:
1874:
993:
777:
728:; the granularity of allocation, refills, eviction; typically 32–128 bytes in size.
548:
5336:
which generates a feed of output images to a display (such as a computer monitor).
4567:
A type of memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off.
4262:
Any electronic equipment that arranges written software to configure programmable
5989:
5941:
3260:
Small connectors used on some laptops and other systems in place of the standard
5509:
4751:
4542:
4309:
3941:
3388:
3361:
3221:
3043:
1884:
1600:
1537:
1530:
1122:
1018:
866:
844:
34:
4773:
floppy disk. The SuperDisk hardware was created by 3M's storage products group
3061:(before offline storage) in a computer system. Main memory usually consists of
5974:
5315:
4953:
4781:
4756:
4704:
4164:
3995:
1305:
1111:
732:
574:
5536:
5522:
5083:
4763:
3967:
3270:
2532:
1554:
710:
690:
514:
5347:
First released in 1987, this was the last graphical standard introduced by
4598:
or other kind of information that can be read and/or written by a computer.
2797:
1870:
Fixed programs and data that internally control various electronic devices.
6030:
806:
can be mapped to; higher values reduce potential collisions in allocation.
5438:
5352:
5002:
4770:
4588:
4053:
3601:
3396:
3254:
3207:
3147:
3083:
1864:
131:"Computer jargon" redirects here. For terms about computer software, see
4615:
3721:
3299:
3135:
3051:
648:
455:
5384:
5131:
5121:
5111:
5024:
4774:
4537:
A type of computer data storage that allows data items to be accessed (
3902:
2156:
1004:
876:
824:
418:
17:
5382:
that requires power to maintain the stored information, as opposed to
4552:
3653:
3153:
3097:
2816:
2791:
2767:
5413:
5075:
4667:
4661:
4274:
3909:
3889:
3704:
that can retain the stored data even when not powered, as opposed to
3311:
3075:
2828:
2448:
2443:
1925:
1390:
942:
which contains data or music playback and which cannot be written to.
929:
578:
537:
s to discover, configure, manage, and monitor status of the hardware.
5855:
4769:
A high-speed, high-capacity alternative to the 90 mm (3.5 in), 1.44
3091:
3057:
1476:
533:
5159:
interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable.
5019:
4619:
used in computers from the early 1980s to the late 1990s. Contrast
3975:
3706:
3418:
3334:
2700:
2497:
2382:
2172:
1454:
423:
5475:
5397:
5355:
manufacturers conformed. Today, it has largely been supplanted by
5332:
4961:
4726:
4721:
4653:
4359:
4344:
4270:
3659:
3370:
3280:
3236:
2834:
2404:
2398:
2130:
1838:
1830:
1023:
912:
852:
836:
819:
637:
562:
387:
375:
363:
4353:
4318:
3328:
3181:
2852:
2524:
that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of
2467:
1824:
1562:
1009:
830:
642:
429:
5521:
during a certain time interval, which should ideally fit into a
5149:
4193:
4062:
3898:
3321:(assuming that code is immutable), but still mirroring the same
3230:
2723:
2369:
2184:
1576:
1423:
1379:
1031:
938:
921:
904:
895:
557:
351:). Has largely been replaced by PCI Express since the mid 2000s.
6034:
5878:
A+ Guide to
Hardware: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting
5501:
5469:
5357:
3920:
3378:
3323:
3244:
3129:
2864:
2491:
2396:
A group of several bits in a computer program that contains an
1919:
1903:
1806:
1519:
1398:
1370:. It is a core function and fundamental component of computers.
1336:
1130:
858:
493:
477:
472:
343:(and considered high-speed at launch, one of the last off-chip
339:
5463:
5348:
5104:
4132:
3936:
3402:
3317:
1818:
1603:
pipeline capable of executing two instructions simultaneously.
1509:
1482:
1142:
1098:
794:
682:
463:
333:
28:
5547:
5517:
5163:
4801:
4367:
3952:
as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from
3729:
3442:
2872:
2542:
2196:
1942:
1812:
1618:
1153:
1058:
149:
4584:
A computer which may be used to provide services to clients.
4252:
chip that may be programmed after the device is constructed.
3157:, and the distribution of workload in shared memory systems.
3123:
2485:
1568:
3643:
3169:
3145:
on secondary storage. These patterns have implications for
1488:
445:
5404:
5378:
5029:
4729:
to and from a computer under control of computer programs.
4690:
3700:
3665:
3175:
3141:
2810:
2761:
2166:
1426:
and computer games, however, the rise of services such as
718:
142:
is a list of definitions of terms and concepts related to
5491:
5453:
5091:
4330:
4080:
3671:
3069:
2822:
2425:
1470:
1314:
850:
Any data input device that reads data from a card-shaped
772:
744:
724:
702:
664:
631:
5363:
4696:
4622:
3213:
3201:
3063:
2858:
2846:
2840:
1586:
1546:
1342:
369:
5433:
5155:
4336:
4324:
4092:
which may use runtime heuristics to predict the future
3305:
3262:
2453:
2437:
2431:
1778:
1525:
1385:
1348:
1326:
1320:
1106:
1090:
1064:
568:
393:
381:
347:
standards), primarily to assist in the acceleration of
581:
and for a time drives offering both formats were sold.
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
4233:, connected by dedicated communication channels or a
4001:
Any device attached to a computer but not part of it.
3725:(RAM) that retains its data when power is turned off.
1907:. These were common on computers made prior to 2010.
2376:A common performance measurement used to benchmark
1430:
have largely rendered physical game discs obsolete.
1362:A technology consisting of computer components and
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5388:. Sticks of RAM are an example of volatile memory.
1492:. Simple but highly prone to allocation conflicts.
4750:
3332:, and possibly sharing higher levels of the same
1822:to add functionality to a computer system via an
509:algorithms (either training or deployment), e.g.
4725:that facilitates economical input and output of
5991:Emerging Technologies for Construction Delivery
5825:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science
4084:ahead of time, either under manual control via
3352:for computers. A monitor usually comprises the
5940:Project, Ubuntu Documentation (May 11, 2016).
5797:"Punched Card System for a Wholesale Hardware"
5726:Glossary of energy efficient hardware/software
1073:Conventional Peripheral Component Interconnect
6046:
2144:The physical components of a computer system.
1572:(hard drives, CD drives, etc.) to a computer.
1094:for attaching hardware devices in a computer.
379:designed to offload a specific task from the
8:
2796:
1786:that allows for the expansion of a computer.
1383:associated with a hardware device such as a
756:and fill this data, and possibly performing
5822:Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold (2016-05-11).
3358:thin film transistor liquid crystal display
3095:(ROM) whose contents are programmed by the
1934:free and open-source graphics device driver
770:A pathological situation where access in a
6053:
6039:
6031:
5499:are immediately written to the underlying
3887:The set of software that manages computer
3395:
3206:
3146:
2731:, which uses an arrangement of buttons or
526:Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
4614:
3720:
3298:
3134:
3050:
647:
454:
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
5383:
4743:synchronous dynamic random-access memory
3924:that specify which operation to perform.
2155:
823:
629:The process of keeping data in multiple
5747:
4700:, which must be periodically refreshed.
4551:
4550:random-access memory takes the form of
4322:standard designed to replace the older
4269:(called programmable devices) such as
4198:
3652:
3249:providing 32 megabytes of storage space
3152:
3096:
2815:
2790:
2766:
784:data that is needed in the near future.
5074:
4660:
3888:
3310:
3074:
2827:
2442:
1924:
4112:before either is needed by dedicated
3090:
3056:
1475:
532:
68:"Glossary of computer hardware terms"
7:
5736:Glossary of reconfigurable computing
5533:
5396:
5312:
5063:
5018:
4950:
4575:
4520:Redundant Array of Independent Disks
4516:
4116:or predictive hardware, to mitigate
3974:
3964:
3878:
3705:
3591:
3417:
3333:
3021:
2747:
2712:
2699:
2691:
2496:
2381:
2345:
2185:High-Definition Multimedia Interface
2171:
2118:
2091:
1851:
1767:
1486:, indexed using the low bits of the
1453:
1302:
610:
545:
422:
317:
57:adding citations to reliable sources
5765:Discovering Computers: Fundamentals
5719:Glossary of computer software terms
5682:
5474:
5331:
5298:
5033:to a relative position on a screen.
4960:
4936:
4720:
4502:
4358:
3864:
3658:
3577:
3007:
2833:
2677:
2403:
2397:
2331:
2129:
2077:
1837:
1753:
1288:
925:which can be written to many times.
851:
835:
818:
636:
561:
386:
374:
362:
331:standard, designed for attaching a
303:
140:glossary of computer hardware terms
133:Glossary of computer software terms
5731:Glossary of Internet-related terms
4352:
4317:
4197:, and possibly connected to other
3327:
3180:
2851:
2466:
2370:Input/Output Operations Per Second
1823:
1561:
1008:
829:
641:
428:
25:
5994:. Transportation Research Board.
5699:List of computer term etymologies
5148:
4192:
4144:, which uses ink cartridges, and
4061:
4006:Peripheral Component Interconnect
3893:and provides common services for
3715:non-volatile random-access memory
3229:
3127:or some other system (such as an
2722:
1378:
1030:
937:
920:
903:
556:
5988:Hannon, John J. (May 11, 2016).
5943:Ubuntu 11.04 Unity Desktop Guide
5856:"Golden Oldies: 1993 mainboards"
5762:Shelly, G.; Vermaat, M. (2008).
5500:
5468:
5356:
3919:
3377:
3364:, whereas older monitors used a
3322:
3243:
3128:
2863:
2490:
1918:
1902:
1805:
1804:or expansion slot on a computer
1518:
1397:
1335:
1129:
857:
492:
476:
471:
391:hardware. A common example is a
338:
33:
5677:
5462:
5293:
4931:
4497:
4185:arithmetic and logic operations
4131:
3935:
3859:
3572:
3401:
3316:
3002:
2735:to act as mechanical levers or
2672:
2326:
2072:
1923:which can be used to connect a
1817:
1748:
1560:A standard-sized area within a
1508:
1481:
1283:
1128:In modern usage, a synonym for
834:is dynamically shifted between
793:
686:whilst a cache is already full.
681:
652:modifies the underlying memory.
332:
298:
44:needs additional citations for
6121:Microelectronics manufacturing
5902:Andrews, Jean (May 11, 2016).
5516:
5473:when the entire cache line is
4755:that is synchronized with the
3426:; typically used to control a
3139:) accesses, reads, and writes
2832:, the memory connected to one
2789:may only be performed between
2759:used to transfer data between
2727:, partially modeled after the
2447:requests for program code (or
2164:and data are held in separate
1811:
1523:without intervention from the
1057:
811:cache-only memory architecture
662:Freeing up data from within a
427:or an input/output port in an
1:
5709:Glossary of computer graphics
5672:
5288:
4926:
4492:
4242:programmable read-only memory
3854:
3567:
3292:modified Harvard architecture
3122:
2997:
2787:arithmetic/logic instructions
2667:
2484:
2459:modified Harvard architecture
2321:
2067:
1800:that can be inserted into an
1743:
1567:
1550:, DisplayPort is open source.
1278:
930:Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
908:which can be written to once.
293:
5875:Andrews, Jean (2009-12-29).
5714:Glossary of computer science
4752:dynamic random access memory
4603:single in-line memory module
4163:, one of several successive
4058:switched-mode power supplies
3642:
3613:network interface controller
3168:
2783:instruction set architecture
1608:dynamic random-access memory
1515:network interface controller
1487:
1446:Direct Access Storage Device
464:Advanced Technology eXtended
444:
5403:
5377:
5321:
5028:
5008:
4788:
4710:
4689:
4679:static random-access memory
4637:
4074:The process of pre-loading
3699:
3664:
3618:
3309:with separate non-coherent
3195:A memory architecture in a
3174:
3140:
2809:
2760:
2511:
2165:
1413:
1079:
1056:The memory that stores the
952:
919:A variation of the optical
902:A variation of the optical
882:
717:
646:system, also required when
6193:
6026:Dictionary: JESD88 | JEDEC
5828:. CRC Press. p. 277.
5515:The set of data used by a
5490:
5452:
5090:
4329:
4114:cache control instructions
4079:
3897:, typically loaded by the
3670:
3360:(TFT-LCD) or a flat panel
3068:
2821:
2814:associated closely with a
2424:
1577:dual in-line memory module
1529:, provided by one or more
1480:may only be mapped to one
1469:
1313:
771:
743:
723:
701:
663:
630:
566:designed to supersede the
499:artificial neural networks
130:
6151:Unified Modeling Language
6066:
5423:that feeds its images in
5362:
5351:to which the majority of
5153:device integrated with a
4695:
4621:
4052:to low-voltage regulated
3684:non-uniform memory access
3675:. Increasingly common in
3350:electronic visual display
3212:
3200:
3062:
2857:
2845:
2839:
2457:), possibly implementing
2178:digital signal processors
1585:
1545:
1341:
421:number that identifies a
368:
321:Accelerated Graphics Port
6141:Reconfigurable computing
5704:Glossary of backup terms
5525:for optimum performance.
5432:
5154:
4335:
4323:
4161:manufacturing technology
4025:general-purpose computer
3428:graphical user interface
3304:
3261:
2452:
2436:
2430:
2402:and usually one or more
2378:computer storage devices
2170:, more commonly seen in
2104:Graphics Processing Unit
1777:
1524:
1435:Digital Visual Interface
1386:graphics processing unit
1384:
1347:
1325:
1319:
1110:which actually performs
1105:
1089:
1063:
792:The number of potential
760:other data to make room.
678:cache replacement policy
567:
394:graphics processing unit
392:
380:
6177:Glossaries of computers
6071:Artificial intelligence
6061:Glossaries of computers
5975:"micro op cache patent"
5049:videocassette recorders
3121:The pattern with which
3067:, and is distinct from
2801:for all data transfers.
2798:load/store instructions
2776:load–store architecture
2751:load/store instructions
1917:A specific area on the
1366:used to retain digital
1143:Central Processing Unit
913:Compact Disc-ReWritable
896:Compact Disc-Recordable
748:, requiring use of the
5946:. Fultus Corporation.
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5409:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4674:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4191:, possibly containing
4088:or automatically by a
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3384:
3250:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2795:, relying on separate
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2465:is stored in the same
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1912:floppy-disk controller
1843:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1416:Digital Versatile Disc
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1036:
519:tensor processing unit
345:parallel communication
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
5401:
4657:
4227:multiprocessor system
4156:Refers to a level of
4094:memory access pattern
4086:prefetch instructions
3946:electromagnetic waves
3397:printed circuit board
3374:
3240:
3208:uniform memory access
3148:locality of reference
3116:memory access pattern
3025:magneto-optical drive
1901:A device for reading
1834:
1798:printed circuit board
1027:
668:to make room for new
531:An open standard for
456:memory-mapped devices
443:A mapping of logical
5905:A+ Guide to Hardware
5881:. Cengage Learning.
5341:Video Graphics Array
5067:Universal Serial Bus
4791:Serial AT Attachment
4666:that can be used in
4616:random-access memory
4531:random-access memory
4138:physical print media
3722:Random-access memory
3300:Harvard architecture
3052:random-access memory
2489:that loads the next
2463:program machine code
2162:program machine code
2149:Harvard architecture
1802:electrical connector
1497:direct memory access
1334:requests, mirroring
1136:magnetic core memory
1041:computer form factor
1028:An 80Ă—80Ă—25 mm
349:3D computer graphics
53:improve this article
5551:Contents:
5484:write-through cache
5385:non-volatile memory
5167:Contents:
5045:video game consoles
4805:Contents:
4553:integrated circuits
4371:Contents:
4267:integrated circuits
4250:non-volatile memory
4199:processing elements
4148:, which uses toner.
4104:The pre-loading of
3987:Another name for a
3973:Another name for a
3733:Contents:
3694:non-volatile memory
3654:processing elements
3606:wireless networking
3446:Contents:
3375:The Octek Jaguar V
3241:A typical portable
3190:memory architecture
3173:of a location in a
2876:Contents:
2792:processor registers
2768:processor registers
2737:electronic switches
2729:typewriter keyboard
2698:Another name for a
2546:Contents:
2495:referred to by the
2200:Contents:
2157:memory architecture
1946:Contents:
1622:Contents:
1463:direct mapped cache
1157:Contents:
1104:The portion of the
1007:inside or around a
825:memory architecture
385:, often containing
153:Contents:
6096:Cryptographic keys
5410:
4969:, typically using
4675:
4303:programmable logic
4177:electronic circuit
4171:processing element
3929:optical disc drive
3915:Several bits in a
3890:hardware resources
3663:hardware, or even
3649:semiconductor chip
3385:
3251:
3098:integrated circuit
3034:mainframe computer
2817:processing element
2522:electronic circuit
2506:integrated circuit
1844:
1835:A PCI digital I/O
1407:Digital Video Disc
1116:logical operations
1075:(Conventional PCI)
1037:
804:physical addresses
676:; controlled by a
635:synchronised in a
6164:
6163:
6136:Quantum computing
6131:Operating systems
6101:Digital forensics
5775:978-1-4239-2702-0
5427:to a computer or
5076:personal computer
5053:LaserDisc players
4996:electromechanical
4967:sequential access
4965:that allows only
4672:desktop computers
4662:solid-state drive
4632:solid-state drive
4207:network on a chip
4042:power supply unit
4017:personal computer
3895:computer programs
3635:network on a chip
2479:instruction fetch
2444:instruction fetch
2413:instruction cache
2128:Any non-volatile
2095:graphics hardware
1926:floppy disk drive
1896:floppy disk drive
1503:The ability of a
800:associative cache
716:A small block of
511:Movidius Myriad 2
497:aimed at running
144:computer hardware
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
6184:
6091:Computer science
6055:
6048:
6041:
6032:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5910:Cengage Learning
5899:
5893:
5892:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5759:
5552:
5519:
5503:
5497:store operations
5493:
5477:
5471:
5467:, only reaching
5465:
5461:are buffered in
5459:store operations
5455:
5446:write-back cache
5435:
5429:computer network
5406:
5386:
5380:
5365:
5359:
5334:
5327:
5168:
5157:
5151:
5097:micro-operations
5093:
5077:
5031:
5021:
5014:
4963:
4806:
4794:
4753:
4723:
4716:
4698:
4692:
4663:
4647:
4640:solid-state disk
4624:
4617:
4596:computer program
4561:read-only memory
4554:
4372:
4361:
4355:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4195:
4134:
4082:
4064:
3989:penetration test
3977:
3938:
3922:
3917:computer program
3891:
3882:operating system
3734:
3723:
3708:
3702:
3677:system on a chip
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3645:
3644:computer network
3628:
3447:
3432:desktop computer
3420:
3404:
3398:
3380:
3366:cathode ray tube
3336:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3264:
3246:
3232:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3099:
3093:
3092:read-only memory
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3058:memory hierarchy
3053:
2877:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2799:
2793:
2769:
2763:
2725:
2702:
2547:
2517:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2469:
2455:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2406:
2405:memory addresses
2400:
2384:
2383:hard disk drives
2201:
2174:
2173:microcontrollers
2168:
2158:
2132:
1947:
1927:
1921:
1905:
1840:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1780:
1623:
1588:
1570:
1564:
1548:
1527:
1521:
1511:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1477:physical address
1472:
1456:
1455:hard disk drives
1419:
1400:
1396:, distinct from
1387:
1381:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1158:
1132:
1108:
1092:
1085:
1066:
1060:
1033:
1011:
986:
940:
923:
906:
888:
860:
854:
840:based on demand.
838:
832:
826:
821:
796:
774:
746:
726:
720:
704:
684:
666:
650:
644:
639:
633:
570:
564:
559:
535:
534:operating system
503:machine learning
495:
479:
474:
457:
447:
431:
425:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
341:
337:to a computer's
335:
154:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6062:
6059:
6022:
6017:
6016:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5912:. p. 403.
5901:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5874:
5873:
5869:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5804:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5761:
5760:
5749:
5744:
5695:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5553:
5550:
5539:
5532:
5512:
5486:
5448:
5416:
5395:
5374:
5372:volatile memory
5344:
5318:
5311:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5169:
5166:
5144:
5142:USB flash drive
5134:
5124:
5114:
5086:
5070:
5062:
5055:, if necessary.
5040:
5020:pointing device
5005:
4987:
4980:
4956:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4807:
4804:
4785:
4766:
4746:
4736:
4707:
4682:
4644:electronic disk
4634:
4606:
4591:
4581:
4574:
4564:
4534:
4523:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4373:
4370:
4348:
4313:
4259:
4245:
4218:
4211:cache hierarchy
4172:
4153:
4127:
4101:
4078:or data into a
4071:
4045:
4034:
4020:
4009:
3998:
3984:
3976:USB flash drive
3970:
3963:
3931:
3912:
3884:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3735:
3732:
3717:
3707:volatile memory
3696:
3687:
3638:
3615:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3448:
3445:
3419:pointing device
3413:
3391:
3345:
3335:cache hierarchy
3297:A variation of
3294:
3283:
3273:
3257:
3224:
3197:computer system
3192:
3164:
3118:
3108:
3086:
3046:
3036:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
2878:
2875:
2806:
2778:
2753:
2746:
2718:
2711:
2701:USB flash drive
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2548:
2545:
2535:
2520:A miniaturised
2508:
2498:program counter
2480:
2473:physical memory
2420:
2415:
2393:
2373:
2362:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2202:
2199:
2188:
2151:
2141:
2125:
2122:hard disk drive
2117:
2107:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
1948:
1945:
1936:
1914:
1898:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1850:
1793:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1624:
1621:
1611:
1596:
1580:
1557:
1540:
1505:hardware device
1500:
1465:
1449:
1438:
1410:
1375:
1364:recording media
1359:
1330:servicing data
1309:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1159:
1156:
1146:
1125:
1101:
1076:
1053:
1043:
1003:system forcing
996:
949:
933:
916:
899:
879:
869:
847:
837:processor nodes
814:
789:
776:cause cyclical
767:
765:cache thrashing
735:
713:
693:
659:
626:
624:cache coherency
616:
609:
599:
588:
552:
544:
528:
488:
467:
451:physical memory
440:
424:memory location
414:
404:
358:
324:
316:
311:
310:
309:
308:
155:
152:
136:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6190:
6188:
6180:
6179:
6169:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6021:
6020:External links
6018:
6015:
6014:
6000:
5980:
5966:
5952:
5932:
5919:978-1133135128
5918:
5894:
5888:978-1435487383
5887:
5867:
5847:
5834:
5814:
5788:
5774:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5683:External links
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5513:
5508:
5506:
5487:
5482:
5480:
5449:
5444:
5442:
5417:
5412:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5345:
5339:
5337:
5333:expansion card
5319:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5299:External links
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5145:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5101:CISC processor
5087:
5082:
5080:
5071:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5041:
5036:
5034:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4976:
4974:
4962:storage device
4957:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4937:External links
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4786:
4780:
4778:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4734:storage device
4732:
4730:
4722:expansion card
4708:
4703:
4701:
4683:
4677:
4652:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4547:demultiplexing
4535:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4503:External links
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4360:expansion card
4349:
4343:
4341:
4340:bus standards.
4314:
4308:
4306:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4219:
4217:processor node
4216:
4214:
4181:microprocessor
4173:
4170:
4168:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4063:power supplies
4046:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3950:light spectrum
3932:
3927:
3925:
3913:
3910:operation code
3908:
3906:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3865:External links
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3660:fixed-function
3639:
3633:
3631:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3578:External links
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3392:
3387:
3369:
3354:display device
3346:
3341:
3339:
3303:used for most
3295:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3253:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3165:
3162:memory address
3160:
3158:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3008:External links
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2835:processor node
2807:
2804:
2802:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2678:External links
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2399:operation code
2394:
2389:
2387:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2332:External links
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2131:storage device
2126:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2078:External links
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1839:expansion card
1829:
1794:
1791:expansion card
1789:
1787:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1754:External links
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1394:compute device
1376:
1373:
1371:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1332:load and store
1310:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1289:External links
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1022:
1001:active cooling
997:
992:
990:
950:
945:
943:
936:A pre-pressed
934:
928:
926:
917:
911:
909:
900:
894:
892:
880:
875:
873:
870:
865:
863:
853:storage medium
848:
843:
841:
820:multiprocessor
815:
809:
807:
802:that specific
790:
787:
785:
768:
763:
761:
736:
731:
729:
714:
709:
707:
694:
689:
687:
680:. Caused by a
660:
657:cache eviction
655:
653:
638:multiprocessor
627:
622:
620:
617:
612:
608:
605:
604:
603:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
582:
563:storage medium
553:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
529:
524:
522:
507:machine vision
489:
486:AI accelerator
484:
482:
468:
462:
460:
441:
436:
434:
415:
410:
408:
405:
400:
398:
388:fixed-function
376:expansion card
364:microprocessor
359:
354:
352:
329:expansion card
325:
319:
315:
312:
307:
306:
304:External links
301:
296:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
156:
151:
150:
148:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6189:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6056:
6051:
6049:
6044:
6042:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6003:
6001:9780309097918
5997:
5993:
5992:
5984:
5981:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5955:
5953:9781596822580
5949:
5945:
5944:
5936:
5933:
5921:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5898:
5895:
5890:
5884:
5880:
5879:
5871:
5868:
5857:
5851:
5848:
5837:
5835:9780824720025
5831:
5827:
5826:
5818:
5815:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5789:
5777:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5324:graphics card
5317:
5313:
5308:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5038:TV tuner card
5035:
5032:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4971:magnetic tape
4968:
4964:
4959:A peripheral
4958:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:audio signals
4724:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4693:
4688:
4687:semiconductor
4684:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4656:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4612:
4611:memory module
4608:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4362:
4356:
4354:expansion bus
4350:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4319:expansion bus
4315:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:semiconductor
4155:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4090:prefetch unit
4087:
4083:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3954:optical discs
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
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3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3651:, connecting
3650:
3646:
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3630:
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3610:
3607:
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3381:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3329:address space
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3272:
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3259:
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3252:
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3233:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:address space
3178:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3101:manufacturer.
3100:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3041:
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3017:
3009:
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2999:
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2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2853:device memory
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2784:
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2773:
2770:
2764:
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2755:
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2649:
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2641:
2639:
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2629:
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2621:
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2616:
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2576:
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2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:semiconductor
2523:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2483:A stage in a
2482:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2468:address space
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2379:
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2367:
2364:
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2328:
2325:
2323:
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2300:
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2280:
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2255:
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2250:
2248:
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2243:
2240:
2238:
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2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2076:
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2069:
2066:
2064:
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2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
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1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1825:expansion bus
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1771:expansion bus
1768:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
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1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
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1690:
1687:
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1667:
1665:
1662:
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1655:
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1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1563:computer case
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1374:device memory
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1051:control store
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:computer case
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
988:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
947:computer case
944:
941:
935:
931:
927:
924:
918:
914:
910:
907:
901:
897:
893:
890:
889:
886:
878:
874:
871:
868:
864:
861:
855:
849:
846:
842:
839:
833:
831:address space
827:
822:
816:
812:
808:
805:
801:
797:
791:
786:
783:
779:
775:
769:
766:
762:
759:
755:
751:
747:
741:
737:
734:
730:
727:
721:
715:
712:
708:
705:
699:
695:
692:
688:
685:
679:
675:
671:
670:cache entries
667:
661:
658:
654:
651:
645:
643:shared memory
640:
634:
628:
625:
621:
618:
615:
611:
606:
601:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
580:
576:
571:
565:
560:
554:
550:
546:
541:
536:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
490:
487:
483:
480:
475:
469:
465:
461:
458:
452:
448:
442:
439:
438:address space
435:
432:
430:address space
426:
420:
416:
413:
409:
406:
403:
399:
396:
390:
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
336:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
290:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
147:
145:
141:
134:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6110:
6005:. Retrieved
5990:
5983:
5969:
5957:. Retrieved
5942:
5935:
5923:. Retrieved
5904:
5897:
5877:
5870:
5859:. Retrieved
5850:
5839:. Retrieved
5824:
5817:
5805:. Retrieved
5800:
5791:
5779:. Retrieved
5764:
5431:, often via
5421:video camera
5323:
5320:
5150:flash memory
5010:
5007:
4978:task manager
4790:
4787:
4719:An internal
4712:
4709:
4659:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4620:
4543:multiplexing
4345:PCI-eXtended
4264:non-volatile
4194:local memory
4152:process node
4106:instructions
4076:instructions
4032:power supply
3647:on a single
3625:network card
3624:
3620:
3617:
3424:screen space
3394:The central
3376:
3242:
3231:flash memory
3049:The largest
2805:local memory
2757:instructions
2724:input device
2513:
2510:
2359:input/output
2349:input device
1904:floppy disks
1875:flash memory
1836:
1779:computer bus
1584:
1533:in a system.
1531:DMA channels
1415:
1412:
1380:local memory
1357:data storage
1081:
1080:Also simply
1078:
1032:computer fan
1029:
994:computer fan
982:
981:, or simply
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:
939:compact disc
922:compact disc
905:compact disc
884:
881:
778:cache misses
750:cache policy
738:Not finding
558:optical disc
549:Blu-ray Disc
289:
139:
137:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
6156:Video games
5510:working set
5502:main memory
5470:main memory
5464:cache lines
5441:, or Wi-Fi.
5358:DisplayPort
5095:of decoded
4658:A 2.5-inch
4613:containing
4310:PCI Express
4100:prefetching
3942:laser light
3921:instruction
3403:peripherals
3389:motherboard
3379:motherboard
3362:LED display
3324:main memory
3318:data caches
3312:instruction
3245:memory card
3222:memory card
3154:parallelism
3136:DMA channel
3130:accelerator
3076:scratchpads
3044:main memory
2865:accelerator
2850:system, or
2492:instruction
2391:instruction
1920:motherboard
1891:ubiquitous.
1885:floppy disk
1807:motherboard
1601:superscalar
1566:for adding
1538:DisplayPort
1520:main memory
1474:where each
1399:main memory
1337:main memory
1131:main memory
1123:core memory
1088:A computer
1019:air cooling
979:system unit
867:channel I/O
859:memory card
845:card reader
795:cache lines
742:in a local
700:in a local
494:accelerator
478:form factor
473:motherboard
417:The unique
402:accumulator
356:accelerator
340:motherboard
6081:BitTorrent
5861:2007-06-27
5841:2016-05-25
5742:References
5678:References
5316:video card
5294:References
4992:electronic
4954:tape drive
4932:References
4782:Serial ATA
4757:system bus
4749:A type of
4713:audio card
4705:sound card
4685:A type of
4609:A type of
4498:References
4257:programmer
4248:A type of
4179:(either a
4165:transistor
4133:peripheral
3996:peripheral
3940:that uses
3937:disk drive
3934:A type of
3860:References
3573:References
3266:connector.
3089:A type of
3003:References
2829:scratchpad
2694:jump drive
2673:References
2441:servicing
2327:References
2073:References
1819:riser card
1749:References
1595:dual issue
1517:to access
1510:disk drive
1507:such as a
1483:cache line
1306:data cache
1284:References
1112:arithmetic
856:such as a
788:cache ways
733:cache miss
711:cache line
683:cache miss
597:Bottleneck
575:format war
334:video card
299:References
79:newspapers
5537:zip drive
5523:CPU cache
5518:processor
5425:real time
5084:uop cache
4764:SuperDisk
4305:circuits.
4223:processor
4048:Converts
3968:pen drive
3948:near the
3383:from 1993
3271:microcode
3179:or other
2856:(such as
2820:, e.g. a
2533:interrupt
2528:material.
2192:products.
1813:backplane
1784:protocols
1555:drive bay
1308:(D-cache)
1059:microcode
1017:to cause
971:enclosure
828:where an
722:within a
691:cache hit
674:allocated
515:TrueNorth
501:or other
453:or other
446:addresses
6171:Category
6146:Software
6116:Internet
6111:Hardware
6106:Graphics
6086:Blogging
5801:Volume 7
5693:See also
5673:See also
5439:Ethernet
5353:PC clone
5289:See also
5011:trackpad
5003:touchpad
4985:terminal
4927:See also
4777:in 1997.
4589:software
4493:See also
4289:, FRAM,
4167:shrinks.
4070:prefetch
4054:DC power
4050:mains AC
3855:See also
3679:designs.
3666:memories
3621:LAN card
3602:Ethernet
3568:See also
3255:mini-VGA
3124:software
3084:mask ROM
2998:See also
2862:) in an
2716:keyboard
2668:See also
2486:pipeline
2475:as data.
2322:See also
2167:memories
2139:hardware
2068:See also
1865:firmware
1855:firewall
1744:See also
1569:hardware
1279:See also
1013:using a
932:(CD-ROM)
885:chip set
782:evicting
758:evicting
754:allocate
696:Finding
577:against
294:See also
109:May 2017
6007:May 19,
5959:May 19,
5925:May 19,
5781:May 25,
5476:evicted
5132:USB 3.0
5122:USB 2.0
5112:USB 1.x
5025:fingers
4775:Imation
4745:(SDRAM)
4668:laptops
4347:(PCI-X)
4279:Flashes
4275:EEPROMs
4235:network
4231:cluster
4203:network
4125:printer
4118:latency
4060:. Some
3983:pentest
3903:booting
3595:network
3434:or for
3343:monitor
3199:, e.g.
3170:address
2449:shaders
2419:I-cache
1489:address
1005:airflow
975:housing
959:cabinet
955:chassis
915:(CD-RW)
877:chipset
419:integer
412:address
93:scholar
18:I-cache
6076:Backup
5998:
5950:
5916:
5885:
5832:
5807:18 May
5772:
5495:where
5457:where
5414:webcam
5405:webcam
5379:Memory
5051:, and
5030:stylus
4784:(SATA)
4691:memory
4681:(SRAM)
4605:(SIMM)
4579:server
4522:(RAID)
4334:, and
4312:(PCIe)
4291:NV RAM
4271:EPROMs
4244:(PROM)
4201:via a
4142:inkjet
3701:memory
3686:(NUMA)
3672:caches
3438:, etc.
3368:(CRT).
3217:, etc.
3176:memory
3142:memory
3106:memory
3070:caches
2811:memory
2785:where
2762:memory
2451:for a
2372:(IOPS)
2187:(HDMI)
2160:where
1929:to it.
1610:(DRAM)
1579:(DIMM)
1448:(DASD)
1424:movies
1391:OpenCL
1346:for a
898:(CD-R)
813:(COMA)
798:in an
719:memory
672:to be
632:caches
579:HD DVD
521:, etc.
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
5492:cache
5454:cache
5343:(VGA)
5322:Also
5103:(e.g
5099:in a
5092:cache
5069:(USB)
5027:or a
5009:Also
4789:Also
4711:Also
4638:Also
4563:(ROM)
4533:(RAM)
4331:PCI-X
4299:FPGAs
4225:in a
4209:, or
4146:laser
4081:cache
4044:(PSU)
4008:(PCI)
3637:(NOC)
3619:Also
3430:on a
3411:mouse
3287:seen.
3281:modem
3055:in a
2838:in a
2823:cache
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