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origins of this statistic, revealing it to be an unevidenced estimate that proliferated through scientific literature without critical evaluation. The study found 76 academic articles and 37 popular media items repeating variations of this claim, highlighting the importance of rigorous citation practices in scientific communication.
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stating that lichens were the dominant organism in 8% of terrestrial habitats on Earth, attributing this statistic to
Douglas W. Larson. This claim, although unsupported by empirical evidence, became widely cited in both academic literature and popular media. A 2024 study by Drotos et al. traced the
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Ahmadjian, V., J. J. Brink, and A. I. Shehata. 1990. Molecular biology of lichens—Search for plasmid DNA and the question of gene movement between bionts. pp. 2–21. Proceedings of
International Symposium on Lichenology, Kyoto, Japan, Nippon Paint
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Schofield, E., and V. Ahmadjian. 1972. Field observations and laboratory studies of some
Antarctic cold desert cryptograms. In, Antarctic Terrestrial Biology. vol. 20. G. A. Llano, ed., American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C.,
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Ahmadjian, V. 1992. Basic mechanisms of signal exchange, recognition, and regulation in lichens. In, Algae and
Symbioses: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Viruses, Interactions Explored. W. Reisser, ed., Bristol, Biopress Ltd.,
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Ahmadjian, V. 1977. Qualitative requirements and utilization of nutrients: Lichens. In, CRC Handbook. Series in
Nutrition and Food. vol. 1. J. M. Rechcigl, ed., Cleveland, CRc Press, Sec. D. Nutritional Requirements,
302:
Ahmadjian, V. 1990a. What have synthetic lichens told us about real lichens? Contributions to
Lichenology. In honour of A. Henssen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. vol. 38. H. M. Jahns, ed. Berlin-Stuttgart, J. Cramer,
269:
Ahmadjian, V. 1980. Separation and artificial synthesis of lichens. In, Cellular
Interactions in Symbiosis and Parasitism. C. B. Cook, P. W. Pappas, and E. D. Rudolph, eds., Columbus, Ohio State University Press,
355:
Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1983. Algal-fungal relationships in lichens: Recognition, synthesis and development. In, Algal
Symbiosis. L. J. Goff, ed., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 147-172.
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Jacobs, J. B., and V. Ahmadjian. 1971b. The ultrastructure of lichens. IV. Movement of carbon products from alga to fungus as demonstrated by high resolution radioautography. New
Phytologist 70: 47-50.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1970a. The lichen symbiosis: Its origin and evolution. In, Evolutionary
Biology. vol. 4. T. Dobzhansky, M. K. Hecht, and W. C. Steere, eds., Appleton-Century Crofts, N.Y., N.Y., 163-184.
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Ahmadjian, V., L. A. Russell, and K. C. Hildreth. 1980. Artificial reestablishment of lichens. I. Morphological interactions between the phycobionts of different lichens and the mycobionts
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Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1987. Studies on the development of synthetic lichens. In, Progress and Problems in Lichenology in the Eighties, Bibliotheca Lichenologia. vol. 25.
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Ahmadjian, V., V. M. Chadeganipour, A. M. Koriem and S. Paracer. 1987. DNA and protoplast isolations from lichens and lichen symbionts. Lichen Physiology and Biochemistry, 2-11.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1982c. Algal/fungal symbioses. In, Progress in Phycological Research. vol. 1. F. E. Round and D. J. Chapman, eds., Amsterdam, Elsevier Biomedical Press, 179-233.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1973b. Methods of isolating and culturing lichen symbionts and thalli. In, The Lichens. V. Ahmadjian and M. E. Hale, eds., New York, Academic Press, 653-659.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1987b. Laboratory culture of lichens and lichen symbionts. Proceedings of symposium on tissue culture of lichen and bryophyte. Kyoto, Nippon Paint Co. 1-13.
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Remmer, S. B., and V. Ahmadjian, and T. P. Livdahl. 1986. Effects of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) and kinetin (6-furfurylamino-purine) on the synthetic lichen
250:
Ahmadjian, V. 1967. A guide to the algae occurring as lichen symbionts: Isolation, culture, cultural physiology, and identification Phycologia 6:127-160.
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Ahmadjian, V., and S. Paracer. 1986. Symbiosis: An introduction to Biological Associations. Hanover, N. H., University Press of New England, 212 pages.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1970b. Adaptations of Antarctic terrestrial plants. In, Antarctic Ecology. vol. 2. M. W. Holdgate, ed., London, Academic Press, 801-811.
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Hill, D. J., and V. Ahmadjian. 1972. Relationship between carbohydrate movement and the symbiosis in lichens with green algae. Planta 103: 267-277.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1987a. Coevolution in lichens. In, Endocytobiology. vol. 3. J. Lee and J. F. Fredrick, eds., New York Academy of Sciences, 307-315.
130:. Upon his return to civilian life, Ahmadjian continued his studies at Clark, receiving his MA in 1956, and then went on to achieve his PhD from
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Ahmadjian's influence on the field of lichenology extended beyond his direct research contributions. In 1995, he published an invited letter in
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Paracer, Surindar and Vernon Ahmadjian. 2000. Symbiosis, An Introduction to Biological Associations. Second Edition. Oxford University Press,
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Ahmadjian, V., J. B. Jacobs, and L. A. Russell, 1978. Scanning electron microscope study of early lichen synthesis. Science 200: 1062-1064.
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Kieft, T. L., and V. Ahmadjian. 1989. Biological ice nucleation activity in lichen mycobionts and photobionts. Lichenologist 21: 355-362.
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Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1985. Artificial reestablishment of lichens. IV. Comparison between natural and synthetic thalli of
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Ahmadjian, V. 1973a. Resynthesis of lichens. In, The Lichens. V. Ahmadjian and M. E. Hale, eds., New York, Academic Press, 565-579.
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Jacobs, J. B., and V. Ahmadjian. 1969. The ultrastructure of lichens. I. A general survey. Journal of Phycology 5: 227-240.
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Kinraide, W.T. B., and V. Ahmadjian. 1970. The effects of usnic acid on the physiology of cultured species of lichen alga
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Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1982. Artificial re-establishment of lichens. III. Synthetic development of
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Leuckert, C., V. Ahmadjian, C. F. Culberson, and A. Johnson. 1990. Xanthones and depsidones of the lichen
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507:: Potential for zoospore release and implications for the lichen association. Lichenologist 12: 173-187.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1966. Lichens in Symbiosis. vol. 1. S. M. Henry, ed., New York, Academic Press, 35-97.
122:. After graduating with his BA in 1952 from Clark University, Ahmadjian served for two years in the
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Ahmadjian, V. 1982a. Holobionts have more parts. International Lichenological Newsletter 15(2): 19.
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Ahmadjian, Vernon. 1967. The Lichen Symbiosis. Blaisdell Publishing Co., Waltham, Mass., 152 pages.
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awarded him with the Antarctic Medal in 1967, and gave a peak in the Queen Alexandria Range of the
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Ahmadjian, Vernon. 1993. The Lichen Symbiosis. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 250 pages.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1991. Molecular biology of lichens: A look to the future. Symbiosis 11: 249-254.
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Koriem, A. M., and V. Ahmadjian. 1986. An ultrastructural study of lichenized and cultured
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Wang-Yang, J. R., and V. Ahmadjian. 1972. A morphological study of the algal symbionts of
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Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1981 Relationship between fungus and alga in the lichen
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Ahmadjian, V. 1989. Studies on the isolation and synthesis of bionts of the cyanolichen
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637:"Scientific telephone: The cautionary tale of the global coverage of lichens"
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Jacobs, J. B., and V. Ahmadjian. 1971a. The ultrastructure of lichens. II.
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Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1970. The ultrastructure of lichens. III.
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Slocum, R. D., V. Ahmadjian, and K. C. Hildreth. 1980. Zoosporogenesis in
292:: Does it occur free-living? Plant Systematics and Evolution 158: 243-247.
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Withrow, K., and V. Ahmadjian. 1983. The ultrastructure of lichens. VII.
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Jacobs, J. B., and V. Ahmadjian. 1973. The ultrastructure of lichens. V.
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Rosentreter, R., and V. Ahmadjian. 1977. Effect of ozone on the lichen
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and its isolated symbionts. Lichen Physiology and Biochemistry 1: 1-25.
428:: The lichen and its isolated symbionts. Journal of Phycology 7: 71-82.
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Drotos, Katherine H.I.; Larson, Douglas W.; McMullin, R. Troy (2024).
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Ahmadjian, V. 1982b. The nature of lichens. Natural History 91: 30-37.
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110:, and wrote several books and numerous publications on the subject.
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Ahmadjian, V., and H. Heikkilä. 1970. The culture and synthesis of
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in nature and of its mycobiont in culture. Mycologia 82: 370-378.
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and the question of multinucleate cells in the lichen photobiont
94:(May 19, 1930 - March 13, 2012) was a distinguished professor at
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299:(Peltigeraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 165: 29-38.
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isolates from different lichens. Lichenologist 13: 65-86.
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Vernon Ahmadjian – awarded Acharius Medal (Biography)
438:, a fresh water lichen. New Phytologist 72: 155-160.
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Hildreth, K. C., and V. Ahmadjian. 1981. A study of
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541:is used to indicate this person as the author when
352:. Journal Hattori Botanical Laboratory 52: 393-399.
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1075:American Bryological and Lichenological Society
137:Owing to his lichen field work in the 1960s at
330:Staurothele clopima. Lichenologist 4: 259-267.
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467:. Endocytobiosis and Cell Research 3: 65-78.
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369:, ed., Berlin-Stuttgart, J. Cramer, 47-48.
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611:International Association for Lichenology
208:Ahmadjian, V.; Hale, M. E., eds. (1974).
164:for outstanding research in the field of
158:International Association for Lichenology
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560:Category:Taxa named by Vernon Ahmadjian
126:in the Combat Medical Corps during the
118:Ahmadjian was born on May 19, 1930, in
1509:People from Northbridge, Massachusetts
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156:In 1996, Ahmadjian was honored by the
585:"In Memory of Vernon Ahmadjian, Ph.D"
7:
288:Ahmadjian, V. 1988. The lichen alga
14:
1489:20th-century American botanists
685:International Plant Names Index
518:(L.) Ach. Taiwania 17: 170-181.
448:Puym. Lichenologist 4: 234-247.
181:He died on March 13, 2012, in
153:the name of "Ahmadjian Peak".
1:
1514:Scientists from Massachusetts
1107:Edward Blanchard Chamberlain
881:Marie-Agnès Letrouit-Galinou
362:. Lichenologist 17: 149-165.
314:. Lichenologist 22: 321-324.
212:. New York: Academic Press.
1346:Barbara J. Crandall-Stotler
338:. Lichenologist 4: 268-270.
147:National Science Foundation
120:Whitinsville, Massachusetts
43:Whitinsville, Massachusetts
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1131:Elizabeth Gertrude Britton
345:Tuck. Nature 289: 169-172.
1494:Acharius Medal recipients
1479:Harvard University alumni
1352:Chicita Frances Culberson
953:Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess
768:
720:Photo of Vernon Ahmadjian
496:. Bryologist 80: 600-605.
102:. He specialized in the
16:Lichenologist (1930-2012)
1504:Clark University faculty
1250:Betty Wilson Higinbotham
525:. Mycologia 75: 337-339.
404:. Mycologica 72: 90-109.
151:Transantarctic Mountains
100:Worcester, Massachusetts
85:professor, Lichenologist
1499:Clark University alumni
1484:American lichenologists
1328:William Louis Culberson
1197:Paul Morrison Patterson
1167:William Campbell Steere
1149:Robert Statham Williams
1125:Alexander William Evans
1113:Theodore Christian Frye
971:William Louis Culberson
893:David Leslie Hawksworth
183:Falmouth, Massachusetts
61:Falmouth, Massachusetts
1399:Theodore Lee Esslinger
1316:Thomas Hawkes Nash III
1232:Ruth Schornherst Breen
1185:Henry Shoemaker Conard
1179:Hugo Leander Blomquist
1101:John Michael Holzinger
839:Thomas Hawkes Nash III
653:10.1093/biosci/biae048
523:Chiodectron sanguineum
390:. Mycologia 72: 73-89.
1292:Emanuel David Rudolph
1214:Lewis Edward Anderson
1173:George Elwood Nichols
1155:Edwin Bunting Bartram
607:"Acharius Medallists"
587:. Miles Funeral Homes
306:Ahmadjian, V. 1990b.
1286:Paul Leslie Redfearn
1280:William Alfred Weber
1274:Wilfred B. Schofield
1143:Albert LeRoy Andrews
965:Chicita F. Culberson
785:William Alfred Weber
773:Per Magnus Jørgensen
725:Biology of symbiosis
512:Cladonia rangiferina
505:Trebouxia gelatinosa
479:Cladonia cristatella
426:Cladonia cristatella
402:Lecanora chrysoleuca
398:Cladonia cristatella
388:Lecanora chrysoleuca
384:Cladonia cristatella
343:Cladonia cristatella
1387:James Donald Lawrey
1381:William Russel Buck
1238:John Walter Thomson
1137:Annie Morrill Smith
1019:John Walter Thomson
532:author abbreviation
461:Peltigera rufescens
336:Endocarpon pusillum
326:Endocarpon pusillum
1429:Catherine La Farge
1423:Larry L. St. Clair
1405:Karen S. Renzaglia
1191:Richard T. Wareham
1095:George Newton Best
1073:Presidents of the
929:Christian Leuckert
833:Brian John Coppins
760:Recipients of the
713:2012-02-05 at the
486:Cladonia arbuscula
436:Hydrothyria venosa
132:Harvard University
124:United States Army
76:Harvard University
1456:
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1411:Roger Rosentreter
1298:Ronald A. Pursell
1256:Howard Alvin Crum
1244:Roy Franklin Cain
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1001:Otto Ludwig Lange
887:David Cecil Smith
857:Rosmarie Honegger
516:Parmelia caperata
494:Cladina stellaris
472:Lecanora dispersa
308:Trebouxia jamesii
219:978-0-12-044950-7
89:
88:
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1417:A. Jonathan Shaw
1358:Brent D. Mishler
1340:Vernon Ahmadjian
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1310:William D. Reese
1262:Harvey A. Miller
1161:Aaron John Sharp
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1447:Daphne Stone
1368:2000-present
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1334:Dale H. Vitt
1220:Geneva Sayre
983:Aino Henssen
947:Syo Kurokawa
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863:Mark Seaward
803:Bruce McCune
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619:. Retrieved
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55:(2012-03-13)
39:May 19, 1930
1474:2012 deaths
1469:1930 births
1449:(2023–2025)
1443:(2021–2023)
1437:(2019–2021)
1431:(2017–2019)
1425:(2015–2017)
1419:(2013–2015)
1413:(2011–2013)
1407:(2009–2011)
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1270:(1965–1967)
1264:(1964–1965)
1258:(1962–1963)
1246:(1960–1961)
1240:(1958–1959)
1234:(1956–1957)
1228:(1954–1955)
1222:(1952–1953)
1216:(1950–1951)
1199:(1948–1949)
1193:(1946–1947)
1187:(1942–1945)
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1169:(1936–1937)
1163:(1933–1935)
1157:(1931–1932)
1151:(1924–1930)
1145:(1922–1923)
1139:(1920–1921)
1133:(1916–1919)
1127:(1911–1915)
1115:(1908–1909)
1109:(1905–1907)
1103:(1903–1904)
1097:(1901–1902)
1091:(1899–1900)
1007:Josef Poelt
995:Hildur Krog
989:Peter James
935:Ernie Brodo
827:Leif Tibell
791:Allan Green
367:E. Peveling
210:The Lichens
166:lichenology
1463:Categories
1119:Bruce Fink
1025:Hans Trass
899:Teuvo Ahti
821:Ana Crespo
641:BioScience
621:2021-02-03
566:References
174:BioScience
143:Antarctica
128:Korean War
35:1930-05-19
1435:Doug Ladd
1207:1950–1999
1082:1899-1949
869:Jack Elix
537:Ahmadjian
490:Trebouxia
446:Trebouxia
409:Trebouxia
312:Trebouxia
290:Trebouxia
134:in 1960.
104:symbiosis
68:Education
711:Archived
671:39156616
662:11328143
554:See also
488:and the
373:Company.
321:675-697.
266:203-215.
242:Articles
500:97-142.
108:lichens
1252:(1962)
1121:(1910)
1033:(1992)
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591:2 July
543:citing
463:, and
453:Nostoc
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145:, the
114:Career
303:3-12.
270:3-29.
189:Books
667:PMID
593:2013
411:and
400:and
386:and
328:and
231:ISBN
214:ISBN
199:ISBN
50:Died
29:Born
657:PMC
649:doi
141:in
106:of
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33:(
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