Iterator - Knowledge (XXG)

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directly to the data elements. But this approach will negatively impact the iterator performance, since it must effectuate a double pointer following to access the actual data element. This is usually not desirable, because many algorithms using the iterators invoke the iterators data access operation more often than the advance method. It is therefore especially important to have iterators with very efficient data access.

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This approach does not properly separate the advance operation from the actual data access. If the data element must be used more than once for each advance, it needs to be stored in a temporary variable. When an advance is needed without data access (i.e. to skip a given data element), the access is

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Iterator types are separate from the container types they are used with, though the two are often used in concert. The category of the iterator (and thus the operations defined for it) usually depends on the type of container, with for instance arrays or vectors providing random access iterators, but

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All in all, this is always a trade-off between security (iterators remain always valid) and efficiency. Most of the time, the added security is not worth the efficiency price to pay for it. Using an alternative collection (for example a singly linked list instead of a vector) would be a better choice

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An alternative way to keep the number of updates bound relatively to the collection size would be to use a kind of handle mechanism, that is a collection of indirect pointers to the collection's elements that must be updated with the collection, and let the iterators point to these handles instead of

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For collections that may move around their data in memory, the only way to not invalidate the iterator is, for the collection, to somehow keep track of all the currently alive iterators and update them on the fly. Since the number of iterators at a given time may be arbitrarily large in comparison to

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An internal iterator is implemented by the member functions of the class which has the iteration logic. An external iterator is implemented by a separate class which can be attached to the object which has iteration logic. The advantage of external iterator is that, many iterators can be made active

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needed to transform the lower limit into the upper one, equals the number of items in the designated range; the number of distinct iterator values involved is one more than that. By convention, the lower limiting iterator "points to" the first element in the range, while the upper limiting iterator

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An index only can be used for containers that (efficiently) support random access (i.e. direct access to an element at a given position). An iterator is a more general concept. Iterators offer efficient traversal of linked lists, files, and a number of other data structures. It often leads to the

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Ruby implements iterators quite differently; all iterations are done by means of passing callback closures to container methods - this way Ruby not only implements basic iteration but also several patterns of iteration like function mapping, filters and reducing. Ruby also supports an alternative

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Alternatively, it may be desirable to abstract the mechanisms of the array storage container from the user by defining a custom object-oriented MATLAB implementation of the Iterator Pattern. Such an implementation supporting external iteration is demonstrated in MATLAB Central File Exchange item

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An iterator may allow the collection object to be modified without invalidating the iterator. For instance, once an iterator has advanced beyond the first element it may be possible to insert additional elements into the beginning of the collection with predictable results. With indexing this is

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that modify the structure of the container itself; these are methods of the container class, but in addition require one or more iterator values to specify the desired operation. While it is possible to have multiple iterators pointing into the same container simultaneously, structure-modifying

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programming, where the interrelationships between objects and the effects of operations may not be obvious. By using an iterator one is isolated from these sorts of consequences. This assertion must however be taken with a grain of salt, because more often than not, for efficiency reasons, the

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In the case of internal iteration where the user can supply an operation to the iterator to perform over every element of a collection, many built-in operators and MATLAB functions are overloaded to execute over every element of an array and return a corresponding output array implicitly.

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object provides implicit conversions to do this. Implicit conversions are a feature of Scala: methods that, when visible in the current scope, automatically insert calls to themselves into relevant expressions at the appropriate place to make them typecheck when they otherwise would not.

1448:, and yet another type is provided for "reverse iterators", whose operations are defined in such a way that an algorithm performing a usual (forward) traversal will actually do traversal in reverse order when called with reverse iterators. Most containers also provide a separate 1161:, in order of increasing possibilities. All of the standard container template types provide iterators of one of these categories. Iterators generalize pointers to elements of an array (which indeed can be used as iterators), and their syntax is designed to resemble that of 247:

values to its caller multiple times, instead of returning just once. Most iterators are naturally expressible as generators, but because generators preserve their local state between invocations, they're particularly well-suited for complicated, stateful iterators, such as

656:– they provide a potentially infinite iterable (but not necessarily indexable) object. Several languages, such as Perl and Python, implement streams as iterators. In Python, iterators are objects representing streams of data. Alternative implementations of stream include 605:

This iteration style is sometimes called "internal iteration" because its code fully executes within the context of the iterable object (that controls all aspects of iteration), and the programmer only provides the operation to execute at each step (using an

3978:, which allows for a finer operation of iteration in several contexts such as adding or eliminating items, or skipping over them to access other items. Thus, any user-defined class can support standard iteration by composing these roles and implementing the 1468:

operations may invalidate certain iterator values (the standard specifies for each case whether this may be so); using an invalidated iterator is an error that will lead to undefined behavior, and such errors need not be signaled by the run time system.

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An iterator allows a consumer to process each element of a collection while isolating the consumer from the internal structure of the collection. The collection can store elements in any manner while the consumer can access them as a sequence.

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Traversal using iterators usually involves a single varying iterator, and two fixed iterators that serve to delimit a range to be traversed. The distance between the limiting iterators, in terms of the number of applications of the operator

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arrays. In the case of external iteration where the onus is on the user to advance the traversal and request next elements, one can define a set of elements within an array storage structure and traverse the elements using the

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A user-defined iterator usually takes the form of a code reference that, when executed, calculates the next item in a list and returns it. When the iterator reaches the end of the list, it returns an agreed-upon

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method of the iterator removes the most recently visited element from the container while keeping the iterator usable. Adding or removing elements by calling the methods of the container (also from the same

198:). It also provides for creation and initialization to a first element and indicates whether all elements have been traversed. In some programming contexts, an iterator provides additional functionality. 205:

In object-oriented programming, an iterator class is usually designed in tight coordination with the corresponding collection class. Usually, the collection provides the methods for creating iterators.

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constant allows PHP scripts to iterate result sets with billions of rows with very little memory usage. These features are not exclusive to PHP nor to its MySQL class implementations (e.g. the

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Iterators can provide a consistent way to iterate on data structures of all kinds, and therefore make the code more readable, reusable, and less sensitive to a change in the data structure.

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was introduced in version 4.0 and made compatible with objects as values in 4.0 Beta 4. However, support for iterators was added in PHP 5 through the introduction of the internal

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sets (which use a linked structure as implementation) only providing bidirectional iterators. One same container type can have more than one associated iterator type; for instance the

1133:" statement to produce a sequence of elements instead of returning an object instance, will be transformed by the compiler into a new class implementing the appropriate interface. 1746:

syntax can be used to specify to operation to be iterated inline, avoiding the need to define a named function. Here is an example of for-each iteration using a lambda function:

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An iterator can enforce additional restrictions on access, such as ensuring that elements cannot be skipped or that a previously visited element cannot be accessed a second time.

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Iterators however can be used and defined explicitly. For any iterable type, there are several methods that control different aspects of the iteration process. For example, the

5425: 5345: 5246: 5207: 2210:, iterators have a rich set of methods similar to collections, and can be used directly in for loops. Indeed, both iterators and collections inherit from a common base trait - 5595:

C# 8.0 and .NET Core 3.0 – Modern Cross-Platform Development: Build Applications with C#, .NET Core, Entity Framework Core, ASP.NET Core, and ML.NET Using Visual Studio Code

1500:, that define the range over which iteration occurs. But no explicit iterator object is subsequently exposed as the iteration proceeds. This example shows the use of 2089:

with a similar API but that allows forward and backward iteration, provides its current index in the list and allows setting of the list element at its position.

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types support iteration, as well as many classes that are part of the standard library. The following example shows typical implicit iteration over a sequence:

638:. These functions still require explicit iterator objects as their initial input, but the subsequent iteration does not expose an iterator object to the user. 522:

way of iterating through the elements of a collection without an explicit iterator. An iterator object may exist, but is not represented in the source code.

2070:) makes the iterator unusable. An attempt to get the next element throws the exception. An exception is also thrown if there are no more elements remaining ( 3597:

are a fundamental part of the language, although usually users do not have to care about iterators. Their usage is hidden behind iteration APIs such as the

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iterator implementation is so tightly bound to the collection that it does preclude modification of the underlying collection without invalidating itself.

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method, to rewind the enumerator back to its initial position. The enumerator initially points to a special value before the first element, so a call to

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exception will be raised when no more elements are left. The following example shows an equivalent iteration over a sequence using explicit iterators:

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Java iterators and collections can be automatically converted into Scala iterators and collections, respectively, simply by adding the single line

152: 252:. There are subtle differences and distinctions in the use of the terms "generator" and "iterator", which vary between authors and languages. In 3582: 1197:

the upper limit. The latter does not reference any element of the container at all but is a valid iterator value that can be compared against.

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property, to obtain the value of the element currently being pointed at;Container classes typically implement this interface. However, the

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Iterators were introduced as constructs to allow looping over abstract data structures without revealing their internal representation.

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method internally, which returns the next element in the container. (The previous statement applies to Python 3.x. In Python 2.x, the

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if no more values could be produced. The following example shows an equivalent iteration over a collection using explicit iterators:

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method advances the iterator and returns the value pointed to by the iterator. The first element is obtained upon the first call to

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the size of the tied collection, updating them all will drastically impair the complexity guarantee on the collection's operations.

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does not point to any element in the range, but rather just beyond the end of the range. For traversal of an entire container, the

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to access each element. Although indexing may be used with collections, the use of iterators may have advantages such as:

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or similar constructs may also make use of implicit iterators during the construction of the result list, as in Python:

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Iterators can be categorised according to their functionality. Here is a (non-exhaustive) list of iterator categories:

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An iterator is often implemented in terms of the structure underlying a collection implementation and is often tightly

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Iterators however can be used and defined explicitly. For any iterable sequence type or class, the built-in function

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Simple traversal of a container object or a range of its elements (including modification of those elements unless a

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and describes several categories of iterators differing in the repertoire of operations they allow. These include

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Some authors use the term iterator, and others the term generator. Some make subtle distinctions between the two.

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Freeman, Eric; Freeman, Elisabeth; Kathy, Sierra; Bert, Bates (2004). Hendrickson, Mike; Loukides, Mike (eds.).

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interface. The two main interfaces for implementation in PHP scripts that enable objects to be iterated via the

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operators are used to reference the element to which the iterator points and pointer arithmetic operators like

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method, which advances to the next element and indicates whether the end of the collection has been reached; a

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The ability of a collection to be modified while iterating through its elements has become necessary in modern

3218:// The \mysqli_result class that is returned by the method call implements the internal Traversable interface. 1471:

Implicit iteration is also partially supported by C++ through the use of standard function templates, such as

5225:. The University of Western Ontario, Department of Computer Science. Archived from the original on 2012-08-06 657: 1146: 2054:

can be called repeatedly, we use it to insert commas between the elements but not after the last element.

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type, for which operations that would allow changing the values pointed to are intentionally not defined.

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Counting loops are not suitable to all data structures, in particular to data structures with no or slow

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method of a dictionary can be iterated over where it yields corresponding key,value pairs as a tuple:

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are a fundamental part of the language and in many cases go unseen as they are implicitly used in the

260:: a function that returns an iterator. An example of a Python generator returning an iterator for the 2572: 2353:

functions can be leveraged for performing custom or user defined operations over "native" arrays and

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Any user-defined class can support standard iteration (either implicit or explicit) by defining an

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Different languages or libraries used with these languages define iterator types. Some of them are

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method is supposed to produce and return the next value if possible, or return the sentinel value

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Internal refers to the fact that the interface cannot be implemented in PHP scripts, only in the

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You can think of an iterator as pointing to an item that is part of a larger container of items.

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trait and return an associated iterator type for their elements, enabling their use directly in

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method. Iterators are created by the corresponding container class, typically by a method named

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is used) can be done using iterators alone. But container types may also provide methods like

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All methods of the example class are used during the execution of a complete foreach loop (

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etc., it is often not necessary to deal with iterators directly when programming in Scala.

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property, to obtain the value of the element currently being pointed at. and an optional

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Instead of using an iterator, many languages allow the use of a subscript operator and a

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is used to create an iterator object. The iterator object can then be iterated with the

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Rust makes use of external iterators throughout the standard library, including in its

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supports both external and internal implicit iteration using either "native" arrays or

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container type allows traversal either using (raw) pointers to its elements (of type

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method, which returns an iterator that in turn yields the elements to the loop. The

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The following example shows typical implicit iteration over a collection of values:

3338:) can also be directly iterated over, when the dictionary keys are returned; or the 5264: 3570:

method that returns an iterator object. The iterator object then needs to define a

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role. The DNA strand is split into a group of trinucleotides when iterated over:

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can operate on any object providing such a method, even if it does not implement

17: 5812: 979: 35: 5753: 5677: 5061: – Reusable design for writing code that provides a well-defined function 240: 5382: 5405:"Types of iterator: Output vs. input vs. forward vs. random access iterator" 4627:

loop (or indeed, any method that consumes the iterator), proceeds until the

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The simplest implementation is by wrapping an array, this can be useful for

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test method is used. The following example shows a simple use of iterators:

1919:. To determine when all the elements in the container have been visited the 232: 5711: 2575:

provides several classes to work with special iterators. PHP also supports

194:) and can change its internal state to provide access to the next element ( 3680:

method can be invoked on the hash to iterate over the key and values; the

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nonetheless performed, though the returned value is ignored in this case.

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that provide items in different orders, such as forwards and backwards.

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to the collection to enable the operational semantics of the iterator.

5185:. CareerRide.COM. 2009-04-03. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19 4696:

Users can create custom iterators by creating a type implementing the

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Raku hashes can also be directly iterated over; this yields key-value

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language has a few function templates for implicit iteration, such as

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When used they must be initialized with existing iterators, usually

5133:. The University of Western Ontario, Department of Computer Science 1142: 850: 757: 631: 487: 5183:"Difference between an external iterator and an internal iterator" 5491:. Intel Threading Building Blocks for Open Source. Archived from 5441:"Introduction to SPL: Introduction to Standard PHP Library (SPL)" 1949:// Iterator<MyType> iter = list.iterator(); // in J2SE 5.0 507: 231:

One way of implementing an iterator is via a restricted form of

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All collections provided by the standard library implement the

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ensures that the internal structure starts from the beginning.

2583: 2533: 1424:// Print value of each element 'x' of 'items'. 1379:// In C++11, the same can be done without using any iterators: 1289:// Append integer value '9' to vector 'items'. 1268:// Append integer value '2' to vector 'items'. 1247:// Append integer value '5' to vector 'items'. 1180:

are used to modify iterators in the traversal of a container.

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The next example illustrates a PHP class that implements the

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An implicit iterator is often manifest in language syntax as

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In Ruby, iteration requires accessing an iterator property:

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function applies a caller-defined function to each element:

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method of an iterator until it is consumed. The most basic

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An iterator provides access to an element of a collection (

3263:// Act on the returned row, which is an associative array. 1882:

interface allows the iteration of container classes. Each

1557:// Function that will process each item of the collection. 1200:

The following example shows a typical use of an iterator.

927:(i.e. C#) are called "enumerators" and represented by the 630:

Sometimes the implicit hidden nature is only partial. The

5407:. stackoverflow. Archived from the original on 2012-08-08 3974:

is more complex and provides a series of methods such as

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The following shows a simple use of iterators in C# 2.0:

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In Python, a collection object can be iterated directly:

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class to act upon the data before it is returned to the

1373:// And print value of 'items' for current index. 27:

Object that enables processing collection items in order

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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advances to the next element in the internal structure.

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A Technique for Generic Iteration and Its Optimization

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that progressively provides access to each item of a

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Java's Iterator, Iterable and ListIterator Explained

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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to each element of an array using built-in function

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methods but has no methods to modify the container.

1772:// A for-each iteration loop with a lambda function. 1769:// Any standard container type of ItemType elements. 1527:// Any standard container type of ItemType elements. 213:

is sometimes also referred to as a loop iterator. A

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A collection may provide multiple iterators via its

60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5177: 5175: 2529:UML class diagram of the Iterator interface in PHP 2110:) loop for iterating over collections and arrays. 954:Enumerators are typically obtained by calling the 5323:. BYTES. Archived from the original on 2012-08-09 4689:, etc.) as methods provided automatically by the 3993:class represents a DNA strand and implements the 5424:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5344:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5245:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5206:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5158:. Cprogramming.com - Your resource for C and C++ 4666:is automatically provided an implementation for 4531:Ruby can also iterate over fixed lists by using 3684:method to iterate over the hash's keys; and the 3073:foreach ($ iterator as $ key => $ current) {} 2128:loop, the preceding example can be rewritten as 706:problematic since the index numbers must change. 5258: 5256: 4411:, the following three examples are equivalent: 2380:% Perform a custom operation over each element 2186:Some containers also use the older (since 1.0) 1430:// Both of the for loops print "529". 5195:simultaneously on the existing or same object. 4712:type implements a custom, unbounded iterator: 4539:method or doing a for each on them, as above. 3970:to be implemented by the composing class. The 4635:value (iterations yielding elements return a 8: 5633:"Effective Java: Programming Language Guide" 5121: 5119: 4700:trait. Custom collections can implement the 4654:method). Iterators themselves implement the 1145:language makes wide use of iterators in its 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 4662:method. Furthermore, any type implementing 3239:'SELECT `a`, `b`, `c` FROM `table`' 2473:that implicitly applies custom subfunction 3688:method to iterate over the hash's values. 2061:For collection types that support it, the 816: 742: 5489:"concurrent_unordered_set Template Class" 2337:traverses an array of integers using the 1121:: a method that is declared as returning 165:An iterator is behaviorally similar to a 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 3930:# stop if we reached iteration's end 3136:interface, which could be wrapped in an 2419:% Echo resulting array to Command Window 5300:"Glossary — Python 3.8.4 documentation" 5126:Watt, Stephen M. (September 16, 2006). 5089: 5070: – concept in computer programming 3954:All iterable types in Raku compose the 482:Some object-oriented languages such as 5417: 5337: 5272:. Vol. 1. O'REILLY. p. 338. 5238: 5199: 4407:syntax for the basic iterating method 3966:is quite simple and only requires the 3574:method that returns the next element. 982:). Both interfaces were expanded into 652:Iterators are a useful abstraction of 384:# The generator constructs an iterator 5361:"C++ Iteratoren: Iterator-Kategorien" 2487:Design Pattern: Iterator (Behavioral) 1898:method, and may optionally support a 1193:method provides the lower limit, and 958:method of an object implementing the 7: 4673:Iterators support various adapters ( 3296:. All of Python's standard built-in 58:adding citations to reliable sources 5099:"Understanding and Using Iterators" 4658:trait, which requires defining the 2096:5.0 release of Java introduced the 1349:// Iterate through 'items'. 5635:(third ed.). Addison-Wesley. 5333:generation of more efficient code. 3144:loop. The usage together with the 2357:arrays respectively. For example, 914:In different programming languages 25: 5789:Understanding and Using Iterators 5059:Design pattern (computer science) 4559:loop for example iterates over a 4551:loop, which implicitly calls the 3913:# grab iteration's next value 2102:interface to support an enhanced 5097:Gatcomb, Joshua (Jun 16, 2005). 3840:method is supposed to return an 2329:% Echo integer to Command Window 2212:scala.collection.TraversableOnce 2074:has previously returned false). 951:is required to begin iterating. 34: 5079: – Software design pattern 4650:trait (meaning they define the 3578: 3334:Python dictionaries (a form of 1640:The same can be achieved using 1444:), or values of a special type 1118: 45:needs additional citations for 2567:) that returns an instance of 2285:-loop construct. For example, 1446:std::vector<T>::iterator 176:programming language in 1974. 1: 5363:(in German). cppreference.com 5319:Vecerina, Ivan (2006-02-01). 4610:// Prints the numbers 0 to 41 2368:% Define an array of integers 2290:% Define an array of integers 1635:// A for-each iteration loop. 256:, a generator is an iterator 5559:Skeet, Jon (23 March 2019). 3108:returned value is stored in 3098:returned value is stored in 243:, a generator coroutine can 227:Generator (computer science) 5756:. The PHP Group. 2013-06-20 5712:"The Traversable interface" 5680:. The PHP Group. 2000-02-20 4535:s and either calling their 3891:# grab iterator for @values 2469:defines a primary function 5878: 5813:Boost C++ Iterator Library 5266:Head First Design Patterns 3776:"$ key: $ value" 3194:'host.example.com' 645: 224: 183: 5857:Object (computer science) 5525:Albahari, Joseph (2022). 5042:// Prints 1, 2, 5, and 13 4619:loop will call a value's 3581:implement this iteration 3456:method is equivalent.) A 3448:function, which uses the 2493:array realization of the 2314:% ... do something with n 1650:value as third iterator: 5852:Iteration in programming 5699:C (programming language) 5068:Range (computer science) 4714: 4565: 4496: 4462: 4413: 4203: 4193:class composes both the 4003: 3854: 3810:"$ key => " 3690: 3618: 3462: 3390: 3344: 3302: 3158: 3128:and the loop is aborted. 3096:$ iterator->current() 2598:Knowledge (XXG)\Iterator 2592: 2359: 2287: 2231: 2130: 1925: 1748: 1652: 1506: 1202: 995: 896:Recursive array iterator 619: 570: 536: 424: 270: 5403:larsmans (2011-03-06). 3212:'database_name' 3080:$ iterator->rewind() 2495:List Abstract Data Type 2120:method that returns an 1159:random access iterators 1155:bidirectional iterators 613:Languages that support 5631:Bloch, Joshua (2018). 4643:is the element type). 3122:$ iterator->valid() 3086:$ iterator->valid() 2530: 2446:% Simply multiply by 2 2086:java.util.ListIterator 788:Random access iterator 754:Bidirectional iterator 672:Contrast with indexing 172:Iterators date to the 5837:Reference description 5823:PHP: Object Iteration 5383:"Iterators: Concepts" 4670:that returns itself. 3609:, list indexing with 3294:generator expressions 3152:class implements the 3116:$ iterator->next() 2528: 2513:methods for use in a 2124:. Using the enhanced 1876:JDK 1.2 release, the 1647:std::ostream_iterator 1117:C# 2.0 also supports 646:Further information: 412:higher order function 239:. By contrast with a 3173:MYSQLI_REPORT_STRICT 3156:interface as well). 3106:$ iterator->key() 2573:Standard PHP Library 1438:std::vector<T> 134:computer programming 54:improve this article 5862:Abstract data types 5833:What are iterators? 5527:C# 10 in a Nutshell 5321:"index vs iterator" 4161:'GATTACATA' 4130:'GATTACATA' 4026:/^^ <>+ $ $ / 3962:role, or both. The 3290:list comprehensions 3167:MYSQLI_REPORT_ERROR 2703:'rewinding' 2501:traversal with the 2190:class. It provides 1073:// implicit version 998:// explicit version 660:languages, such as 615:list comprehensions 416:anonymous functions 268:statement follows: 5469:on 18 October 2018 4708:loops. Below, the 4615:Specifically, the 3206:'password' 3200:'username' 2588:information hiding 2531: 2077:Additionally, for 1879:java.util.Iterator 1872:Introduced in the 1166:pointer arithmetic 858:Directory iterator 648:Stream (computing) 608:anonymous function 502:(later versions), 494:(later versions), 490:(later versions), 5754:"PHP 5 ChangeLog" 5678:"PHP 4 ChangeLog" 5604:978-1-098-12195-2 5536:978-1-098-12195-2 5461:Collier, Andrew. 5279:978-0-596-00712-6 5221:Watt, Stephen M. 4631:method returns a 4375:"Hello" 3997:by composing the 3336:associative array 3245:MYSQLI_USE_RESULT 3146:MYSQLI_USE_RESULT 3021:'valid: ' 2557:IteratorAggregate 2345:Furthermore, the 2260:to the file. The 2192:hasMoreElements() 1486:std::accumulate() 1151:forward iterators 1129:), but uses the " 923:Iterators in the 911: 910: 847:Constant iterator 807: 806: 478:Implicit iterator 408:internal iterator 402:Internal Iterator 262:Fibonacci numbers 196:element traversal 130: 129: 122: 104: 18:IteratorAggregate 16:(Redirected from 5869: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5708: 5702: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5628: 5609: 5608: 5590: 5575: 5574: 5556: 5541: 5540: 5522: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5465:. Archived from 5463:"Iterators in R" 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5439:Kevin Waterson. 5436: 5430: 5429: 5423: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5381:Kevin Waterson. 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5359:Kevin Waterson. 5356: 5350: 5349: 5343: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5271: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5205: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5179: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5094: 5073: 5064: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4494:or even shorter 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4410: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3851: 3847: 3844:object, and the 3843: 3839: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3341: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3288:) statement, in 3283: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3138:IteratorIterator 3135: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3092:in this example. 3087: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2263: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2088: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1881: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1697:ostream_iterator 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1649: 1643: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1147:Standard Library 1132: 1128: 1124: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 977: 965: 961: 957: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 839:Caching iterator 817: 796:Trivial iterator 764:Forward iterator 743: 637: 626: 623: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 530: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 421: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 267: 186:Iterator pattern 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5842: 5841: 5803:Stephen M. Watt 5774: 5769: 5768: 5759: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5738: 5736: 5735:. The PHP Group 5731: 5730: 5726: 5717: 5715: 5714:. The PHP Group 5710: 5709: 5705: 5696: 5692: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5662: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5630: 5629: 5612: 5605: 5593:Price, Mark J. 5592: 5591: 5578: 5571: 5558: 5557: 5544: 5537: 5524: 5523: 5510: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5388: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5366: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5269: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5237: 5228: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5173: 5161: 5159: 5156:"STL Iterators" 5153: 5152: 5148: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5117: 5104: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5077:Visitor pattern 5071: 5062: 5050: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5033:"{n}" 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3825:# three => 3 3824: 3821: 3817: 3814:%word-to-number 3813: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3795:%word-to-number 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3757:%word-to-number 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3745:# three => 3 3744: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3727:%word-to-number 3726: 3723: 3719: 3716:'three' 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3696:%word-to-number 3695: 3692: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3537:# in Python 3.x 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3516:# in Python 2.x 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3042:'false' 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2778:"current: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2523: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2271: 2262:JavaConversions 2261: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2249:JavaConversions 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2097: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2062: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1744:lambda function 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 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