192:(a private club for Japanese businessmen to meet and entertain associates) introduced members to architects from various leading New York architectural firms. Under Tsumanuma's leadership, the most visible undertaking of the T-Square Club was a competition for the design of a Japanese style home suitable for American suburbs. The competition attracted Japanese architects in both the United States and Japan.
218:, Thompson had worked on the master plan for the New Bellevue Hospital in New York City. Under the Rockrise and Thompson partnership, the firm designed an office building for Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company in Shanghai, as well as projects for Yamanaka and Company and Dr. Takamine in Osaka and Tokyo. All of this work employed the Beaux Arts style.
226:
On April 4, 1915, Tsumanuma met Agnes
Margaret Asbury through his friends, the Ashiwaras. Asbury was employed in the Ashiwaras' family business. Asbury, born February 18, 1886, in Brooklyn, New York, was the only child of Tennessee (her mother was from Tennessee) and Francis ‘Blakie’ Asbury (born in
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a.k.a. Thomas S. Rockrise, A.I.A., (1878 – February 5, 1936) was one of the earliest
Japanese immigrants to receive an architecture degree at an American university and was among the first Japanese architects to be licensed in the State of New York in 1916. His practice was based in New York
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By the end of the First World War, Tsumanuma and Shiota had accumulated an impressive portfolio of published projects, all of which incorporated
Japanese design elements. None drew on Tsumanuma's Beaux Arts training. With the fashion for the Japonesque fading on the east coast, Tsumanuma made the
342:"Index to Aliens, Not Including Filipinos, East Indians, and Chinese, Arriving by Vessel or at the Land Border at Seattle, Washington; NAI Number: 2945984; Record Group Title: Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Record Group Number: 85; Series Number: A3691; Roll Number: 15"
239:
In August 1922, Tsumanuma was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Tsumanuma was advised to take the rest cure at
Saranac Lake, New York, the most advanced treatment available prior to the discovery of penicillin. As his health declined, Tsumanuma did almost no work. He died on February 5, 1936.
169:(Japanese style country house) for Robert LeMoyne Barrett, in Concord, New Hampshire. An early independent project of Tsumanuma's, obtained through his connections in New York's Nikkei community, was the Keizo Uenaka residence designed in the American Colonial style in Tokyo, Japan.
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The
Tsumanuma and Shiota partnership dissolved during the transition from domestic to international work. A new partner, John A. Thompson, joined Tsumanuma on his second trip to Japan in 1921. Thompson brought skills in modern hospital design to the Kobe project. While working for
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and a large masonry apartment building, along with prospects for office buildings from patrons in New York City's Nikkei community. However, he returned from this trip with the largest and most complex project of his career, a 600-bed municipal hospital in
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first of two trips back to Japan in 1920 in search of new commissions abroad. During this trip he visited his family for the first time since leaving
Yamagata in 1899. Tsumanuma had two Beaux Arts projects in hand when he arrived in Japan; a museum in
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184:. Two of their high-profile commissions were the new Fifth Avenue galleries for Yamanaka & Company (a renowned Japanese trading company with branches from Paris to Peking) and the interior design of a luxurious apartment for
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Dubrow, Gail; Rockrise, Christina; Gregory, Alyssa; Pawlicki, Sarah (2021). "Practicing
Architecture under the Bamboo Ceiling: The Life and Work of Iwahiko Tsumanuma (Thomas S. Rockrise), 1878-1936".
188:. In 1916, in an effort to combat the racial discrimination faced by Japanese draftsmen and architects, Tsumanuma formed the Japanese T-Square Club with about 17 members. Their meetings at the
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The depth and breadth of
Tsumanuma's work is not known. Twice after his diagnosis with tuberculosis, he burned much of his work and drawings. Documentation of the following projects survives:
165:, in Miami, Florida. Tsumanuma worked for Murphy & Dana as early as 1915 on the Tsinghua University's gymnasium and library in Beijing. He was also principal designer for a
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at the corner of Wall and Broad
Streets in New York City. A May 1914 resume also indicates employment with Paul & Limbrand; Brown & Worthman; Denby & Nute and
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The
Tsumanuma-Rockrise Collection, including the architect's professional work and family papers, has been digitized by Denshō: The Japanese American Legacy Project.
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Tsumanuma opened his own office on New Year's Day, 1917. Between approximately 1916 and 1920 he worked in partnership with noted garden designer,
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On December 1, 1916, Tsumanuma became one of the first two Japanese architects licensed in the State of New York (certificate number 663).
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Nanyang Brothers Tobacco Company Office Building, Shanghai, China (Rockrise & Shiota, completed by Rockrise & Thompson) ~1920
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England). They became engaged on May 5, 1915, and married on December 1, 1915. On November 25, 1916, their only child,
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117:. Tsumanuma attended the Buchtel Academy, graduating in 1907, and went on to Buchtel College (later known as the
136:, New Jersey called Nippon Bazaar. Tsumanuma graduated in June 1912 with a bachelor's degree in architecture.
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161:. In addition, he worked for architect Francis Burrall Hoffman Jr., particularly on the Italianate estate,
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Tsumanuma moved to New York City to undertake his apprenticeship. Between 1912 and 1916 he worked for
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Shoji Mayeda Apartment Hotel, Tokyo, Japan (Rockrise & Thompson) ~1921 — no evidence it was built
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in 1908. Syracuse was one of the leading architecture schools of the day and firmly rooted in the
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Tokushichi Nomura Museum, Kyoto, Japan (Rockrise & Thompson) ~1920 — no evidence it was built
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and moonlighted for several other firms. While at Trowbridge & Livingston, he worked on the
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Vizcaya (Italianate estate), Miami, FL (Francis Burrall Hoffman Jr.) ~1915 Associate Architect
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pedagogy. To fund his education, Tsumanuma purchased and operated a summer boardwalk shop at
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Tsinghua University (gymnasium and library), Beijing, China (Murphey & Dana) ~1915
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Tsumanuma applied to and was accepted into the School of Architecture at
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Tsumanuma immigrated to New York on September 23, 1904, and traveled to
374:"Nippon Bazaar, 117 East State Street: Japanese and Oriental Goods".
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Elias Burton Holmes Residence, NYC, NY (Rockrise & Shiota) ~1919
498:"John Thompson, Architect, Dies; Designed College Buildings Here".
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J.P. Morgan Bank, New York City (Trowbridge & Livingston) ~1912
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Yamanaka & Co. Gallery, NYC, NY (Rockrise & Shiota) ~1918
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121:) and completed one year of the mechanical engineering program.
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Kawasaki Hospital, Kobe, Japan (Rockrise & Thompson) ~1922
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City and included work in the United States as well as Asia.
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Robert Barrett Besso, Cornish, NH (Murphey & Dana) ~1913
439:"Autobiography of Iwahiko Tsumanuma (Thomas S. Rockrise"
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308:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
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346:National Archives and Records Administration
264:Keizo Uenaka Residence, Tokyo, Japan ~1916
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106:, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan, during the
621:Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state)
611:Japanese emigrants to the United States
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531:"Shin Sekai Asahi Shinbun, 1936.02.14"
616:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
288:Levy Tea House, Dobbs Ferry, NY ~1922
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210:, sponsored by Kawasaki Shipyards.
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273:Residence, Bound Brook, NJ (1918)
502:. January 28, 1968. p. 76.
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552:"Application for Membership"
390:"Application for Membership"
363:. March 14, 1907. p. 3.
606:People from Yamagata (city)
513:Tsumanuma-Rockrise, Agnes.
481:Tsumanuma-Rockrise, Agnes.
452:Tsumanuma-Rockrise, Agnes.
151:Trowbridge & Livingston
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320:10.1525/jsah.2021.80.3.280
519:. Unpublished manuscript.
487:. Unpublished manuscript.
471:35:2 (February 19, 1917).
458:. Unpublished manuscript.
98:Early life and education
414:"Perspectives rendered"
216:McKim, Mead & White
418:The American Architect
359:"An Oriental Affair".
102:Tsumanuma was born in
71:Agnes Margaret Asbury
52:Saranac Lake, New York
469:Architecture Magazine
361:Akron Beacon Journal
176:Independent practice
155:J.P. Morgan building
130:École des Beaux Arts
591:Japanese architects
516:My Japanese Husband
484:My Japanese Husband
455:My Japanese Husband
186:Elias Burton Holmes
126:Syracuse University
119:University of Akron
378:. October 7, 1910.
159:Lord & Burnham
91:Iwahiko Tsumanuma,
83:George T. Rockrise
376:Cornell Daily Sun
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48:(aged 57–58)
20:Iwahiko Tsumanuma
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231:, was born.
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196:Work in Asia
182:Takeo Shiota
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46:(1936-02-05)
601:1936 deaths
596:1878 births
190:Nippon Club
115:Akron, Ohio
585:Categories
293:References
60:Occupation
328:241643066
63:Architect
244:Projects
79:Children
33:Yamagata
560:May 30,
536:May 30,
423:May 30,
398:May 30,
163:Vizcaya
35:, Japan
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229:George
140:Career
68:Spouse
555:(PDF)
393:(PDF)
324:S2CID
235:Death
203:Kyoto
167:besso
110:Era.
108:Meiji
562:2021
538:2021
425:2021
400:2021
208:Kobe
54:, US
41:Died
29:1878
26:Born
316:doi
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