967:(caustic soda). Adjacent to the Castner-Kellner site was Rocksavage works, where a variety of chemicals based on chlorine products were manufactured, including Chloromethanes, Arklone dry cleaning fluid, Trichloethylene degreasing fluid and the Arcton range of CFCs. Also on that site were PVC manufacture and HF (Hydrogen fluoride) manufacture. At Runcorn Heath Research Laboratories, technical support, research and development for Mond Division products was carried out, and the support sections included chemical plan design and engineering sections. Just to the north of Runcorn, on an island between the Manchester Ship Canal and the River Mersey could be found the Wigg Works, which had been erected originally for producing poison gas in wartime. In Widnes could also be found several factories producing weedkillers and other products. For many years it was known as ICI Mond Division but later became part of the ICI Chemicals and Polymers Division. The Runcorn site was also responsible for the development of the HiGEE and Spinning Disc Reactor concepts. These were originated by Professor Colin Ramshaw and led to the concept of
805:
40:
216:
289:
3406:
410:
1011:
soda ash trade to ICI in favour of newer products such as paints and plastics, meant that in 1984 the
Wallerscote site was closed, and thereafter mostly demolished. The laboratory where polythene was discovered was sold off and the building became home to a variety of businesses including a go-kart track and paintballing, and the Winnington Works were divested to the newly formed company,
1288:
940:. The dye business, known as the ICI Dyestuffs Division in the 1960s, went through several reorganisations. Huddersfield was tied in with Wilton with the production of nitrobenzene and nitrotoluene. Huddersfield also produced insecticides. (Syngenta still manufacture insecticides at Huddersfield). Proxel
509:
In 1964, ICI acquired
British Nylon Spinners (BNS), the company it had jointly set up in 1940 with Courtaulds. ICI surrendered its 37.5 per cent holding in Courtaulds and paid Courtaulds £2 million a year for five years, "to take account of the future development expenditure of Courtaulds in the
1265:, on 21 December 1984, killed an ICI employee and caused major health concerns. Over 200 firefighters were exposed to toxic smoke and effluents during the firefighting efforts. Six firefighters retired for medical reasons as a result of the fire. This incident was a major event in the history of the
1010:
was discovered by accident in 1933 during experiments into high pressure reactions. Wallerscote was built in 1926, its construction delayed by the First World War, and became one of the largest factories devoted to a single product (soda ash) in the world. However, the decreasing importance of the
907:
at its
Billingham factory for the production of radioisotopes used in the manufacture of flow and level instruments, among other products. The Agricultural Division was noted for the development of the world's largest bioreactor at the time – the 1.5 million litre Pruteen Reactor, used for the
895:
for explosives. The Wilton R&D site was built to support the plastics division with R&D and chemical engineering facilities. The ICI Billingham
Division was split into the ICI Heavy Organic Chemicals Division and ICI Agricultural Division in the 1960s. From 1971 to 1988 ICI Physics and
836:
would have seen AkzoNobel have a 54 per cent market share in the paint market. The initial bid was rejected by the ICI board and the majority of shareholders. However, a subsequent bid for £8 billion (€11.82 billion) was accepted by ICI in August 2007, pending approval by regulators.
1276:. The fire was a trigger for major reforms of the service; direct consequences included improved protective clothing for firefighters, a standard safety protocol for major incidents, the introduction of dedicated fireground safety officers, and changes to occupational health regulations.
944:
was made at
Huddersfield from the 80s onwards. Additives also made at Huddersield. Huddersfield became Zeneca then AstraZeneca, in 2004 Huddersfield was Syngenta, Avecia, Arch and Lubrizol running what were all ICI plants at one time. Through the years it was combined with other
1015:, in 1991. It was again sold in 2006, to Tata (an Indian-based company) and in 2011 was re branded as Tata Chemicals Europe. The Winnington plant closed in February 2014, with the last shift on 2 February bringing to a close 140 years of soda ash production in this Northwich site.
1220:
in 2015. Currently
Advanced Chemical Industries (ACI) Limited is one of the largest conglomerates in Bangladesh with a multinational heritage operating across the country. The company operates through three reporting divisions: Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Brands and Agribusiness.
795:
Having sold much of its historically profitable commodities businesses, and many of the new speciality businesses which it had failed to integrate, the company consisted mainly of the Dulux paints business, which quickly found itself the subject of a takeover by AkzoNobel.
915:
840:
On 2 January 2008, completion of the takeover of ICI plc by AkzoNobel was announced. Shareholders of ICI received either £6.70 in cash or AkzoNobel loan notes to the value of £6.70 per one nominal ICI share. The adhesives business of ICI was transferred to
616:
By the early 1990s, plans were carried out to demerge the company, as a result of increasing competition and internal complexity that caused heavy retrenchment and slowing innovation. In 1991, ICI sold the agricultural and merchandising operations of
592:
Jack
Callard was appointed chairman from 1971 to 1975. He almost doubled company profits between 1972 and 1974, and made ICI Britain's largest exporter. In 1971, the company acquired Atlas Chemical Industries Inc., a major American competitor.
1131:
from natural raw material coming from the wine industry in the provinces of
Mendoza and San Juan. This operation held 10% world market share for tartaric acid. It was sold in 2008 and currently operates as Derivados Vínicos S.A. (DERVINSA).
1229:
ICI maintained offices in
Colombo importing and supplying chemicals for manufacturers in Ceylon. In 1964, following import restrictions that allowed only locally owned subsidiaries of multinational companies to gain import licenses,
584:
in Redcar and
Cleveland, North Yorkshire. The first shaft was dug in 1968, with full production from 1976. ICI jointly owned the mine with Anglo American, and then with De Beers, before complete ownership was transferred to
912:
1211:
gained independence in 1971, the company was incorporated on 24 January 1973 as ICI Bangladesh Manufacturers Limited and also as Public Limited Company. The company divested its investment in Bangladesh and was renamed as
707:
for $ 8 billion. This step was part of a strategy to move away from cyclical bulk chemicals and to progress up the value chain to become a higher growth, higher margin business. Later that year it went on to buy
510:
nylon field." In return, Courtaulds transferred to ICI their 50 per cent holding in BNS. BNS was absorbed into ICI's existing polyester operation, ICI Fibres. The acquisition included BNS production plants in
3163:
1894:
3622:
3254:
2023:
1395:
1242:
The subsidiary ICI New Zealand provided substantial quantities of chemical products – including swimming pool chemicals, commercial healthcare products, herbicides and pesticides for use within
3627:
3121:
1988:
2872:
2162:
236:
company. It was, for much of its history, the largest manufacturer in Britain. It was formed by the merger of four leading British chemical companies in 1926. Its headquarters were at
3617:
3372:
2294:
675:
Charles Miller Smith was appointed CEO in 1994, one of the few times that someone from outside ICI had been appointed to lead the company, Smith having previously been a director at
480:
was the first to import this fabric from Britain to the United States. During the first two years, ICI gave Flagg a large advertising budget to popularise the fabric across America.
2902:
824:(owner of Crown Berger paints) bid £7.2 billion (€10.66 billion or $ 14.5 billion) for ICI in June 2007. An area of concern about a potential deal was ICI's British
2427:
3247:
1002:, was also the base for the former company Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd. and, after the merger which created ICI, the powerful and influential Alkali Division. It was at the
2466:
3013:
3607:
2272:
832:
and Crown Paints brands each have significant market share were also a cause for concern for the boards of ICI and AkzoNobel. In the UK, any combined operation without
3069:
259:, electronic materials, fragrances and flavourings. In 1991, ICI sold the agricultural and merchandising operations of BritAg and Scottish Agricultural Industries to
3612:
3152:
2354:
3099:
476:
yarn used to make a fabric of the same name. The resulting cloth is heavy and wrinkle-resistant, and retains its shape well. The California-based fashion designer
3602:
3240:
2823:
1755:
641:, ending an association with the trade that had existed since the company's inception, one that had been inherited from the original Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd.
2958:
1902:
1312:
2232:
1932:
1462:
3394:
828:, which had a deficit of almost £700 million and future liabilities of more than £9 billion at the time. Regulatory issues in the UK and other markets where
2104:
2015:
491:
to help with reorganising the company. His eight-year tenure saw export sales double, but his reputation was severely damaged by a failed takeover bid for
2664:
1340:
1387:
3632:
3129:
3035:
2690:
1610:
3446:
2298:
3637:
2880:
2146:
3592:
2760:
1878:
1141:
846:
679:. Shortly afterwards, the company acquired a number of former Unilever businesses in an attempt to move away from its historical reliance on
908:
cultivation of animal feed. Engineering models of components and the builder's model of the complete plant are now in the collection of the
715:
Having taken on some £4 billion of debt to finance these acquisitions, the company had to sell off its commodity chemicals businesses:
2574:
2906:
2045:
2786:
171:
2435:
3223:
3200:
1725:
1641:
2712:
3387:
3347:
3287:
3281:
2458:
1831:
1782:
1670:
604:. Under his leadership, the company acquired the Beatrice Chemical Division in 1985 and Glidden Coatings & Resins, a leading
2997:
2329:
3536:
3275:
2126:
959:): ICI operated a number of separate sites within the Runcorn area, including the Castner-Kellner site, where ICI manufactured
2268:
1966:
255:
ICI made general chemicals, plastics, paints, pharmaceuticals and speciality products, including food ingredients, speciality
2612:
2552:
2522:
2070:
1365:
861:
3061:
2184:
1533:
804:
3293:
2738:
1258:
484:
351:
In the 1920s and 1930s, the company played a key role in the development of new chemical products, including the dyestuff
313:
141:
2935:
2351:
3516:
3091:
1331:
Smith, David; O'Connell, Dominic; Dey, Iain; Ashton, James; Goodman, Matthew; Lyons, Teena; Kay, William (6 July 2008).
1270:
1188:
869:
3571:
3380:
2969:
622:
2224:
1924:
1503:
1469:
3481:
1145:
845:
as a result of the deal, while AkzoNobel agreed to sell its Crown Paints subsidiary to satisfy the concerns of the
534:
368:
3441:
3299:
2100:
968:
597:
3486:
2854:
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2638:
1266:
1161:
503:
413:
Map showing Imperial Chemical Industries sales regions, offices and factories in the United Kingdom in May 1955
1332:
2378:
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businesses and became Organics Division. Then became ICI Colours and Fine Chemicals and then ICI Specialties.
1301:
434:
356:
317:
3566:
3556:
3341:
1992:
1217:
1042:
995:
991:
909:
376:
56:
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was divested as an independent quoted company. From 1982 to 1987, the company was led by the charismatic
1444:
1165:
1105:
1003:
735:
309:
145:
39:
3039:
2686:
1564:
488:
1120:
971:; research into these novel technologies is now being pursued by the Process Intensification Group at
857:
ICI operated a number of chemical sites around the world. In the UK, the main plants were as follows:
709:
288:
3597:
3531:
3521:
3431:
1216:(ACI Limited) on 5 May 1992. The company sold its insect control, air care and toilet care brands to
972:
946:
873:
762:
700:
577:
487:
became the first chairman appointed from outside the company. Chambers employed the consultancy firm
45:
1101:
An ICI subsidiary called Duperial operated in Argentine from 1928 to 1995, when it was renamed ICI.
719:
Disposals of bulk chemicals businesses at that time included the sale of its Australian subsidiary,
3541:
3353:
922:. Pruteen had limited economic success but was followed by the much more successful development of
788:
696:
561:) was developed in 1974; in the late 1970s, ICI was involved in the early development of synthetic
3305:
2752:
215:
3561:
3461:
2817:
2131:
1749:
1602:
1085:
987:
566:
442:
3551:
2582:
2254:
849:. The areas of concern regarding the ICI UK pension scheme were addressed by ICI and AkzoNobel.
2210:
2052:
741:
In 2000, ICI sold its diisocyanate, advanced materials, and speciality chemicals businesses on
390:
business, which had come with Nobel Industries, and continued to build motorcycles until 1937.
3323:
3219:
3196:
3005:
2732:
2154:
1874:
1721:
1717:
1637:
1594:
1586:
1038:
601:
576:. Profits shrank under his tenure. During his tenure, ICI created the wholly owned subsidiary
546:
530:
329:
305:
233:
66:
1871:
From Empire to Europe: The Decline and Revival of British Industry Since the Second World War
648:. In 1993, the company de-merged its pharmaceutical bio-science businesses: pharmaceuticals,
2782:
1836:
1787:
1675:
1576:
1293:
1048:
1018:
983:
964:
889:
865:
758:
618:
586:
394:
3368:
The Rise and Fall of Imperial Chemical Industries: Synthetics, Sensism and the Environment
3232:
572:
Peter Allen was appointed chairman between 1968 and 1971. He presided over the purchase of
409:
3526:
3511:
3501:
3329:
3317:
2358:
1247:
1173:
1153:
919:
904:
897:
3546:
3405:
3311:
1254:
1113:
1030:
765:
for £1.7 billion. It also sold the last of its industrial chemicals businesses to
418:
387:
352:
249:
204:
2352:
https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/7123635.ici-325m-industrial-chemicals-sell-off/
2321:
3586:
3471:
3335:
3216:
Imperial Chemical Industries: A History, vol. 2: The First Quarter-Century, 1926-1952
1710:
1581:
1204:
1128:
1124:
1089:
1060:
1056:
649:
462:
1606:
3436:
1958:
1231:
1203:
In 1968 a subsidiary of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was established in then-
1116:
with ISO certification under the company name Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals S.A.
1109:
1012:
881:
825:
809:
638:
525:
Early pesticide development under ICI Plant Protection Division, with its plant at
450:
364:
301:
2604:
2544:
2514:
2488:
2400:
2078:
1855:
1806:
1694:
1357:
1234:
was formed as an ICI subsidiary with 49% ICI ownership and remaining held public.
397:, ICI was involved with the United Kingdom's nuclear weapons programme codenamed
3466:
3451:
3426:
2188:
1541:
1243:
1213:
1034:
999:
773:
669:
626:
581:
558:
554:
477:
398:
345:
337:
260:
136:
1840:
1791:
1679:
157:
General chemicals, plastics, paints, pharmaceuticals & speciality chemicals
3456:
2928:
1825:
1776:
1664:
1391:
1283:
1273:
1208:
1183:
The plant once manufactured paints, plastics and industrial chemicals such as
1169:
1022:
933:
877:
833:
630:
562:
550:
515:
492:
380:
333:
183:
3009:
2158:
1590:
1082:
Birmingham: Plant Manufacturing Packaging Coatings for food and beverage cans
3151:
Elias, Sian; Bandaranayake, D R; Edwards, I R; Glass, W I (1 January 1990).
1070:
1007:
979:
885:
821:
780:
746:
724:
680:
542:
519:
511:
473:
469:
454:
430:
422:
325:
300:
The company was founded in December 1926 from the merger of four companies:
275:
and integrated ICI's remaining operations within its existing organisation.
268:
209:
113:
3193:
Imperial Chemical Industries: A History, vol. I: The Forerunners, 1870–1926
2269:"ICI buys Acheson for $ 560 million in move to strengthen specialties"
1742:
Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives)
1598:
880:
in the 1920s and went on to produce plastics at Billingham in 1934. During
1511:
1262:
1157:
1149:
1026:
960:
956:
937:
929:
813:
784:
750:
742:
704:
676:
665:
634:
538:
438:
372:
341:
237:
1569:
Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists
660:
products were all transferred into a new and independent company called
3496:
1306:
1192:
1184:
1108:, it operates an integrated production site with commercial offices in
1052:
952:
941:
892:
657:
573:
526:
446:
426:
256:
17:
1066:
842:
754:
728:
661:
645:
633:, who had acquired 2.8 per cent of the company. It also divested its
348:
metals, and paints. In its first year turnover was £27 million.
321:
272:
264:
241:
123:
2634:
2127:"INTERNATIONAL BRIEFS; Fuller-O'Brien Is Sold - The New York Times"
787:, for £1.2 billion and Uniqema, its oleochemical business, to
3411:
2370:
1177:
923:
900:
829:
803:
766:
720:
683:
chemicals. In 1995, ICI acquired the American paint companies
605:
499:
408:
360:
287:
245:
1076:
Stowmarket : Plant Manufacturing White, and off white Paints
896:
Radioisotopes Section (later known as Tracerco) operated a small
498:
ICI was confronted with the nationalisation of its operations in
1463:"Tomorrow's Answers Today – The History of AkzoNobel since 1646"
653:
458:
3376:
3236:
2719:. 17 March 2006. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012
1388:"Akzo Nobel to Focus on Fast and Effective Integration in 2008"
1092:): Headquarters of ICI Plastics Division until the early 1990s.
3491:
3476:
1033:-based products. For a time, the site also produced nylon and
2295:"ICI sells Crosfield and buys Acheson in portfolio reshuffle"
2147:"Imperial Acquires Grow Group As It Outbids Sherwin-Williams"
1448:
1059:, part of ICI’s Nobel’s Explosives Company division produced
263:. It de-merged its pharmaceutical bio-science businesses as
27:
Former British chemicals, paints and pharmaceuticals company
421:
business and developed a number of key products, including
994:. The Winnington site, built in 1873 by the entrepreneurs
1744:. Vol. 10. United Kingdom. July 1964. p. 20162.
695:. In 1997, ICI acquired National Starch & Chemical,
3062:"ACI sells household brands to US firm for Tk 250.54cr"
1468:. Akzo Nobel International. p. 235. Archived from
522:, together with research and development in Pontypool.
3623:
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
1123:, for its Wine Chemicals Division, that manufactured
1063:-based explosives up until the site’s closure in 1995.
936:) and Huddersfield: ICI used the sites to manufacture
457:(1978, a frequently used drug for breast cancer), and
1269:
and subject to a formal investigation, led by future
1025:, Ayrshire): ICI Nobel used the site to manufacture
417:
In the 1940s and 1950s, the company established its
2873:"Review sparks fears for future of ICI Paints site"
2071:"Will bad timing spoil ICI's plan to split in two?"
779:In 2006, the Company sold Quest International, its
203:
193:
181:
169:
161:
153:
130:
119:
108:
90:
72:
62:
52:
3628:Paint and coatings companies of the United Kingdom
2855:"Japanese firm buys ICI's nitrocellulose business"
1824:
1775:
1709:
1663:
2322:"Bayer and ICI sell-offs to boost balance sheets"
1957:Owen, Geoffrey; Harrison, Trevor (1 March 1995).
1563:Baker, Max T.; Naguib, Mohamed (1 October 2005).
1140:The subsidiary ICI Australia Ltd established the
772:In 2002, the ICI wholly transferred ownership of
3092:"Commercial papers set to become hot cakes: ACI"
1657:
1655:
1653:
644:In 1992, the company sold its nylon business to
1818:
1816:
986:(soda ash) and its various by-products such as
982:, Cheshire): It was here that ICI manufactured
876:): ICI used the Billingham site to manufacture
3618:Former defence companies of the United Kingdom
1079:Prudhoe - Plant Manufacturing Hammerite Paints
320:at Millbank in London in 1928. Competing with
3388:
3248:
2903:"Welwyn Garden City, a town in Hertfordshire"
2575:"Henkel to pay $ 5.5 bln for ICI units: Akzo"
2375:The World's Only Polyhalite Mine | ICL Boulby
2350:"ICI in £325m industrial chemicals sell-off"
1769:
1767:
1765:
1534:"British Mission – History of the Atomic Age"
1313:Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom
629:, and fought off a hostile takeover bid from
468:ICI developed a fabric in the 1950s known as
8:
2428:"ICI to slash debts with £410m Uniqema sale"
2016:"Often-ravenous Hanson takes a taste of ICI"
1925:"New Chairman of ICI praises planned agenda"
1835:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1786:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1674:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1352:
1350:
32:
2996:Gibson, Jano; Huxley, John (1 April 2005).
1777:"Allen, Sir Peter Christopher (1905–1993)'"
465:). ICI formed ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1957.
3395:
3381:
3373:
3255:
3241:
3233:
2822:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2459:"Dutch poised to clinch £8bn ICI takeover"
1952:
1950:
1754:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1665:"Chambers, Sir (Stanley) Paul (1904–1981)"
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
723:, for £1 billion in 1997, and of its
612:Reorganisation of the business (1991–2007)
214:
38:
31:
3153:"The Health Consequences of the ICI Fire"
1580:
1565:"Propofol: The Challenges of Formulation"
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1164:. In 1989, these operations were sold to
363:paints (1932, co-developed with DuPont),
271:, which immediately sold parts of ICI to
3608:British companies disestablished in 2008
1989:"Norsk Hydro acquires Britag Industries"
2713:"British Dyestuffs Corporation and ICI"
1832:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1783:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1671:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1323:
1073:): Headquarters of ICI Paints Division.
284:Development of the business (1926–1944)
3613:Chemical companies established in 1926
2991:
2989:
2815:
2730:
2255:"ICI sell off raises $ 3 billion"
1895:"From bullying to the top of industry"
1826:"Callard, Sir (Eric) John (1913–1998)"
1747:
1716:. University of Hawaii Press. p.
1662:Strudwick, J. P.; Mark Pottle (2004).
1343:from the original on 20 November 2008.
749:in the Netherlands, and South Africa,
267:in 1993. In 2008, ICI was acquired by
3603:British companies established in 1926
2810:A Hundred Years of Alkali in Cheshire
2789:from the original on 20 February 2012
2693:from the original on 29 February 2012
2667:from the original on 13 November 2012
2641:from the original on 5 September 2012
2615:from the original on 16 December 2007
2555:from the original on 17 February 2009
2235:from the original on 18 February 2009
2051:. Columbia University. Archived from
2026:from the original on 18 February 2009
1991:. Alacrastore.com. 5 September 1991.
1935:from the original on 18 February 2009
1232:Chemical Industries (Colombo) Limited
847:European Commissioner for Competition
502:on 1 August 1962 as a consequence of
7:
3447:Callenders Cables & Construction
3169:from the original on 21 October 2018
3102:from the original on 30 October 2016
3072:from the original on 30 October 2016
3016:from the original on 6 November 2012
2959:"Salt production in South Australia"
2938:from the original on 19 October 2020
2905:. Geton-thenet.co.uk. Archived from
2763:from the original on 2 December 2002
2525:from the original on 2 February 2008
2457:Armitstead, Louise (5 August 2007).
1969:from the original on 7 November 2016
1504:"Why the BSA badge? A brief history"
1309:(formerly Imperial Metal Industries)
1214:Advanced Chemical Industries Limited
3477:Electrical & Musical Industries
3370:. London: Palgrave. ISBN 3031374312
3218:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3195:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2929:"DERVINSA – DERIVADOS VÍNICOS S.A."
2401:"ICI sells flavours business Quest"
2381:from the original on 27 August 2019
2275:from the original on 6 January 2009
2225:"ICI Australia shares drop sharply"
2107:from the original on 5 October 2021
1995:from the original on 1 October 2012
745:and worldwide (including plants at
738:, an electronic chemicals business.
2661:"The white heat of new technology"
2489:"ICI snubs second offer from Akzo"
2165:from the original on 12 March 2022
731:for $ 3 billion also in 1997.
664:. Zeneca subsequently merged with
25:
2605:"Akzo Nobel to sell Crown paints"
2545:"ICI agrees to be bought by Akzo"
2515:"ICI rejects £7.2bn bid approach"
2469:from the original on 12 June 2011
2426:Marriner, Cosima (30 June 2006).
1901:. 12 January 2008. Archived from
1613:from the original on 25 July 2020
1398:from the original on 5 March 2016
1358:"Akzo Nobel ICI merger completed"
1176:in the 1940s and was part of the
3537:Pinchin Johnson & Associates
3404:
3128:. The Daily Star. Archived from
2069:Ipsen, Erik (25 February 1993).
2014:Prokesch, Steven (18 May 1991).
1582:10.1097/00000542-200510000-00026
1368:from the original on 20 May 2009
1286:
1257:at the ICI New Zealand store in
623:Scottish Agricultural Industries
33:Imperial Chemical Industries plc
2581:. 6 August 2007. Archived from
2332:from the original on 7 May 2014
1493:The Times, 3 January 1940, p.12
978:Winnington and Wallerscote (in
812:, West Yorkshire, now owned by
699:, Unichema, and Crosfield, the
244:. ICI was a constituent of the
3633:1926 establishments in England
3160:New Zealand Ministry of Health
2968:, vol. 50, archived from
2957:Hough, J.K. (September 2008),
2320:Milner, Mark (15 April 1999).
1873:. HarperCollins. p. 347.
1156:, in 1940, with an associated
862:Billingham Manufacturing Plant
405:Postwar innovation (1945–1990)
1:
3638:2008 mergers and acquisitions
3122:"A night for corporate stars"
2998:"Botany pollution fears grow"
2211:"ICI buys Swiss Paints Group"
2187:. 1 June 1997. Archived from
2185:"National Starch sold to ICI"
1187:. It was responsible for the
375:(1941). In 1940, ICI started
314:British Dyestuffs Corporation
149:Dr John McAdam CBE (last CEO)
3593:Imperial Chemical Industries
3517:International Tea Co. Stores
3507:Imperial Chemical Industries
3492:Guest Keen & Nettlefolds
3265:Imperial Chemical Industries
2075:International Herald Tribune
1856:UK public library membership
1807:UK public library membership
1695:UK public library membership
1510:. 6 May 1916. Archived from
1189:Botany Bay Groundwater Plume
1168:. An ICI plant was built at
1119:It also had an operation at
783:and fragrances business, to
529:, Kent, research station at
355:(1929), the acrylic plastic
226:Imperial Chemical Industries
2635:"ICI Pension Fund Web Site"
1104:Established in the city of
990:(bicarbonate of soda), and
712:, a Swiss paints business.
328:, the new company produced
96:; 16 years ago
78:; 98 years ago
3654:
3482:Fine Spinners and Doublers
3427:Associated Portland Cement
3126:Bangladesh Business Awards
2663:. BBC. 14 September 1949.
1959:"Why ICI Chose to Demerge"
580:, for the construction of
535:Fernhurst Research Station
461:(1979, a high performance
369:polyethylene terephthalate
3419:
3271:
3002:The Sydney Morning Herald
2783:"Process Intensification"
2737:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2637:. Icipensionfund.org.uk.
1668:. In Pottle, Mark (ed.).
1634:Drug discovery: a history
1191:contamination of a local
1112:. Since 2009 it has made
1029:and other explosives and
598:Imperial Metal Industries
165:£4.85 billion (2006)
37:
3487:General Electric Company
2689:. Thisisstockton.co.uk.
2357:30 December 2021 at the
1632:Sneader, Walter (2005).
1333:"Falling into the abyss"
1267:New Zealand Fire Service
918:19 November 2021 at the
791:, for £410 million.
776:to Israel Chemicals Ltd.
435:inhalational anaesthetic
379:as a joint venture with
189:£295 million (2006)
177:£502 million (2006)
3567:Watney Combe & Reid
3366:Leslie, Esther (2023).
2687:"History of Billingham"
1963:Harvard Business Review
1869:Owen, Geoffrey (2000).
1823:Adeney, Martin (2004).
1774:Adeney, Martin (2004).
1708:Taylor, Robert (2009).
1302:Imperial Chemical House
969:Process Intensification
736:Acheson Industries Inc.
443:intravenous anaesthetic
3557:United Steel Companies
3410:Original companies of
3214:Reader, W. J. (1975).
3191:Reader, W. J. (1970).
1841:10.1093/ref:odnb/70879
1792:10.1093/ref:odnb/51414
1680:10.1093/ref:odnb/30916
996:John Tomlinson Brunner
992:sodium sesquicarbonate
817:
808:A former ICI plant in
769:for £325 million.
727:chemicals business to
414:
377:British Nylon Spinners
297:
3572:FW Woolworth & Co
3532:Patons & Baldwins
3414:in the United Kingdom
3324:Sir John Harvey-Jones
2877:Maidenhead Advertiser
2808:Dick, W.F.L. (1973).
2753:"ICI cuts 1,000 jobs"
1246:and the neighbouring
1166:Penrice Soda Products
1106:San Lorenzo, Santa Fe
807:
800:Takeover by AkzoNobel
689:Fuller-O'Brien Paints
565:insecticides such as
412:
316:. It established its
310:United Alkali Company
291:
146:Sir John Harvey-Jones
3342:Charles Miller Smith
2975:on 24 September 2015
2717:ColorantsHistory.Org
2611:. 14 December 2007.
2301:on 14 September 2013
2058:on 21 December 2012.
1712:The State of Myanmar
1218:SC Johnson & Son
1142:Dry Creek Saltfields
1041:was sold in 2002 to
973:Newcastle University
947:speciality chemicals
874:Redcar and Cleveland
763:Huntsman Corporation
757:), and Tioxide, its
701:speciality chemicals
587:Israel Chemicals Ltd
578:Cleveland Potash Ltd
545:), the insecticides
46:Design Research Unit
3552:Turner & Newall
3330:Sir Denys Henderson
3318:Sir Maurice Hodgson
2909:on 26 February 2012
2438:on 18 February 2009
2432:The Daily Telegraph
2271:. Allbusiness.com.
2081:on 17 February 2009
1544:on 8 September 2017
1475:on 17 November 2015
1451:on 17 October 2008.
1127:, wine alcohol and
789:Croda International
734:In 1998, it bought
697:Quest International
608:business, in 1986.
386:ICI also owned the
195:Number of employees
34:
3562:Vickers-Armstrongs
3312:Sir Rowland Wright
2861:. 22 January 2003.
2759:. 4 January 1999.
2551:. 13 August 2007.
2407:. 22 November 2006
2229:The New York Times
2191:on 22 October 2012
2151:The New York Times
2132:The New York Times
2020:The New York Times
1929:The New York Times
1905:on 18 January 2008
1364:. 2 January 2008.
1180:demerger in 1997.
1086:Welwyn Garden City
1006:on this site that
988:sodium bicarbonate
818:
567:lambda-cyhalothrin
415:
388:Sunbeam motorcycle
298:
3580:
3579:
3442:Bolsover Colliery
3422:As of 1 July 1935
3363:
3362:
3336:Sir Ronnie Hampel
3294:Sir Paul Chambers
3132:on 22 August 2013
3098:. 27 March 2015.
3068:. 26 April 2015.
3042:on 1 January 2015
2785:. Ccdcindia.com.
2585:on 8 January 2008
1880:978-0-00-638750-3
1854:(Subscription or
1805:(Subscription or
1693:(Subscription or
1538:atomicarchive.com
1390:(Press release).
1039:Nobel Enterprises
602:John Harvey-Jones
547:pirimiphos-methyl
504:the military coup
292:1930s volumes of
223:
222:
142:Sir Paul Chambers
44:Logo designed by
16:(Redirected from
3645:
3512:Imperial Tobacco
3409:
3408:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3374:
3306:Sir Jack Callard
3257:
3250:
3243:
3234:
3229:
3206:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3157:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3038:. Archived from
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2963:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2879:. Archived from
2869:
2863:
2862:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2773:
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2768:
2749:
2743:
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2728:
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2724:
2709:
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2702:
2700:
2698:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2657:
2651:
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2648:
2646:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2521:. 18 June 2007.
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2434:. Archived from
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2367:
2361:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2297:. Archived from
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2221:
2215:
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2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
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2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2101:"| PCI Magazine"
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2077:. Archived from
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1931:. 9 March 1987.
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1849:
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1828:
1820:
1811:
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1802:
1800:
1798:
1779:
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1732:
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1715:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1667:
1659:
1648:
1647:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1584:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1540:. Archived from
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1508:Classicglory.com
1500:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1447:. Archived from
1441:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1394:7 January 2008.
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1328:
1296:
1294:Companies portal
1291:
1290:
1289:
1259:Mount Wellington
1160:plant at nearby
1121:Palmira, Mendoza
1055:, North Wales):
1049:Penrhyndeudraeth
984:sodium carbonate
965:sodium hydroxide
884:it manufactured
872:(in present-day
866:Stockton-on-Tees
759:titanium dioxide
710:Rutz & Huber
652:, specialities,
637:products arm to
425:(1940s, an anti-
395:Second World War
306:Nobel Explosives
232:) was a British
219:
218:
172:Operating income
104:
102:
97:
86:
84:
79:
42:
35:
21:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3547:Tate & Lyle
3502:Hawker Siddeley
3415:
3403:
3401:
3364:
3359:
3300:Sir Peter Allen
3267:
3261:
3226:
3213:
3203:
3190:
3187:
3185:Further reading
3182:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
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3075:
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3060:
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3055:
3045:
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3034:
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3029:
3019:
3017:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2932:dervinsa.com.ar
2927:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2883:on 22 July 2011
2871:
2870:
2866:
2853:
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2420:
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2408:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2359:Wayback Machine
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
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2222:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2153:. 23 May 1995.
2145:
2144:
2140:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2048:
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2029:
2027:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1923:
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1918:
1908:
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1472:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1443:
1442:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1392:Akzo Nobel U.K.
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1248:Pacific Islands
1240:
1227:
1201:
1174:New South Wales
1154:South Australia
1138:
1099:
920:Wayback Machine
905:nuclear reactor
898:General Atomics
855:
802:
761:subsidiary, to
614:
407:
371:fibre known as
286:
281:
213:
196:
186:
174:
148:
144:
140:
133:
100:
98:
95:
82:
80:
77:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3578:
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3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
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3285:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3143:
3113:
3096:The Daily Star
3083:
3066:The Daily Star
3053:
3027:
2985:
2949:
2920:
2894:
2864:
2846:
2838:ICI Magazine,
2829:
2800:
2774:
2744:
2704:
2678:
2652:
2626:
2596:
2566:
2536:
2506:
2495:. 30 July 2007
2480:
2449:
2418:
2392:
2362:
2343:
2312:
2286:
2260:
2246:
2231:. 9 May 1997.
2216:
2202:
2176:
2138:
2135:. 4 July 1995.
2118:
2092:
2061:
2037:
2006:
1980:
1946:
1916:
1886:
1879:
1861:
1812:
1761:
1733:
1726:
1700:
1649:
1642:
1624:
1575:(4): 860–876.
1555:
1525:
1514:on 16 May 2012
1495:
1486:
1454:
1445:"ICI: History"
1409:
1379:
1346:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1281:
1278:
1239:
1236:
1226:
1223:
1200:
1197:
1137:
1134:
1114:sulphuric acid
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1064:
1061:nitroglycerine
1046:
1031:nitrocellulose
1016:
976:
950:
927:
910:Science Museum
854:
851:
801:
798:
793:
792:
777:
770:
739:
732:
703:businesses of
613:
610:
531:Jealott's Hill
419:pharmaceutical
406:
403:
353:phthalocyanine
332:, explosives,
285:
282:
280:
277:
248:and later the
221:
220:
207:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3650:
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3498:
3495:
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3483:
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3478:
3475:
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3472:Dunlop Rubber
3470:
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3463:
3460:
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3407:
3398:
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3369:
3355:
3354:Peter Ellwood
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
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3316:
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3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:Lord Melchett
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3227:
3225:9780192159441
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2228:
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2085:27 September
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2079:the original
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2053:the original
2046:"Capitalism"
2040:
2030:27 September
2028:. Retrieved
2019:
2009:
1999:27 September
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1983:
1971:. Retrieved
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1939:27 September
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1898:
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1361:
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1118:
1110:Buenos Aires
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1100:
1013:Brunner Mond
1004:laboratories
882:World War II
856:
839:
826:pension fund
819:
810:Huddersfield
794:
714:
692:
688:
685:Devoe Paints
684:
674:
643:
639:Brunner Mond
615:
595:
591:
571:
549:in 1967 and
524:
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497:
495:in 1961–62.
482:
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416:
392:
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365:polyethylene
350:
338:insecticides
302:Brunner Mond
299:
293:
254:
229:
225:
224:
120:Headquarters
112:Acquired by
53:Company type
29:
3598:AstraZeneca
3542:Rolls-Royce
3467:Dorman Long
3356:(2004–2008)
3350:(2002–2003)
3344:(1999–2001)
3338:(1995–1999)
3332:(1987–1995)
3326:(1982–1987)
3320:(1978-1982)
3314:(1975-1978)
3308:(1971–1975)
3302:(1968–1971)
3296:(1960–1968)
3290:(1953–1960)
3284:(1930–1950)
3278:(1926–1930)
2411:27 November
1479:13 November
1402:13 February
1372:24 February
1244:New Zealand
1238:New Zealand
1035:nitric acid
1000:Ludwig Mond
878:fertilisers
834:divestments
820:Dutch firm
774:Boulby Mine
670:AstraZeneca
627:Norsk Hydro
582:Boulby Mine
559:rodenticide
555:brodifacoum
478:Edith Flagg
399:Tube Alloys
393:During the
346:non-ferrous
334:fertilisers
318:head office
261:Norsk Hydro
139:(first CEO)
137:Alfred Mond
3587:Categories
3462:Distillers
3457:Courtaulds
3288:Lord Fleck
3173:20 October
3106:29 October
3076:29 October
2979:8 February
2942:19 October
2465:. London.
2328:. London.
1973:6 November
1909:15 January
1858:required.)
1809:required.)
1697:required.)
1339:. London.
1319:References
1274:Sian Elias
1209:Bangladesh
1199:Bangladesh
1170:Botany Bay
1023:Stevenston
934:Manchester
853:Operations
693:Grow Group
658:biological
563:pyrethroid
551:pirimicarb
533:and HQ at
516:Gloucester
493:Courtaulds
472:, a thick
441:(1977, an
433:(1951, an
381:Courtaulds
184:Net income
132:Key people
3136:2 January
3046:1 January
3010:0312-6315
2818:cite book
2619:5 January
2589:5 January
2559:13 August
2529:5 January
2473:5 January
2463:The Times
2385:27 August
2371:"History"
2169:30 August
2159:0362-4331
2111:5 October
1846:24 August
1797:24 August
1750:cite book
1685:23 August
1636:. Wiley.
1591:0003-3022
1337:The Times
1225:Sri Lanka
1148:north of
1146:Dry Creek
1136:Australia
1097:Argentina
1071:Berkshire
1008:polythene
980:Northwich
938:dyestuffs
890:synthetic
886:Synthonia
822:AkzoNobel
747:Rozenburg
725:polyester
681:commodity
596:In 1977,
589:in 2002.
553:in 1970,
543:herbicide
541:(1962, a
537:included
520:Doncaster
512:Pontypool
483:In 1960,
474:polyester
470:Crimplene
455:tamoxifen
449:(1965, a
431:halothane
423:Paludrine
342:dyestuffs
330:chemicals
326:IG Farben
269:AkzoNobel
252:indices.
210:AkzoNobel
114:AkzoNobel
67:Chemicals
3164:Archived
3100:Archived
3070:Archived
3014:Archived
2936:Archived
2787:Archived
2761:Archived
2757:BBC News
2733:cite web
2691:Archived
2665:Archived
2639:Archived
2613:Archived
2609:BBC News
2553:Archived
2549:BBC News
2523:Archived
2519:BBC News
2493:BBC News
2467:Archived
2405:BBC News
2379:Archived
2355:Archived
2330:Archived
2273:Archived
2233:Archived
2163:Archived
2105:Archived
2024:Archived
1993:Archived
1967:Archived
1933:Archived
1611:Archived
1607:20332274
1599:16192780
1548:29 April
1396:Archived
1366:Archived
1362:BBC News
1341:Archived
1280:See also
1263:Auckland
1207:. After
1185:solvents
1158:soda ash
1150:Adelaide
1027:dynamite
961:chlorine
957:Cheshire
930:Blackley
916:Archived
814:Syngenta
785:Givaudan
781:flavours
751:Malaysia
743:Teesside
705:Unilever
677:Unilever
668:to form
666:Astra AB
635:soda ash
539:paraquat
489:McKinsey
445:agent),
439:propofol
437:agent),
427:malarial
373:Terylene
359:(1932),
296:magazine
257:polymers
250:FTSE 100
238:Millbank
234:chemical
154:Products
63:Industry
3497:Harrods
3020:24 July
2843:. 1963.
2579:Reuters
2499:30 July
1899:icWales
1617:25 July
1307:IMI plc
1193:aquifer
1162:Osborne
1053:Gwynedd
1043:Inabata
953:Runcorn
942:Biocide
903:Mark I
893:ammonia
574:Viyella
527:Yalding
447:Inderal
429:drug),
357:Perspex
279:History
162:Revenue
99: (
91:Defunct
81: (
73:Founded
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1067:Slough
1019:Ardeer
913:London
870:Wilton
868:) and
843:Henkel
755:Taiwan
729:DuPont
662:Zeneca
646:DuPont
631:Hanson
619:BritAg
606:paints
322:DuPont
312:, and
308:, the
273:Henkel
265:Zeneca
242:London
212:
205:Parent
124:London
57:Public
18:I.C.I.
3527:Murex
3452:Coats
3412:FT 30
3167:(PDF)
3156:(PDF)
2973:(PDF)
2962:(PDF)
2056:(PDF)
2049:(PDF)
1603:S2CID
1473:(PDF)
1466:(PDF)
1178:Orica
924:Quorn
901:TRIGA
830:Dulux
767:Ineos
654:seeds
500:Burma
361:Dulux
246:FT 30
3437:Bass
3220:ISBN
3197:ISBN
3175:2018
3138:2013
3108:2016
3078:2016
3048:2015
3022:2010
3006:ISSN
2981:2014
2944:2020
2915:2010
2889:2010
2824:link
2795:2010
2769:2010
2739:link
2725:2010
2699:2010
2673:2010
2647:2010
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2531:2008
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2475:2008
2444:2010
2413:2010
2387:2019
2338:2010
2307:2013
2281:2010
2241:2010
2197:2010
2171:2018
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2113:2021
2087:2010
2032:2010
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1911:2008
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1045:.
975:.
926:.
816:.
228:(
103:)
85:)
20:)
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