410:
641:
624:
335:
657:
146:
120:
1828:
682:
in
Ithonidae. The history of Ithonidae and Polysteochotidae is more complex, with several genera having been transferred between each other over the years. Phylogenetic analysis and associated genetic sequencing of three genetic markers for the two families was published in 2010. The results of
695:
in the family
Ithonidae, while all the remaining genera are nested into an expanded Polysteochotidae, given the overall interrelation between the groups, the authors opted to combine the two into an expanded single family Ithonidae.
381:, as unique among Neuroptera species. The odd larval shape of Ithionidae larvae has been, and continues to be, a subject of interest among entomologists. Tillyard suggested the larvae to be carnivorous, preying upon
533:
Ithonid specimens have been described from fossils dating between the Early
Jurassic and the late Eocene, and from sites that indicate a wider geographic range then seen in the modern taxa. Early genera from the
306:, while the extinct genera had a more global range. The family is considered one of the most primitive living neuropteran families. The family has been expanded twice, first to include the genus
1654:"Observations on the Biology of Polystoechotes punctatus (Fabricius) (Neuroptera: Ithonidae): Adult Trophic Status, Description of the Male Reproductive System, and Associations with Mites"
1607:"Unearthing underground predators: The head morphology of larvae of the moth lacewing genus Ithone Newman (Neuroptera: Ithonidae) and its functional and phylogenetic implications"
568:, which has species described from Brazil, England and tentatively China. The youngest paleorange for the family includes sites in western North America such as the
355:
conducted research in 1914 on "Polystoechotidae" larvae resulting in the conclusion that the larvae were carnivorous. The larvae live a subterranean life. The first
2371:
1708:
1495:
2397:
2345:
569:
2384:
389:, a condition unique among neuropterans. The adults of at least some ithonids are carnivorous. Mass emergences have been recorded from the genera
438:. The habitats are varied with the genera falling into two general groups, arid taxa and forest taxa. Those genera found in arid regions are
302:. The family contains a total of ten living genera, and over a dozen extinct genera described from fossils. The modern Ithonids have a notably
1758:
385:
larvae, attacking with the large mandibles and "sucking them dry". Further study by
Faulkner in 1990 has shown the immature Ithonidae to be
1704:"Phylogeny of Moth Lacewings and Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Ithonidae, Polystoechotidae) Using DNA Sequence Data, Morphology, and Fossils"
2466:
1859:
678:
was formerly considered to be the sole genus in the family
Rapismatidae, however work in the 1990s and 2000s resulted in the inclusion of
1500:
1560:"Grub-like larvae of Neuroptera (Insecta): a morphological review of the families Ithonidae and Polystoechotidae and a description of
1496:"Tertiary Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystechotidae): Revision and Description of New Taxa From Western North America and Denmark"
2389:
409:
640:
498:
has diminished, disappearing from eastern North
America by the 1950s, and now appears restricted to Western North America.
2461:
1795:
Makarkin, VN; Wedmann, S; Weiterschan, T (2014). "First record of the family
Ithonidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber".
235:
2293:
2280:
1525:
1066:
145:
2402:
656:
628:
623:
1852:
422:
Modern
Ithonidae genera are distributed in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres, with three species in the
334:
472:
486:
577:
1747:
Insects: Their
Natural History And Diversity: With a Photographic Guide to Insects of Eastern North America
2220:
825:
661:
645:
2298:
2423:
1021:
911:
907:
833:
801:
634:
522:
303:
1832:
128:
1605:
Li, Di; Friedrich, Frank; Jandausch, Kenny; Pohl, Hans; Liu, Xingyue; Beutel, Rolf G. (October 2022).
895:
813:
2332:
2267:
1002:
982:
959:
856:
509:
500:
364:
2456:
2139:
1845:
1750:
971:
369:
2451:
1727:
1681:
1634:
1559:
1517:
875:
754:
431:
352:
256:
140:
2428:
1151:
1085:
1033:
919:
849:
1073:
2410:
2319:
2127:
1812:
1754:
1673:
1626:
1159:
1108:
1041:
927:
860:
724:
666:
573:
435:
427:
326:. The larvae of ithonids are grub-like, subterranean and likely phytophagous (plant feeding).
2376:
2092:
2039:
1804:
1717:
1665:
1653:
1618:
1578:
1509:
994:
887:
743:
581:
440:
397:
288:
2415:
430:
of the
Western Hemisphere. Of the genera in the Eastern Hemisphere, three are found in the
2168:
2047:
1964:
1143:
707:. Ithonidae includes a number of extinct genera described from fossils dating between the
704:
296:
2258:
1606:
674:
The Ithonidae are regarded as the most primitive living members of Neuroptera. The genus
119:
1009:
947:
935:
708:
590:
466:
423:
414:
2445:
1685:
1638:
1101:
951:
598:
517:
477:
360:
210:
133:
77:
1731:
1521:
2192:
2155:
2147:
2068:
2026:
2018:
1997:
1944:
1912:
864:
841:
794:
782:
700:
650:
612:
607:
457:
382:
2272:
2324:
2285:
2358:
2252:
2084:
2005:
1976:
1669:
1131:
1054:
712:
564:
461:
378:
339:
320:. Both Rapismatidae and Polystoechotidae have been shown to nest into Ithonidae
52:
2243:
1808:
30:"Giant lacewing" redirects here. For another family with that common name, see
2100:
1869:
1513:
1139:
1097:
868:
559:
551:
547:
543:
513:
374:
348:
322:
316:, and then in 2010 to include the genera that had been placed into the family
299:
197:
97:
62:
1837:
1677:
1630:
2176:
2076:
2055:
1936:
1900:
1888:
821:
732:
386:
292:
177:
157:
102:
31:
1816:
17:
1827:
1583:
2306:
2237:
1906:
1119:
1062:
943:
903:
736:
555:
535:
452:
391:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
2311:
2184:
1622:
1166:
602:
308:
107:
82:
2363:
1894:
1882:
883:
790:
765:
595:
585:
481:
446:
356:
187:
167:
2350:
2214:
1722:
1703:
715:. The genera of Ithonidae are clustered into three informal groups:
683:
the analysis showed a clear grouping of the three Australian genera
611:, described in 2014, extended the family's fossil range to include
655:
639:
622:
539:
491:
408:
333:
2218:
2124:
1961:
1925:
1841:
456:. Four of the Neotropical species inhabit areas with forested
1001:(Eocene, Coldwater Beds, Canada, Klondike Mountain Formation,
2337:
359:
stage for modern larvae is grub-like, resembling those of
373:
in 1922, noting the unusual grub-like shape, similar to
978:(Callovian/Oxfordian, Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan)
966:(Callovian/Oxfordian, Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan)
1658:
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
2227:
2167:
2138:
2067:
2038:
2017:
1996:
1975:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1697:
1695:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1709:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
347:Ithonidae are typically medium to large-sized
1853:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
418:fossil, 50 million years old, Washington, USA
8:
530:, also inhabiting forests in Central Chile.
954:, Denmark, Klondike Mountain Formation, USA
2215:
2135:
2121:
1972:
1958:
1922:
1860:
1846:
1838:
787:Makarkin, Wedmann, & Weiterschan, 2014
703:to the remaining families in the suborder
401:, usually associated with seasonal rains.
312:, formerly placed in the monotypic family
118:
38:
1721:
1582:
1494:Archibald, S.B.; Makarkin V.N. (2006).
1469:
7:
1702:Winterton, SL; Makarkin, VN (2010).
1501:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1395:
1339:
1228:
1221:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1177:
930:, Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan)
25:
1173:South, Southeast and Eastern Asia
470:has the widest modern range with
1826:
926:(Middle/Late Jurassic Callovian/
508:, is restricted in range to the
144:
2058:(spongeflies or spongillaflies)
1652:De Jong, Grant D. (July 2011).
520:. The remaining modern species
1571:European Journal of Entomology
1138:Early Cretaceous (Barremian),
1059:Makarkin & Archibald, 2009
999:Archibald & Makarkin, 2006
494:. The North American range of
490:inhabiting forests in Central
367:first described the larvae of
1:
480:south along the mountains to
1028:(Daohugou, China, Callovian)
840:Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
729:Zheng, Ren, & wang, 2016
2467:Taxa named by Edward Newman
1670:10.4289/0013-8797.113.3.291
1067:Klondike Mountain Formation
2483:
1809:10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.10
1158:Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
1136:Makarkin & Menon, 2007
838:Ren, Engel, & Lü, 2002
776:The Polystoechotid group:
629:Puripolystoechotes pumilus
476:inhabiting forests across
415:Palaeopsychops marringerae
29:
2134:
2120:
1971:
1957:
1932:
1921:
1877:
1514:10.1017/S1477201906001817
1430:
1415:
1400:
1393:
1359:
1344:
1337:
1322:
1298:
1274:
1249:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1142:, United Kingdom, Aptian
910:, Kyrgyzstan; Callovian,
262:
255:
248:
243:
141:Scientific classification
139:
126:
117:
41:
2179:(split-footed lacewings)
1558:Grebennikov, V. (2004).
619:Systematics and taxonomy
501:Platystoechotes lineatus
594:have been found in the
588:. Species of the genus
554:. The next grouping of
330:Description and ecology
1048:The Rapismatid Group:
671:
653:
646:Elektrithone expectata
637:
558:fossils belong to the
504:, the sole species in
419:
344:
2424:Paleobiology Database
1835:at Wikimedia Commons
1611:Systematic Entomology
1584:10.14411/eje.2004.056
1126:Western North America
989:Western North America
912:Jiulongshan Formation
659:
643:
635:Jiulongshan Formation
626:
412:
337:
304:disjunct distribution
48:Early Jurassic–Recent
2079:(pleasing lacewings)
1745:S. Marshall (2006).
1003:Florissant Formation
857:Karabastau Formation
662:Ricaniella antiquata
572:in Colorado and the
570:Florissant formation
526:shares habitat with
523:Fontecilla graphicus
2462:Neuroptera families
1040:Eocene (Ypresian),
880:Ren & Guo, 1996
718:The Ithonid group:
670:(1895 illustration)
538:have been found in
340:Allorapisma chuorum
2103:(beaded lacewings)
2095:(thorny lacewings)
1623:10.1111/syen.12556
1156:So & Won, 2022
1022:Puripolystoechotes
908:Sulyukta Formation
882:Early Cretaceous (
834:Jurapolystoechotes
699:Ithonidae forms a
672:
654:
638:
432:Australasian realm
426:, and four in the
420:
365:Robert J. Tillyard
345:
279:, commonly called
2439:
2438:
2411:Open Tree of Life
2221:Taxon identifiers
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2159:
2151:
2150:(silky lacewings)
2128:Myrmeleontiformia
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2093:Rhachiberothidae
2088:
2080:
2059:
2051:
2030:
2029:(brown lacewings)
2009:
2008:(green lacewings)
1988:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1831:Media related to
1760:978-1-55297-900-6
1461:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1311:
1310:
1287:
1286:
1263:
1262:
1188:Polysteochotidae
1160:Sinuiju Formation
1096:Late Cretaceous (
1042:Allenby Formation
859:, Late Jurassic (
731:Middle Jurassic (
667:Allenby Formation
574:Okanagan Highland
428:Neotropical realm
274:
273:
239:
129:Rapisma tamilanum
27:Family of insects
16:(Redirected from
2474:
2432:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2406:
2405:
2393:
2392:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2328:
2327:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2216:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2157:
2149:
2136:
2122:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2057:
2049:
2048:Coniopterygidae
2040:Coniopterygoidea
2028:
2007:
1987:(moth lacewings)
1986:
1973:
1959:
1938:
1923:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1792:
1765:
1764:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1568:
1555:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1524:. Archived from
1491:
1396:
1340:
1229:
1222:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1157:
1137:
1125:
1114:
1095:
1079:
1060:
1039:
1027:
1026:Yang et al. 2019
1015:
1014:Burmeister, 1839
1000:
995:Polystoechotites
988:
977:
976:(Panfilov, 1980)
965:
964:(Panfilov, 1980)
941:
925:
902:Early Jurassic (
901:
896:Mesopolystoechus
888:Yixian Formation
881:
855:
839:
819:
814:Frustumopsychops
807:
788:
771:
760:
749:
730:
582:British Columbia
318:Polystoechotidae
265:Polystoechotidae
234:
149:
148:
122:
112:
49:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2223:
2213:
2200:
2185:Myrmeleontidae
2169:Myrmeleontoidea
2163:
2130:
2108:
2063:
2034:
2013:
1992:
1967:
1965:Hemerobiiformia
1949:
1928:
1917:
1873:
1866:
1824:
1794:
1793:
1768:
1761:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1723:10.1603/an10026
1701:
1700:
1693:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1528:on June 4, 2011
1493:
1492:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1382:
1373:
1325:Platystoechotes
1312:
1288:
1264:
1171:McLachlan, 1866
1170:
1155:
1144:Crato Formation
1135:
1123:
1112:
1089:
1080:Central America
1077:
1058:
1037:
1025:
1013:
998:
987:Carpenter, 1940
986:
983:Platystoechotes
975:
963:
960:Paleopterocalla
939:
923:
899:
879:
853:
837:
820:Late Jurassic (
817:
805:
786:
769:
758:
747:
728:
705:Hemerobiiformia
669:
665:
649:
633:
621:
506:Platystoechotes
407:
332:
285:giant lacewings
233:
143:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2249:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1823:
1822:
1803:(2): 385–393.
1766:
1759:
1737:
1716:(4): 511–522.
1691:
1664:(3): 291–298.
1644:
1617:(4): 618–636.
1597:
1577:(3): 409–417.
1562:Oliarces clara
1539:
1508:(2): 119–155.
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:Polystoechotes
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1147:
1127:
1116:
1105:
1081:
1070:
1046:
1045:
1029:
1017:
1010:Polystoechotes
1006:
990:
979:
967:
955:
948:Coldwater Beds
940:Anderson, 2001
936:Palaeopsychops
931:
924:Panfilov, 1980
915:
900:Martynov, 1937
891:
871:
854:Martynov, 1925
845:
829:
809:
798:
774:
773:
762:
751:
740:
709:Early Jurassic
620:
617:
591:Palaeopsychops
467:Polystoechotes
424:Nearctic realm
406:
403:
331:
328:
295:of the insect
293:winged insects
281:moth lacewings
272:
271:
270:
269:
266:
260:
259:
253:
252:
246:
245:
241:
240:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
137:
136:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2479:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
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2254:
2250:
2245:
2239:
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2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2197:
2193:Ascalaphidae
2191:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2156:Nemopteridae
2154:
2152:
2148:Psychopsidae
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2140:Nemopteroidea
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2105:
2099:
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2089:
2087:(mantidflies)
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2027:Hemerobiidae
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2019:Hemerobioidea
2016:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1974:
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1966:
1960:
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1751:Firefly Books
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1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:, North Korea
1161:
1154:
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1148:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1102:Burmese amber
1099:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1051:
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1049:
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1038:Meunier, 1897
1036:
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1024:
1023:
1018:
1016:North America
1012:
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1007:
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952:Fur Formation
949:
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652:
648:
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642:
636:
631:
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625:
618:
616:
614:
610:
609:
605:. The genus
604:
600:
599:Fur Formation
597:
593:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
531:
529:
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524:
519:
515:
512:mountains in
511:
510:Sierra Nevada
507:
503:
502:
497:
493:
489:
488:
483:
479:
478:North America
475:
474:
469:
468:
463:
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437:
433:
429:
425:
417:
416:
411:
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402:
400:
399:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:fruit-chafers
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:scarabdeiform
358:
354:
350:
342:
341:
336:
329:
327:
325:
324:
319:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
287:, is a small
286:
282:
278:
267:
264:
263:
261:
258:
254:
251:
247:
242:
237:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
217:Superfamily:
216:
215:
212:
211:Geoneuroptera
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
147:
142:
138:
135:
134:Western Ghats
131:
130:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2228:
2158:(spoonwings)
2085:Mantispidae
2069:Mantispoidea
2050:(dustywings)
2006:Chrysopidae
1998:Chrysopoidea
1984:
1945:Nevrorthidae
1913:Holometabola
1911:Superorder:
1905:Infraclass:
1825:
1800:
1796:
1746:
1740:
1713:
1707:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1588:. Retrieved
1574:
1570:
1561:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:the original
1505:
1499:
1432:
1431:
1417:
1416:
1402:
1401:
1361:
1360:
1346:
1345:
1324:
1323:
1300:
1299:
1276:
1275:
1252:
1250:
1236:
1234:
1206:
1205:
1165:
1150:
1130:
1118:
1107:
1091:
1084:
1072:
1069:, Washington
1053:
1047:
1032:
1020:
1008:
993:
981:
972:Panfilovdvia
970:
958:
934:
918:
894:
874:
865:Kimmeridgian
848:
842:Daohugou Bed
832:
818:Khramov 2014
812:
800:
795:Baltic Amber
783:Elektrithone
781:
775:
770:Walker, 1860
764:
753:
748:Newman, 1838
742:
723:
717:
701:sister group
698:
692:
688:
684:
679:
675:
673:
660:
651:Baltic amber
644:
627:
613:Baltic amber
608:Elektrithone
606:
589:
563:
532:
527:
521:
505:
499:
496:P. punctatus
495:
485:
473:P. punctatus
471:
465:
458:microthermal
451:
445:
439:
421:
413:
396:
390:
387:phytophagous
383:Scarabaeidae
379:June beetles
370:Ithone fusca
368:
349:neuropterans
346:
338:
321:
317:
314:Rapismatidae
313:
307:
284:
280:
276:
275:
268:Rapismatidae
249:
230:
220:
204:
127:
36:
2359:iNaturalist
2253:Wikispecies
2101:Berothidae
1977:Ithonioidea
1590:January 27,
1532:January 27,
1418:Megalithone
1253:Principiala
1237:Allorapisma
1132:Principiala
1124:Banks, 1908
1113:Navás, 1929
1078:Penny, 1996
1055:Allorapisma
876:Lasiosmylus
806:Navás, 1931
755:Megalithone
713:Late Eocene
689:Megalithone
565:Principiala
528:P. gazullai
487:P. gazullai
462:mesothermal
434:and one in
353:P. S. Welch
18:Ithonioidea
2457:Neuroptera
2446:Categories
2195:(owlflies)
2187:(antlions)
2177:Nymphidae
2077:Dilaridae
2056:Sisyridae
1985:Ithonidae
1939:(osmylids)
1937:Osmylidae
1899:Subclass:
1889:Arthropoda
1870:Neuroptera
1465:References
1391:Ithonidae
1347:Fontecilla
1152:Sinuijuala
1140:Weald Clay
1098:Cenomanian
1086:Burmithone
1034:Ricaniella
950:, Canada,
920:Osmyloides
869:Kazakhstan
850:Kirgisella
828:, Mongolia
802:Fontecilla
759:Riek, 1974
580:, USA and
578:Washington
560:Cretaceous
552:Tajikistan
548:Kyrgyzstan
544:Kazakhstan
514:California
464:climates.
436:Indomalaya
323:sensu lato
300:Neuroptera
221:Ithonoidea
198:Neuroptera
178:Arthropoda
2452:Ithonidae
2286:Ithonidae
2273:Ithonidae
2259:Ithonidae
2229:Ithonidae
2126:Suborder
1963:Suborder
1901:Pterygota
1881:Kingdom:
1833:Ithonidae
1686:198148984
1678:0013-8797
1639:249359273
1631:0307-6970
1207:Adamsiana
1104:, Myanmar
1074:Adamsiana
928:Oxfordian
861:Oxfordian
822:Tithonian
772:Australia
761:Australia
750:Australia
733:Callovian
576:sites in
460:to lower
363:beetles.
277:Ithonidae
250:See text
231:Ithonidae
164:Kingdom:
158:Eukaryota
132:from the
42:Ithonidae
32:Osmylidae
2307:BugGuide
2244:Q1938392
2238:Wikidata
1907:Neoptera
1887:Phylum:
1883:Animalia
1872:families
1817:24870683
1732:49384430
1522:55970660
1301:Oliarces
1146:, Brazil
1120:Oliarces
1109:Narodona
1063:Ypresian
1061:Eocene (
1044:, Canada
944:Ypresian
942:Eocene (
904:Toarcian
826:Shar-Teg
737:Daohugou
725:Guithone
711:and the
556:Mesozoic
536:Jurassic
453:Oliarces
392:Oliarces
343:holotype
257:Synonyms
227:Family:
174:Phylum:
168:Animalia
154:Domain:
1895:Insecta
1893:Class:
1868:Extant
1797:Zootaxa
1277:Rapisma
1167:Rapisma
914:, China
890:, China
844:, China
739:, China
680:Rapisma
676:Rapisma
603:Denmark
309:Rapisma
244:Genera
194:Order:
188:Insecta
184:Class:
2429:193501
2390:115077
2377:111282
2364:176593
2312:305060
2299:246705
1815:
1757:
1730:
1684:
1676:
1637:
1629:
1520:
1433:Varnia
1403:Ithone
1115:Mexico
1094:, 2017
1092:et al.
884:Aptian
791:Eocene
766:Varnia
744:Ithone
693:Varnia
685:Ithone
596:Eocene
586:Canada
562:genus
550:, and
482:Panama
447:Varnia
441:Ithone
398:Ithone
357:instar
289:family
238:, 1838
236:Newman
2416:26333
2403:63912
2372:IRMNG
1927:Basal
1728:S2CID
1682:S2CID
1635:S2CID
1567:(PDF)
1518:S2CID
1005:, USA
808:Chile
540:China
492:Chile
450:, and
405:Range
297:order
205:Clade
2398:NCBI
2385:ITIS
2351:5012
2346:GBIF
2294:BOLD
1813:PMID
1801:3796
1755:ISBN
1674:ISSN
1627:ISSN
1592:2010
1534:2010
691:and
484:and
395:and
377:and
283:and
53:PreꞒ
2338:947
2333:EoL
2325:BGR
2320:CoL
2281:AFD
2268:ADW
1805:doi
1718:doi
1714:103
1666:doi
1662:113
1619:doi
1579:doi
1575:101
1510:doi
1100:),
1090:Lu
1065:),
946:),
906:),
886:),
867:),
824:),
735:),
601:of
518:USA
291:of
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2296::
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1694:^
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103:Pg
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863:/
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789:(
780:†
722:†
632:,
108:N
98:K
93:J
88:T
83:P
78:C
73:D
68:S
63:O
58:Ꞓ
34:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
