462:
399:
598:
846:, who worked with Mackenzie at the British Museum in the early 1940s, described her as "always perfectly amiable and polite and never difficult to deal with, but not inclined to chat". In the obituary written by surveyor Andrew Taylor, a colleague on Operation Tabarin, he wrote that Mackenzie was broadly admired by all for her "gentle kindness and generosity". Former graduate student Vernon Ahmadjian called Mackenzie "the most considerate, patient, helpful and unselfish advisor that a graduate student could have wished for".
783:
902:
44:
725:
author. The 1960s proved challenging for
Mackenzie due to escalating personal and professional responsibilities. The move to Canada had been a significant expense, which may have contributed to Mackenzie's decision to sell her private herbarium of 3,200 specimens of European and South American plants
730:. It was revealed that Maila had amassed significant debts in Mackenzie's name; at one point, to reduce expenses, Mackenzie took up quarters in the Farlow Herbarium, where she "subsisted on a diet of potato chips and Coca Cola". Coupled with other challenges in her life, Mackenzie faced episodes of
542:
and marine algae samples. An unfortunate professional incident was shared by a family acquaintance who was assisting in the transportation of
Mackenzie, returning from having spent several weeks collecting specimens in the mountains on horseback. As Mackenzie, the driver, and her family descended
708:
were among the leading figures studying
Antarctic lichens. Both made significant contributions to the field, with Dodge focusing on preparing a comprehensive flora for the Antarctic continent and Mackenzie examining the lichens of the Antarctic Peninsula and nearby islands. Mackenzie had an
709:
adversarial rivalry with Dodge, criticising him for what she saw as "reckless taxonomy". She ceased her research on
Antarctic lichens in 1969 upon learning that Dodge was on the verge of publishing his own account of them. Furthermore, when reviewing Dodge's 1973 publication,
516:. The majority of these collections were made around the bases at Port Lockroy and Hope Bay, though she also sourced specimens from nearby excursions and during three extensive sled journeys covering approximately 800 mi (1,300 km). Mackenzie determined the
815:
s
October 1976 issue, simply stating she "should now be addressed as Dr. Elke Mackenzie". Some years earlier in 1972, in one of her final publications (published as "I.M. Lamb"), she cited the help of "Miss Elke Mackenzie". In 1980, Mackenzie returned to
328:, who had recently retired. Mackenzie became especially interested in the lichen flora of the Antarctic, as it was comparatively unknown, and she began studying early British, French, and Belgian Antarctic collections in Turkey and Paris. She earned her
496:. During her stay from February 1944 to January 1946 in the Antarctic, Mackenzie documented a collection of 1,030 botanical specimens, with a significant portion personally collected by her. This collection encompassed lichens,
387:, countering Argentine and Chilean claims, by establishing permanent bases and conducting scientific research. Further, there were concerns about the potential use of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions by enemy
251:, renaming herself to Elke Mackenzie and faced institutional prejudice as a result. After retirement, her later years were marred by poor health. Despite facing adversity, her legacy is preserved in the names of two
865:. Mackenzie's diary and documents reside in the archives of the British Antarctic Survey. Within this collection are comprehensive, unpublished notes in which she meticulously reviewed the descriptions of over 170
761:, and renamed herself to Elke Mackenzie. Following her transition, she found herself compelled to retire prematurely, encountering disapproval from the Farlow Herbarium, a sentiment underscored by her friend,
395:. By establishing a presence in the region, the British could better monitor any naval activity and potentially disrupt enemy operations. Marr recruited Mackenzie to serve as the expedition's botanist.
893:
called
Mackenzie "a first rate lichenologist in every way with a broad knowledge of the taxonomy and anatomy of lichens ... a careful and thorough researcher, taking meticulous notes on everything".
543:
from the mountains, the shaking of the truck combined with a powerful wind caused the entire stack of collected specimens, along with their valuable annotations, to be irretrievably lost.
406:
Mackenzie joined the crew in 1943 at Base A in Port
Lockroy, where she was tasked with both botanical and geological collecting. At the island, Mackenzie participated in several short
486:
Mackenzie collected lichen samples and conducted experiments on the accumulation of snow and subsequent thawing. Among her discoveries was the permanently submerged
800:
During the next six years, Mackenzie lost interest in her work with cryptogams, preferring to translate German botanical textbooks into
English. She constructed an
461:
2444:
2330:
1183:
649:(codename for a series of United States missions to Antarctica), she observed the region's biological facilities and research. In 1963, she published the
2454:
696:
continued her surveys on the South
Shetland Islands. Over the next three years, Mackenzie continued to collect specimens throughout Europe and Mexico.
672:
investigations with her colleagues from France and
Argentina, under a grant from the National Science Foundation and with the logistic support of the
2308:
1162:————————— (1970). "Antarctic terrestrial plants and their ecology". In Holdgate, M.W. (ed.).
721:
Mackenzie married Maila Elvira Laabefo of Finland in 1936, with whom she had two sons and a daughter. One son, Eric Mackenzie-Lamb, became a noted
2378:
2459:
606:
240:
149:
2469:
1701:
1632:
1399:
1211:
1171:
536:, and Mackenzie thought the warm Argentinian climate would help alleviate this. She traveled extensively in Argentina and Brazil to collect
2022:
Hertel, H. (1984). "Über saxicole, lecideoide Flechten der Subantarktis" [On saxicolous, lecideoid lichens of the subantarctic].
881:
for her involvement in Operation Tabarin, a silver medal with the Antarctic clasp. In 1974, she was elected as an honorary member of the
2299:
398:
2429:
2294:
2209:
2096:
1303:
713:, she dismissed it for what she described as its dubious scholarship. Other scientists have since corroborated Mackenzie's position.
2434:
629:. Their shared passion for lichens led to Ahmadjian enrolling as Mackenzie's first graduate student at Harvard the following year.
529:
232:
141:
320:
in London established three new assistant keeper positions. Mackenzie was appointed to the first of these roles, specifically for
2404:
380:
317:
292:
137:
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2409:
2355:
2304:
1053:
Mackenzie published 43 papers over a 43-year period; a full listing of her scientific work is given in the obituary written by
2449:
1336:
1691:
688:, which she had previously discovered in 1944. She was awarded a US polar medal for her work. After Mackenzie left in 1965,
2042:
2414:
430:
enabled more extensive surveying and exploratory journeys. Mackenzie was a member of the sledding team that navigated the
2464:
1724:
1547:
1525:
1520:
622:
455:
857:
material of this genus were lost due to fire and mildew, she published some results in an abridged form, as well as an
520:
of every lichen specimen, discovering some previously unrecorded in the Antarctic or unique to the Graham Land region.
1023:
642:
597:
414:, each carrying 700 pounds (320 kg) of food and scientific equipment. In 1945, the team introduced twenty-five
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727:
689:
626:
563:
555:
300:
236:
145:
1973:
1418:
1490:
1194:
837:
817:
758:
693:
364:
170:
90:
2240:
Imshaug, Henry A. (1957). "Alpine lichens of western United States and adjacent Canada I. The macrolichens".
765:. Mackenzie retired from Farlow in 1972 at the age of 60. The final specimen she recorded, dated 1973, was
943:
882:
843:
677:
658:
571:
492:
360:
340:
2359:
1960:
Brodo, Irwin M. (2000). "Lichenology in the American Bryological and Lichenological Society—1899–1999".
1738:
1013:
705:
646:
431:
1129:
1112:
1091:
1003:
2424:
2419:
963:
792:
767:
447:
296:
284:
205:
110:
2275:
Erichsen, C.F.E. (1940). "Lichenologische Beiträge III" [Lichenological contributions III].
953:
1357:
1332:
828:. Nevertheless, her physical well-being began to decline, ultimately leading to her diagnosis with
782:
469:
384:
325:
209:
2257:
1977:
1758:
1718:
1669:
1605:
1275:
858:
610:
583:
244:
2331:"Amazing top-secret WWII Antarctic mission 'to spy on Nazi troops in the South Pole' story told"
1933:
Lewis-Smith, Ronald I. (2000). "I.M. Lamb's unpublished contribution to Antarctic lichenology".
566:. She continued to collect, gathering specimens from various locations in Canada, including the
2205:
2092:
1908:
1697:
1628:
1395:
1167:
1058:
973:
825:
762:
754:
735:
731:
479:
465:
439:
372:
368:
329:
280:
260:
248:
217:
213:
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2383:
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1969:
1946:
1942:
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1661:
1595:
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1042:
993:
906:
801:
739:
681:
614:
451:
376:
256:
159:
745:
After separation, Mackenzie visited a specialist in New York City, who diagnosed her with "
562:. After the move to Canada, Mackenzie sold her private herbarium of 3,200 specimens to the
2163:
983:
567:
343:, remained employed at the museum until 20 September 1943. During this time, she produced
272:
163:
71:
2182:
1071:
676:. This study, to which Mackenzie referred to as "Operation Gooseflesh", took part in the
332:
from Edinburgh University in 1942, with a thesis titled "A monograph of the lichen genus
1862:
1198:
935:
890:
866:
673:
668:
Mackenzie returned to Antarctica for a third time in October 1964, where she undertook
547:
228:
43:
901:
442:, eventually rounding its easternmost point before making their way northwest back to
359:, focussing in both on their Antarctic species. Through this work, she connected with
2393:
1840:
1037:
is named for Mackenzie, as she studied the lichen on the island during her career. A
925:
820:
to live with her daughter, citing political unrest in Costa Rica. There, she took up
722:
653:, a catalogue that she had compiled between 1932 and 1960. It encompassed all lichen
638:
618:
1981:
1893:
1693:
Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia: A Guide to Their Identification and Ecology
1609:
786:
MacKenzie never finished her magnum opus: a worldwide monograph on the lichen genus
1146:
1057:. Mackenzie's memoirs on Operation Tabarin and her time in Antarctica, compiled by
1054:
824:
and furniture craftmanship, cultivating an interest in recreating reproductions of
669:
579:
575:
538:
487:
220:, a covert World War II mission to Antarctica, she identified and documented many
1649:
1389:
1871:
1034:
878:
821:
587:
435:
411:
193:
127:
2384:
Index Nominum Lichenum Inter Annos 1932 et 1960 Divulgatorum i–xii, 1–810, 1963
1814:
446:. On one of these sledding expeditions, Mackenzie and a colleague chanced upon
1600:
1583:
1475:
1458:
1038:
805:
505:
407:
349:
1865:
1391:
Operation Tabarin: Britain's Secret Wartime Expedition to Antarctica, 1944–46
1132:[New, rare or interesting lichens from the Southern Hemisphere. II].
1092:"Monografía de Placopsis Nyl., género de líquenes de la familia Lecanoraceae"
2227:
The Taxonomy and Physiology of Lichen Algae and Problems of Lichen Synthesis
2005:
Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
1115:[New, rare or interesting lichens from the Southern Hemisphere. I].
1113:"Apuntes sobre líquenes nuevos, raros o interesantes del hemisferio austral"
930:
854:
833:
746:
551:
533:
497:
392:
355:
344:
197:
192:, was a British polar explorer and botanist who specialised in the field of
1266:
Llano, G. (1991). "I. Mackenzie Lamb, D.Sc. (Elke Mackenzie) (1911–1990)".
637:
In 1960, Mackenzie became a US citizen. A year later, she travelled to the
227:
Over the course of her career in academia, Mackenzie held positions at the
1995:
Delépine, R. (1967). "Sur un nouveau genre de Chlorophycées antarctiques,
402:
Operation Tabarin. Base A, Port Lockroy; photographed by Mackenzie in 1945
1147:"New lichens from northern Patagonia, with notes on some related species"
886:
808:, and moved there in 1976. Mackenzie made a discreet announcement in the
443:
427:
423:
419:
276:
1145:————————— (1955).
1128:————————— (1953).
1111:————————— (1948).
1090:————————— (1947).
17:
2261:
2164:"Further additions to the lichen flora of Antarctica and South Georgia"
2068:
Skottsberg, C. (1953). "On two collections of Antarctic marine algae".
1762:
1673:
1279:
772:
388:
1741:(1965). "Antarctic Lichens and Vascular Plants: Their Significance".
920:
915:
750:
591:
559:
513:
415:
321:
263:
earned her polar medals from both the Britain and the United States.
252:
221:
201:
2253:
1754:
1665:
291:
with Honours in Botany in 1933. She received a scholarship from the
1130:"Líquenes nuevos, raros o interesantes del hemisferio austral - II"
528:
After the war, Mackenzie became professor of cryptogamic botany at
2122:
Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo"
1841:"A critical revision of Antarctic lichens described by C.W. Dodge"
900:
781:
776:
654:
596:
517:
509:
501:
460:
438:
peninsula, and later ventured eastward along the southern edge of
397:
288:
324:
research, on 14 January 1935. She was mentored by lichenologist
1521:"A Voyage To The Last Continent: Breaking The Ice In Antartica"
829:
2089:
Lichen Flora of the Antarctic Continent and Adjacent Islands
1685:
1683:
711:
Lichen Flora of the Antarctic Continent and Adjacent Islands
1974:
10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0015:litaba]2.0.co;2
1072:"Lichenological notes from the British Museum herbarium. I"
2091:. Canaan, New Hampshire: Phoenix Publishing. p. 324.
849:
Mackenzie's lifelong work on a comprehensive monograph of
1166:. London and New York: Academic Press. pp. 733–751.
454:, a relic untouched for more than four decades since the
1867:
Crime Fiction IV: A Comprehensive Bibliography 1749–2000
853:
was never completed. Although her original drawings and
410:
expeditions, involving the manual transportation of two
259:, all named in her honour. Mackenzie's contributions to
224:
species, several of them previously unknown to science.
1061:
and Ronald Lewis-Smith, were published in 2018, titled
938:), and several species. The list of species includes:
910:
is one of several species named in honour of Mackenzie.
657:
names introduced during that span. Her work built upon
605:
In 1953, Mackenzie was offered the directorship of the
2041:
Hertel, Hannes; Gärtner, Georg; Lőkös, László (2017).
1063:
The Secret South: A Tale of Operation Tabarin, 1943–46
836:
from 1986 until her death. Mackenzie died in 1990, in
1815:"Problems in Monographing Antarctic Crustose Lichens"
1514:
1512:
2202:
The Lichens of Baden-Württemberg. Distribution Atlas
275:, on 11 September 1911. Mackenzie's family moved to
27:
British polar explorer and lichenologist (1911–1990)
1690:Øvstedal, D. O.; Smith, R. I. Lewis (17 May 2001).
1193:is used to indicate this person as the author when
279:while she was a child, and she was enrolled in the
169:
155:
133:
123:
106:
98:
79:
53:
34:
2198:Die Flechten Baden-Württembergs. Verbreitungsatlas
2045:[Investigators of Austria's lichen flora]
1999:" [On a new genus of Antarctic Chlorophyceae,
1584:"Ivan Mackenzie Lamb (Elke Mackenzie) (1911–1990)"
316:In the mid-1930s, the department of botany at the
2229:(PhD thesis). Cambridge, USA: Harvard University.
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1308:Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)
295:, and continued doing research in botany at the
633:Antarctic return and other research endeavours
216:in 1942. In the two years she was involved in
2379:Ivan Mackenzie Lamb's Studies of Marine Algae
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1413:
1411:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
934:(genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family
546:In 1950, Mackenzie was put into contact with
379:. This expedition aimed to reinforce British
283:. After her graduation in 1929, she attended
8:
1627:. British Mycological Society. p. 101.
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1045:, Lamb Cliffs, is also named in her honour.
188:(11 September 1911 – 18 January 1990), born
2386:(I.M. Lamb's 810-page list of lichen names)
2112:Hakulinen, R. (1954). "Die Flechtengattung
1839:Castello, Miris; Nimis, Pier Luigi (1995).
1519:Mackenzie-Lamb, Antonio (14 October 2014).
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1065:. Some of Mackenzie's major works include:
704:During the mid-20th century, Mackenzie and
2204:] (in German). E. Ulmer. p. 511.
2162:Øvstedal, D.O.; Lewis Smith, R.I. (2009).
2116:Müller Argoviensis" [The lichen genus
42:
31:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1650:"Lichenology in North America, 1947-1972"
1599:
1474:
1304:"Obituary. Ivan Mackenzie Lamb 1911–1990"
2309:United States Department of the Interior
1625:Brief Biographies of British Mycologists
312:British Museum and Antarctic exploration
2043:"Forscher an Österreichs Flechtenflora"
1916:International Lichenological Newsletter
1654:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1223:
810:International Lichenological Newsletter
684:. During her stay, Mackenzie collected
2139:Imshaug, H. (1954). "A new species of
1716:
869:collected from Antarctic expeditions.
796:, widely distributed in the Antarctic.
607:Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany
601:Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany
241:Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany
150:Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany
2445:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1787:Imbler, Sabrina (26 September 2020).
1212:Category:Taxa named by Elke Mackenzie
613:, and she left Canada. Mackenzie met
7:
2329:Dirnhuber, Jacob (5 November 2018).
924:(genus of green algae in the family
749:syndrome", a disorder affecting the
200:, Scotland, Mackenzie later pursued
2300:Geographic Names Information System
1894:"Lichen Adventurer: Elke Mackenzie"
1789:"The Unsung Heroine of Lichenology"
1094:[Monograph of the lichen genus
1696:. 21: Cambridge University Press.
1459:"Obituary. Dr Ivan Mackenzie Lamb"
1333:"Lamb, Ivan Mackenzie (1911–1990)"
877:Mackenzie was awarded the British
371:, a convert mission instigated by
25:
2455:20th-century British LGBTQ people
1947:10.1127/nova.hedwigia/70/2000/491
1907:Brodo, I.M., ed. (October 1976).
2183:10.1127/0029-5035/2009/0088-0157
1892:Johnston, Eddie (24 June 2022).
532:. Her wife had developed severe
482:; collected by Mackenzie in 1945
318:British Museum (Natural History)
293:German Academic Exchange Service
138:British Museum (Natural History)
2356:International Plant Names Index
2305:United States Geological Survey
641:in Antarctica on behalf of the
434:along the eastern coast of the
1337:Natural History Museum, London
663:Catalogus lichenum universalis
617:in 1955 when they both took a
530:National University of Tucumán
524:Post-war academia and research
233:National University of Tucumán
142:National University of Tucumán
1:
2460:Recipients of the Polar Medal
1896:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
771:, an alga collected from the
738:. Ultimately, she obtained a
196:. Beginning her education in
2470:British Antarctic scientists
1526:The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer
1358:"Operation Tabarin overview"
623:Marine Biological Laboratory
456:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
171:Author abbrev. (botany)
1070:Lamb, I. Mackenzie (1936).
1024:Verrucaria mackenzie-lambii
998:Hertel & V.Wirth (1987)
645:. During this visit, under
643:National Science Foundation
2486:
2087:Dodge, Carroll W. (1973).
2024:Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia
1582:Ahmadjian, Vernon (1991).
2430:British transgender women
2143:from the United States".
2120:Müller Argoviensis].
1845:Bibliotheca Lichenologica
1648:Thomson, John W. (1974).
1601:10.1017/S0024282991000142
1476:10.1017/s0032247400012158
1394:. Stroud: History Press.
728:Canadian Museum of Nature
690:Denis Christopher Lindsay
627:Woods Hole, Massachusetts
564:Canadian Museum of Nature
556:National Museum of Canada
255:, numerous species and a
237:National Museum of Canada
179:
146:National Museum of Canada
116:
41:
2435:British LGBTQ scientists
1723:: CS1 maint: location (
1623:Ainsworth, G.C. (1996).
1552:British Antarctic Survey
1495:British Antarctic Survey
1423:British Antarctic Survey
1362:British Antarctic Survey
838:Braintree, Massachusetts
818:Cambridge, Massachusetts
759:gender-affirming surgery
694:British Antarctic Survey
365:Discovery Investigations
91:Braintree, Massachusetts
2405:British women botanists
1813:Hertel, Hannes (1988).
1457:Taylor, Andrew (1990).
363:, a biologist from the
2440:Transgender scientists
2410:British lichenologists
2225:Ahmadjian, V. (1959).
1548:"Scientific discovery"
1388:Haddelsey, S. (2014).
911:
883:British Lichen Society
797:
700:Professional relations
686:Verrucaria serpuloides
659:Alexander Zahlbruckner
651:Index Nominum Lichenum
602:
493:Verrucaria serpuloides
483:
403:
341:conscientious objector
301:University of Würzburg
271:Mackenzie was born in
2450:Transgender academics
1049:Selected publications
904:
830:motor neurone disease
785:
753:. In 1971, Mackenzie
706:Carroll William Dodge
647:Operation Deep Freeze
600:
550:, who hired her as a
500:, different types of
464:
432:Prince Gustav Channel
401:
347:on the lichen genera
247:. In 1971, Mackenzie
212:degree in 1933 and a
2415:Women lichenologists
964:Candelariella lambii
944:Antarctocolax lambii
885:. Lichenologist and
793:Stereocaulon alpinum
768:Pylaiella littoralis
736:contemplated suicide
297:University of Munich
285:Edinburgh University
206:Edinburgh University
111:Edinburgh University
2465:People from Clapham
1491:"Early exploration"
1184:author abbreviation
422:Canada, to bolster
385:Antarctic Peninsula
326:Annie Lorrain Smith
210:Bachelor of Science
190:Ivan Mackenzie Lamb
58:Ivan Mackenzie Lamb
2277:Annales Mycologici
2196:Wirth, V. (1987).
1014:Umbilicaria lambii
912:
861:to the species of
859:identification key
798:
611:Harvard University
603:
584:Cape Breton Island
484:
426:operations. These
404:
381:territorial claims
245:Harvard University
2400:British botanists
2070:Arkiv för Botanik
1703:978-0-521-66241-3
1634:978-0-9527704-0-4
1588:The Lichenologist
1401:978-0-7524-9356-5
1302:Ross, R. (1990).
1173:978-0-12-352102-6
1164:Antarctic Ecology
1079:Journal of Botany
1059:Stephen Haddelsey
974:Neuropogon lambii
948:Skottsberg (1953)
914:Mackenzie is the
832:in 1983. She was
763:Laurence Senelick
480:Trinity Peninsula
448:Otto Nordenskjöld
440:James Ross Island
373:Winston Churchill
369:Operation Tabarin
367:. Marr later led
330:Doctor of Science
287:. She earned her
281:Edinburgh Academy
261:polar exploration
218:Operation Tabarin
214:Doctor of Science
183:
182:
156:Doctoral students
118:Scientific career
68:11 September 1911
48:Mackenzie in 1944
16:(Redirected from
2477:
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2222:
2216:
2215:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2177:(1–2): 157–168.
2168:
2159:
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2152:
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2130:
2129:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1941:(3–4): 491–504.
1930:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1909:"News and Notes"
1904:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1803:
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968:Hakulinen (1954)
959:
958:C.W.Dodge (1973)
949:
907:Placopsis lambii
814:
740:legal separation
682:Melchior Islands
661:'s foundational
615:Vernon Ahmadjian
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1007:
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988:Øvstedal (2009)
987:
984:Parmelia lambii
977:
967:
957:
947:
918:of two genera,
899:
875:
826:seaman's chests
812:
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526:
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164:Royall T. Moore
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2373:External links
2371:
2368:
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2361: I.M.Lamb
2347:
2321:
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2242:The Bryologist
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954:Buellia lambii
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936:Xylographaceae
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891:Irwin M. Brodo
874:
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867:type specimens
757:, underwent a
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678:South Shetland
674:Argentine Navy
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548:Erling Porsild
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2360:
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2338:. Retrieved
2334:
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2312:. Retrieved
2298:
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2226:
2220:
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2128:(3): 1–127 .
2125:
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2073:
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2063:
2057:(2): 1–211 .
2054:
2050:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2011:: 1410–1413.
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1968:(1): 15–27.
1965:
1961:
1955:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1902:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1866:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1808:
1798:13 September
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1707:. Retrieved
1692:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1624:
1618:
1594:(1): 85–87.
1591:
1587:
1556:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1524:
1499:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1466:
1463:Polar Record
1462:
1427:. Retrieved
1422:
1390:
1366:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1311:
1307:
1271:
1267:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1137:
1133:
1120:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1062:
1055:George Llano
1052:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
962:
952:
942:
929:
919:
913:
905:
876:
863:Stereocaulon
862:
851:Stereocaulon
850:
848:
842:
809:
804:bungalow in
799:
791:
788:Stereocaulon
787:
766:
755:transitioned
744:
742:from Maila.
720:
710:
703:
685:
670:scuba diving
667:
662:
650:
636:
604:
580:Newfoundland
576:Saskatchewan
545:
539:Stereocaulon
537:
527:
491:
485:
474:
470:
412:Nansen sleds
405:
354:
348:
338:
333:
315:
270:
249:transitioned
226:
208:, earning a
189:
185:
184:
134:Institutions
117:
85:(1990-01-18)
29:
2425:1990 deaths
2420:1911 births
2295:"Cape Lamb"
2030:: 399–499 .
1872:Lotus Press
1793:JSTOR Daily
1098:Nyl.].
1035:Vega Island
879:Polar Medal
873:Recognition
844:Robert Ross
822:woodworking
790:. Shown is
590:), and the
588:Nova Scotia
552:cryptogamic
506:seed plants
436:Graham Land
375:during the
194:lichenology
128:Lichenology
99:Nationality
2394:Categories
2340:11 October
2283:: 303–331.
2151:: 154–157.
2141:Neuropogon
2076:: 531–566.
1877:15 October
1743:BioScience
1532:15 October
1368:11 October
1342:29 January
1218:References
1157:: 423–471.
1140:: 401–438.
1123:: 203–251.
1106:: 151–288.
1085:: 174–178.
1039:promontory
889:scientist
806:Costa Rica
732:depression
498:bryophytes
475:cycloplaca
450:'s hut on
408:manhauling
393:submarines
361:James Marr
350:Neuropogon
345:monographs
267:Early life
239:, and the
64:1911-09-11
1719:cite book
1709:27 August
1558:5 October
1501:5 October
1429:5 October
1314:(2): 239.
1096:Placopsis
931:Lambiella
855:exsiccata
834:bedridden
747:dysphonia
734:and even
534:arthritis
428:sled dogs
356:Placopsis
334:Placopsis
198:Edinburgh
2335:Fox News
1982:85809040
1851:: 71–92.
1828:: 65–76.
1610:87163431
1206:See also
1189:I.M.Lamb
1151:Farlowia
916:namesake
887:emeritus
773:mudflats
444:Hope Bay
424:sledding
420:Labrador
389:warships
299:and the
277:Scotland
175:I.M.Lamb
18:I.M.Lamb
2262:i362808
2145:Rhodora
2051:Stapfia
2003:].
1922:(2): 5.
1763:1293425
1674:2395184
1280:3243974
897:Eponyms
802:A-frame
726:to the
692:of the
514:diatoms
466:Isotype
416:huskies
383:in the
102:British
2314:24 May
2260:
2208:
2095:
2001:Lambia
1997:Lambia
1980:
1761:
1700:
1672:
1631:
1608:
1398:
1278:
1195:citing
1170:
1134:Lilloa
1117:Lilloa
1100:Lilloa
928:) and
921:Lambia
751:larynx
594:area.
592:Ottawa
560:Ottawa
512:, and
322:lichen
307:Career
253:genera
222:lichen
202:botany
124:Fields
2258:JSTOR
2200:[
2167:(PDF)
2072:. 2.
2047:(PDF)
1978:S2CID
1912:(PDF)
1818:(PDF)
1759:JSTOR
1670:JSTOR
1606:S2CID
1276:JSTOR
1075:(PDF)
813:'
777:Maine
518:genus
510:fungi
502:algae
478:from
473:var.
418:from
289:B.Sc.
2342:2023
2316:2013
2206:ISBN
2093:ISBN
1879:2023
1800:2021
1725:link
1711:2024
1698:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1560:2023
1534:2023
1503:2023
1431:2023
1396:ISBN
1370:2023
1344:2019
1168:ISBN
680:and
655:taxa
391:and
353:and
257:cape
93:, US
80:Died
74:, UK
54:Born
2250:doi
2179:doi
2055:104
2009:264
1970:doi
1966:103
1943:doi
1751:doi
1662:doi
1596:doi
1471:doi
1041:on
775:of
665:.
625:in
609:by
578:),
558:in
468:of
336:".
243:at
204:at
2396::
2358:.
2333:.
2307:,
2303:.
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