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in gardens of the western and southern regions of North
America with milder winters. Ivies create a dense, vigorously smothering, shade-tolerant evergreen groundcover that can spread through assertive underground rhizomes and above-ground runners quickly over large natural plant community areas and
751:
Ivies are very popular in cultivation within their native range and compatible climates elsewhere, for their evergreen foliage, attracting wildlife, and for adaptable design uses in narrow planting spaces and on tall or wide walls for aesthetic addition, or to hide unsightly walls, fences and tree
383:
lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the tops of rock faces, from 2 m or more above ground. The juvenile and adult shoots also differ, the former being slender,
1033:
The clinging nature of ivy makes it a symbol of love and friendship, there was once a tradition of priests giving ivy to newlyweds, and as it clings to dead trees and remains green, it was also viewed as a symbol of the eternal life of the soul after the death of the body in medieval
Christian
812:, where ivy is without the natural pests and diseases that control its vigour in its native continents; the photosynthesis or structural strength of a tree can be overwhelmed by aggressive ivy growth leading to death directly or by opportunistic disease and insect attacks.
1115:
1614:
M. Kobæk-Larsen; L. P. Christensen; W. Vach; J. Ritskes-Hoitinga; K. Brandt (2005). "Inhibitory
Effects of Feeding with Carrots or (-)-Falcarinol on Development of Azoxymethane-Induced Preneoplastic Lesions in the Rat Colon".
1015:
Like many other evergreen plants, which impressed
European cultures by persisting through the winter, ivy has traditionally been imbued with a spiritual significance. It was brought into homes to drive out evil spirits.
483:
A very wide range of invertebrates shelter and overwinter in the dense woody tangle of ivy. Birds and small mammals also nest in ivy. It serves to increase the surface area and complexity of woodland environments.
867:
were originally cultivated in garden, park, and highway landscaping, but they have become aggressively invasive in coastal forests and riparian ecosystems, now necessitating costly eradication programs.
796:
Much discussion has involved whether or not ivy climbing trees will harm trees. In Europe, the harm is generally minor although there can be competition for soil nutrients, light, and water, and
930:
is the classical Latin name for the plant. Old regional common names in
Britain, no longer used, include "Bindwood" and "Lovestone", for the way it clings and grows over stones and bricks. US
423:
Ivies are natives of
Eurasia and North Africa, but have been introduced to North America and Australia. They invade disturbed forest areas in North America. Ivy seeds are spread by birds.
1735:
808:
says "Ivy has long been accused of strangling trees, but it doesn’t harm the tree at all, and even supports at least 50 species of wildlife." Harm and problems are more significant in
426:
Ivies are of major ecological importance for their nectar and fruit production, both produced at times of the year when few other nectar or fruit sources are available. The ivy bee
525:
The following species are widely accepted; they are divided into two main groups, depending on whether they have scale-like or stellate trichomes on the undersides of the leaves:
384:
flexible and scrambling or climbing with small aerial roots to affix the shoot to the substrate (rock or tree bark), the latter thicker, self-supporting and without roots. The
719:. This hybrid was produced once in a garden in France in 1910 and has never successfully been repeated, the hybrid being maintained in cultivation by vegetative propagation.
1352:
415:
number also differs between species. The basic diploid number is 48, while some are tetraploid with 96, and others hexaploid with 144 and octaploid with 192 chromosomes.
1987:
2026:
760:
727:
2238:
1935:
2000:
1948:
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Ivy bushes or ivy-wrapped poles have traditionally been used to advertise taverns in the United
Kingdom, and many pubs are still called The Ivy.
2075:
1743:
457:
432:
is completely dependent on ivy flowers, timing its entire life cycle around ivy flowering. The fruit are eaten by a range of birds, including
404:
5–10 mm diameter with one to five seeds, ripening in late winter to mid-spring. The seeds are dispersed by birds which eat the berries.
2228:
1870:
1439:
1255:
Ackerfield, J, & Wen, J. (2002). A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications.
1145:
1487:
1562:
1345:
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The name ivy has also been used as a common name for a number of other unrelated plants, including Boston ivy (Japanese
Creeper
1974:
1685:
Dictionary of
Symbolism: Cultural icons and the meaning behind them, by Hans Beidermann, translated by James Hulbert 1992 P.187
407:
The species differ in detail of the leaf shape and size (particularly of the juvenile leaves) and in the structure of the leaf
2124:
2005:
352:
On level ground ivies remain creeping, not exceeding 5–20 cm height, but on surfaces suitable for climbing, including
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2013:
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1069:
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46:
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it was believed that a wreath of ivy could prevent a person from becoming drunk, and such a wreath was worn by
103:
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1922:
1175:
1669:
699:). Hybridisation may also have played a part in the evolution of some species in the genus. A well-known
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942:, regional common names include "common ivy" (Britain and Ireland) and "English ivy" (North America).
2155:
2041:
1953:
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50:
35:
1724:
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R H Marshall, H A McAllister & J D Armitage (2017), A summary of hybrids detected in the genus
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and other states is now discouraged or banned in certain jurisdictions. Similar problems exist in
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993:
888:
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98:
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331:), known in North America as "English ivy", which is frequently planted to clothe brick walls.
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1992:
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with variegated foliage and/or unusual leaf shapes have been selected for horticultural use.
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The
Terminology of Medicinal Plants in English and German. Linguistic and didactic aspects
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and closely related, and many have on occasion been treated as varieties or subspecies of
549:
461:
300:
141:
1696:
411:, and also in the size and, to a lesser extent, the colour of the flowers and fruit. The
30:
This article is about plants in the family Araliaceae. For the typographic ornamentation
1914:
76:
2233:
1569:
1382:
1326:
Mitchell, A. F. (1975). "Three Forest Climbers: Ivy, Old Man's Beard and Honeysuckle".
1080:(1809). In this context ivy may represent the ephemerality of human endeavours and the
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1563:"Criteria for Categorizing Invasive Non-native Plants that Threaten Wildlands"
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structures, they can climb to at least 30 m above the ground. Ivies have two
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323:. Several species are cultivated as climbing ornamentals, and the name
177:
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1966:
577:(McAllister) Ackerfield & J.Wen – Iberian ivy. SW Iberian coasts.
502:
393:
385:
364:
320:
57:
1771:
834:, especially riparian and woodland types, and also a horticultural
17:
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The berries are moderately toxic to humans. Ivy foliage contains
388:
are greenish-yellow with five small petals; they are produced in
1979:
835:
376:
372:
353:
312:
1775:
537:
Hibberd – Algerian ivy. Algeria, Tunisia (Mediterranean coast).
1888:
1593:
1501:
Biological Flora of the British Isles no. 268 Hedera helix L.
650:(Hibberd) Carrière). Europe, and widely introduced elsewhere.
621:(Miq.) Siebold ex Bean – Japanese ivy. Japan, Korea, Taiwan.
1087:
The image of ivy-covered historic buildings gave the name
1594:"California Invasive Plant Council Interactive Database"
553:(K.Koch) K.Koch – Persian ivy. Alborz, Caucasus, Turkey.
1736:"Ivy is good for walls, finds Oxford University study"
891:. It has also been shown to kill breast cancer cells.
839:
outcompete the native vegetation. The use of ivies as
684:, but are not regarded as distinct by most botanists.
348:
adult leaves and unripe berries in Ayrshire, Scotland
1761:"Hedera helix ssp. helix, leaves of a wild specimen"
1458:(Araliaceae) with the provision of three new names,
400:
is a greenish-black, dark purple or (rarely) yellow
1784:
926:, of unknown original meaning. The scientific name
800:trees supporting heavy ivy growth can be liable to
666:(G.Kirchn.) D.C.McClint.). Atlantic western Europe.
938:include "California ivy" and "Algerian ivy". For
27:Genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae
1282:Ingham, C.S.; Borman, M.M. (2010). "English Ivy (
767:, and recognises over 400 registered cultivars.
392:in autumn to early winter and are very rich in
1286:spp., Araliaceae) Response to Goat Browsing".
613:G.Woronow – Pastuchov's ivy. Caucasus, Alborz.
761:International Cultivar Registration Authority
731:When the ivy blooms in September it attracts
8:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1231:"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"
1056:movement in landscape painting, for example
45:"Ivy" redirects here. For other plants, see
1098:Ivy features extensively in the 2010 movie
1091:to a group of old and prestigious American
703:involving ivies is the intergeneric hybrid
687:Hybrids have been recorded between several
1772:
1617:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1321:
1319:
1317:
830:(invasive exotic) in natural native plant
826:Several ivy species have become a serious
75:
64:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1419:McAllister, H. (1982). New work on ivies
605:(Tobl.) Hand.-Mazz.). Himalaya, SW China.
1432:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1277:
1275:
1222:
1111:
1052:Ivy-covered ruins were a staple of the
997:, also Lamiaceae), and Kenilworth ivy (
903:and are particularly attractive to the
955:), Cape-ivy (used interchangeably for
658:(G.Kirchn.) Bean – Atlantic ivy (syn.
545:Willd. – Canaries ivy. Canary Islands.
458:lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing
1568:. Cal-IPC. 2003-02-28. Archived from
1288:Invasive Plant Science and Management
981:), Swedish ivy (Whorled Plectranthus
899:The flowers of ivy are pollinated by
851:. For example, in both countries the
569:(McAll.) Hand). Cyprus (Troodos Mts.)
7:
2130:ba78751d-dfe5-48b8-bb14-25e6e048a747
2042:662bf446-c4e6-4b05-b031-089e390aa443
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1344:Hymettus — BWARS Information Sheet:
1124:on trees near Srbsko, Czech Republic
887:. Falcarinol is capable of inducing
822:Hedera helix § Invasive species
593:McAllister – Moroccan ivy. Morocco.
2094:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30070080-2
472:(which feeds exclusively on ivy),
279:), is a genus of 12–15 species of
25:
691:species, including Atlantic ivy (
1734:Hutchison, Peter (14 May 2010).
1174:
1159:
1144:
1129:
1114:
1045:", uses ivy as a symbol for the
759:The American Ivy Society is the
102:
2239:Flora invasive in North America
1767:. CTC Digital Plant Collection.
1674:getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk
1480:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
1404:English Heritage - Ivy on Walls
1058:Visitor to a Moonlit Churchyard
672:The species of ivy are largely
363:or man-made structures such as
327:especially denotes common ivy (
634:Carrière – Azores ivy. Azores.
561:McAllister – Cyprus ivy (syn.
444:. The leaves are eaten by the
1:
1406:Seminar Report, 19 May 2010
1104:and the poster for the film.
1070:Joseph Mallord William Turner
784:Ivy climbing on a pine tree (
601:K.Koch – Himalayan ivy (syn.
1759:Walkowiak, Radoslaw (2020).
1062:Philip James de Loutherbourg
311:and across central-southern
283:climbing or ground-creeping
38:. For Hedera Hashgraph, see
2229:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1742:. Telegraph. Archived from
1676:, accessed 11 November 2020
1421:Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook
1410:, accessed 11 November 2020
1027:, the god of intoxication.
948:Parthenocissus tricuspidata
47:list of plants known as ivy
2255:
1519:. The American Ivy Society
984:Plectranthus verticillatus
934:regional common names for
915:The name ivy derives from
819:
55:
44:
29:
1066:Tintern Abbey, West Front
911:Etymology and other names
735:and other nectar feeders.
240:
233:
226:
221:
99:Scientific classification
97:
91:Lincoln Park Conservatory
83:
74:
67:
1670:the-history-of-pub-names
1499:Metcalfe, D. J. (2005).
1478:Huxley, A., ed. (1992).
1206:List of poisonous plants
1037:The traditional British
585:– Madeiran ivy. Madeira.
56:Not to be confused with
2209:Garden plants of Europe
2204:Garden plants of Africa
1672:Ordnance Survey guides
974:Toxicodendron radicans
922:, cognate with German
793:
748:
736:
642:L. – Common ivy (syn.
522:
510:
349:
49:. For other uses, see
2063:Paleobiology Database
1460:New Journal of Botany
1300:10.1614/ipsm-09-021.1
1259:sér. 3, 24: 197-212.
1043:The Holly and the Ivy
783:
742:
730:
529:Trichomes scale-like
516:
495:
342:
2224:Stoloniferous plants
1725:Kew plant profiles:
1378:"Ivy (Hedera helix)"
1211:NASA Clean Air Study
771:Problems and dangers
723:Uses and cultivation
367:rock faces or built
51:Ivy (disambiguation)
36:Fleuron (typography)
1650:Werner, W. (2009).
1434:Species Records of
1169:leaves, Bremerhaven
843:in horticulture in
695:) with common ivy (
626:Trichomes stellate
474:swallow-tailed moth
448:of some species of
309:northwestern Africa
2219:Rhizomatous plants
1504:Journal of Ecology
1442:2015-09-24 at the
1355:2011-04-28 at the
1266:2011-08-08 at the
1139:leaves and flowers
1084:power of nature.
1011:Cultural symbolism
1000:Cymbalaria muralis
994:Glechoma hederacea
991:) and ground ivy (
889:contact dermatitis
794:
749:
737:
709:, a cross between
706:× Fatshedera lizei
610:Hedera pastuchovii
542:Hedera canariensis
534:Hedera algeriensis
523:
519:Hedera algeriensis
511:
498:Hedera canariensis
466:small angle shades
350:
271:, commonly called
86:Hedera algeriensis
2166:
2165:
2050:Open Tree of Life
1778:Taxon identifiers
1695:Harper, Douglas.
1629:10.1021/jf048519s
1482:2: 60. Macmillan
1408:www.geog.ox.ac.uk
958:Senecio angulatus
855:drought-tolerant
841:ornamental plants
804:damage. The UK's
752:stumps. Numerous
598:Hedera nepalensis
582:Hedera maderensis
501:juvenile leaves,
264:
263:
257:
249:
217:
16:(Redirected from
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2189:Christmas plants
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1152:Hedera hibernica
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964:Delairea odorata
951:, in the family
895:Stinging insects
828:invasive species
786:pinus sylvestris
717:Hedera hibernica
655:Hedera hibernica
590:Hedera maroccana
470:small dusty wave
429:Colletes hederae
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2199:Flora of Europe
2194:Flora of Africa
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1137:Hedera colchica
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1119:
1110:
1039:Christmas carol
1013:
971:), poison-ivy (
913:
897:
874:
824:
818:
816:Invasive exotic
778:
773:
725:
712:Fatsia japonica
550:Hedera colchica
490:
462:scalloped hazel
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301:Southern Europe
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2184:Apiales genera
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1746:on 20 May 2010
1731:
1720:
1719:External links
1717:
1714:
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1678:
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1606:
1585:
1554:
1539:"Hedera helix"
1530:
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1447:
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1423:1981: 106–109.
1412:
1396:
1383:Woodland Trust
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1294:(2): 178–181.
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1005:Plantaginaceae
936:H. canariensis
912:
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861:H. algeriensis
857:H. canariensis
817:
814:
806:Woodland Trust
777:
774:
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769:
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651:
644:H. caucasigena
635:
631:Hedera azorica
624:
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618:Hedera rhombea
614:
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574:Hedera iberica
570:
563:H. pastuchovii
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507:Canary Islands
489:
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297:Central Europe
293:Western Europe
287:in the family
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19:
2214:Groundcovers
1785:
1765:ResearchGate
1764:
1748:. Retrieved
1744:the original
1739:
1729:(common ivy)
1727:Hedera helix
1726:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:
1690:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1652:
1645:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1598:. Retrieved
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1511:
1506:93: 632–648.
1503:
1495:
1479:
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1407:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1381:
1347:
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1331:
1327:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1256:
1234:. Retrieved
1225:
1182:Hedera helix
1181:
1167:Hedera helix
1166:
1154:with berries
1151:
1136:
1122:Hedera helix
1121:
1099:
1097:
1093:universities
1086:
1074:Netley Abbey
1073:
1065:
1057:
1051:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1021:Ancient Rome
1018:
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898:
878:triterpenoid
875:
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795:
764:
758:
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745:Hedera helix
744:
716:
710:
704:
696:
692:
688:
686:
682:Soviet Union
677:
671:
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647:
643:
639:Hedera helix
637:
629:
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596:
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562:
556:
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540:
532:
524:
517:
496:
482:
454:angle shades
427:
425:
422:
406:
379:types, with
351:
345:Hedera helix
343:
329:Hedera helix
328:
324:
291:, native to
285:woody plants
276:
272:
267:
266:
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244:
227:
208:
207:
161:
148:
135:
122:
84:
68:
62:
1962:iNaturalist
1810:Wikispecies
1706:24 December
1462:, 7:1, 2-8
1389:23 December
1072:(1794) and
1047:Virgin Mary
1034:symbolism.
917:Old English
905:common wasp
901:Hymenoptera
693:H hibernica
603:H. sinensis
450:Lepidoptera
442:woodpigeons
335:Description
305:Macaronesia
198:Aralioideae
194:Subfamily:
142:Angiosperms
2173:Categories
1701:Etymonline
1600:2014-05-27
1579:2010-04-01
1548:2021-01-21
1523:12 October
1261:Full text.
1217:References
1201:Bığbığ Ivy
1089:Ivy League
969:Asteraceae
885:falcarinol
845:California
820:See also:
733:hoverflies
674:allopatric
648:H. taurica
413:chromosome
356:, natural
289:Araliaceae
188:Araliaceae
93:, Chicago
1910:FloraBase
1596:. Cal-IPC
1346:Ivy Bee (
1257:Adansonia
989:Lamiaceae
849:Australia
802:windthrow
798:senescent
754:cultivars
664:hibernica
646:Pojark.,
438:blackcaps
409:trichomes
381:palmately
281:evergreen
228:See text
112:Kingdom:
40:Hashgraph
2125:VicFlora
2114:VASCAN:
2107:40022138
2102:Tropicos
1871:eFloraSA
1847:BioLib:
1795:Wikidata
1750:13 March
1637:15740080
1440:Archived
1353:Archived
1308:86767633
1264:Archived
1236:June 11,
1190:See also
1101:Arrietty
1064:(1790),
1054:Romantic
953:Vitaceae
940:H. helix
881:saponins
872:Toxicity
865:H. helix
832:habitats
776:On trees
747:cultivar
678:H. helix
660:H. helix
488:Taxonomy
452:such as
434:thrushes
361:outcrops
315:east to
275:(plural
235:Synonyms
222:Species
184:Family:
168:Asterids
155:Eudicots
1993:1352045
1941:3036021
1517:"Ivies"
1184:flowers
1108:Gallery
1082:sublime
1025:Bacchus
790:Headley
697:H helix
662:subsp.
565:subsp.
419:Ecology
386:flowers
369:masonry
253:Psedera
204:Genus:
178:Apiales
174:Order:
116:Plantae
2179:Hedera
2156:594777
2076:PLANTS
2068:237725
2055:524077
2039:NZOR:
1980:3027-1
1928:114808
1876:Hedera
1827:191261
1824:APDB:
1816:Hedera
1801:Q26771
1786:Hedera
1635:
1486:
1456:Hedera
1436:Hedera
1306:
1284:Hedera
928:Hedera
792:, UK.
765:Hedera
701:hybrid
689:Hedera
567:cypria
503:Gomera
446:larvae
440:, and
396:. The
394:nectar
390:umbels
373:wooden
365:quarry
321:Taiwan
268:Hedera
248:Mitch.
209:Hedera
69:Hedera
58:Hadera
34:, see
2234:Vines
2151:WoRMS
2081:HEDER
2006:29392
1988:IRMNG
1967:55883
1915:22607
1902:1HEEG
1889:10735
1863:8VY4V
1850:40209
1840:64847
1697:"ivy"
1657:(PDF)
1573:(PDF)
1566:(PDF)
1304:S2CID
788:) in
402:berry
398:fruit
354:trees
317:Japan
277:ivies
256:Neck.
245:Helix
162:Clade
149:Clade
136:Clade
123:Clade
2117:1230
2089:POWO
2032:4051
2027:NCBI
2001:ITIS
1975:IPNI
1954:5448
1949:GRIN
1936:GBIF
1897:EPPO
1835:APNI
1752:2014
1708:2020
1633:PMID
1525:2023
1484:ISBN
1391:2019
1238:2014
961:and
924:Efeu
920:ifig
883:and
859:and
836:weed
763:for
715:and
476:and
377:leaf
371:and
358:rock
319:and
313:Asia
2138:WFO
2014:NBN
1923:FoC
1884:EoL
1858:CoL
1625:doi
1332:102
1296:doi
1076:by
1068:by
1060:by
1041:, "
1019:In
1007:).
325:ivy
273:ivy
89:in
18:Ivy
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1797::
1763:.
1738:.
1699:.
1631:.
1621:53
1619:.
1541:.
1469:^
1380:.
1363:^
1330:.
1316:^
1302:.
1290:.
1274:^
1246:^
1095:.
1049:.
1003:,
987:,
977:,
967:,
907:.
505:,
480:.
468:,
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460:,
456:,
436:,
307:,
303:,
299:,
295:,
215:L.
164::
151::
138::
125::
1754:.
1710:.
1659:.
1639:.
1627::
1603:.
1582:.
1551:.
1527:.
1490:.
1393:.
1350:)
1334:.
1310:.
1298::
1292:3
1240:.
509:.
60:.
53:.
42:.
32:❧
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
