Iximche - Knowledge (XXG)

1612:) is a pyramid-temple located on the east side of Plaza A, opposite Temple 2, and is similar in form to that building. The stairway climbs the west (plaza) side of the temple platform. In front of the stairway, at the level of the plaza, is a small rectangular platform. A large amount of ceramic remains were found associated with this building, these were pieces of large cylindrical incense-burners, of which more than twelve were used in the temple. One represented an elderly god emerging from the jaws of a serpent, another two show the same deity in a standing position. They may represent one of the patron deities of the Kaqchikel, Bʼelehe-Toh or Hun-Tihax. The incense burners were found exactly where the Kaqchikels had left them when they abandoned Iximche. Some of these incense-burners bore a suspended solar disc with modelled rays. Fragments of an 4079: 1223: 933:

soldier while the Kʼicheʼ nobility demanded the punishment of the Kaqchikel bread seller. When the Kaqchikel lords refused to hand her over, the Kʼicheʼ lords sentenced Hun-Toh and Wuqu-Batzʼ to death against the wishes of the Kʼicheʼ king Kʼiqʼab. King Kʼiqʼab warned his Kaqchikel friends and advised them to flee Qʼumarkaj. On the day 13 Iqʼ of the Kaqchikel calendar the four lords of the Kaqchikel led their people out of the Kʼicheʼ capital to found their own capital at Iximche. The exact year of this event is not known with certainty but is believed to have been between AD 1470 and 1485, with some scholars, such as Guillemín, preferring 1470. The Kaqchikel abandoned their previous capital

1293:, which replaced Iximche when it was destroyed. The modern entrance to the site is on the northern side of the ruins and includes visitor parking, a small museum, a picnic area and a football field, as well as the custodian's house. In an area of woodland to the south of the central portion of the ruins is a modern ceremonial area used by the modern Kaqchikel to carry out their rituals. This ceremonial area is linked to the ruins by a footpath and includes six concrete altars arranged around an unexcavated building. Flowers, food and drink are placed on these altars as sacrifices. The museum displays a number of pieces from the site, including sculptures and ceramics. 861: 270:. The growing power of the Kaqchikel within the alliance eventually caused such friction that the Kaqchikel were forced to flee the Kʼicheʼ capital and founded the city of Iximche. The Kaqchikel established their new capital upon an easily defensible ridge almost surrounded by deep ravines. Iximche developed quickly as a city and within 50 years of its foundation it had reached its maximum extent. The rulers of Iximche were four principal lords drawn from the four main clans of the Kaqchikel, although it was the lords of the Sotzʼil and Xahil clans who held the real power. 686: 1019: 1543:. The structure is the best preserved of the excavated temples. Like many buildings at Iximche it had three construction phases dating, from oldest to newest, from the reigns of Wuqu-Batzʼ, Oxlahuh Tzʼiʼ and Hun-Iqʼ. The earliest of these phases was located by archaeologists tunnelling into the interior of the structure. It is poorly preserved because the facing stones were stripped in order to be reused. The middle phase is the best preserved of the three phases of construction and consisted of four stepped tiers supporting high 40: 60: 1823:

shape of the moon and some jade beads, one of which represented a deity similar to that represented on the incense burners found at Temple 3. The remains dated from the earlier phase of occupation of Iximche and the deceased had died in battle from a blow to the head from a blunt instrument. The burial has been tentatively identified as that of one of two sons of Wuqu-Batzʼ of the Xahil clan, who died in the Kaqchikel wars of expansion, either Chopena-Tzʼiʼkin Uka or Chopena-Tohin.

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covered approximately 500 square metres (5,400 sq ft) and came to form the core of the palace. The first phase consisted of four long single-roomed residential range structures arranged around a courtyard, which possessed an altar in the middle. The residential units possessed inset benches against the walls and hearths in the middle of the floorspace. The walls were originally built of adobe covered with painted murals. Artifacts recovered from this phase included

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contained a great deal of domestic artefacts. The Xahil Palace was destroyed by a major fire that resulted in the collapse of the adobe walls and it may be that this was the complex where Pedro de Alvarado was lodged with his Spanish soldiers. It would also be the same building that Spanish deserters burned in 1526. The collapse of the building preserved the domestic contents of the palace for archaeologists, unlike the palace of the

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against three sides of the interior and a hearth in the middle. A small rear chamber also had benches, this chamber may have been where the gods of the Sotzʼil were kept. A small section of the temple floor had been opened as if to receive a burial but the tomb was never used and was covered over again. The remains of a turtle were excavated from the plaza immediately in front of the temple and may have represented one of the

1210:, published in May 1963. In 1980, during the Guatemalan Civil War, the ruins were chosen as a meeting place between Maya leaders and the guerillas, as a result of which the guerillas stated explicitly that they would defend indigenous rights in the so-called "Declaration of Iximche". In 1989 an important Maya ceremony was carried out at the site in order to reestablish the ruins as a sacred place for indigenous ceremonies. 1435: 1195: 201: 1031:

and executed the Kʼicheʼ kings. The Spanish were invited into Iximche on 14 April 1524 and were well received by the lords Belehe Qat and Cahi Imox. The Kaqchikel kings provided native soldiers to assist the conquistadors against continuing Kʼicheʼ resistance and to help with the defeat of the neighbouring Tzʼutuhil kingdom. The Spanish only stayed briefly in Iximche before continuing through Atitlán,

1668:, at the southwest side of Plaza C, is a ballcourt of similar dimensions to Structure 8. It was the ballcourt of the Xahil clan and may have been the older of the two ballcourts. Each end of the ballcourt had a projecting stairway and there was an additional stairway to the southeast. A tenoned head sculpture recovered from Plaza C may originally have been a ballcourt marker from this ballcourt. 1517: 1575:

fine and indicated execution by a specialised artist. There were ten painted figures on the front of the building with further murals on the back. The designs consist of two rows of discs on top of a row of vertical stripes with figures painted against the striped background with the discs above them. The painted figures are performing various actions, one of which is

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and restoration of the ruins was funded by the Guatemalan Committee for Reconstruction of National Monuments until July 1961, after 1963 the investigations were funded by the Swiss National Foundation for Scientific Research. Guillemín died before his investigations could be completed and his full report published. His field notes were finally published in 2003.

1311: 1255: 1779:(64% and 88% respectively). This low percentage indicates that these individuals were not exposed to particular dietary stress and were likely to belong to the elite class. 31% of the skulls had evidence of infection, about half of which were active infections at the time of death, although none were serious. Half of these infections left evidence in the 1508:

courtyard within the Great Palace II may have been the royal apartments of this complex, owing to their position near the central courtyard while at the same time being closed off from it. The ceramics from this area were of exotic origin and elite nature. The royal apartments may also have included the rooms around the north courtyard of the palace.

1672: 957:. The captured Kʼicheʼ kings were sacrificed together with a number of nobles and high-ranking soldiers, including the son and grandson of the king. After this defeat of the Kʼicheʼ, two Kaqchikel clans rebelled, the Akahal and the Tukuche. The kings Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ and Kablahuh-Tihax crushed the rebellion on 20 May 1493. 1822:

of a human skull and engraved with fine designs that included birds and stars hanging from a Mexican-style celestial band. A finely crafted piece of jade was found near the lower jaw and had probably been originally placed within the mouth of the deceased. There was also a copper nose ornament in the

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from the Classic Period. Thirteen of these sacrifices were male, seven were female and five were of indeterminate gender. Most of the sacrifices were of young adults, ten were aged between 15 and 21 years old and eleven were aged little more than 21 years old, based on skull development. It is likely

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is located at the southwestern side of Plaza A. It is a 40-metre-long (130 ft) I-shaped ball-court with a 30 by 7 metres (98 by 23 ft) playing area. The end-zones are enclosed and accessed via stairways. The two lateral platforms enclosing the playing area were extended by building onto the

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in Spanish) is another large residential complex, it is located on the southeast side of Plaza C. The palace is formed by a large number of small rooms arranged around seven interior courtyards. A large quantity of ceramic remains were recovered from within this palace. The rooms around the northeast

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were recovered close to the altars in the palace. The Palace expanded in all directions around this early core with the addition of new buildings and courtyards. The early courtyard was later divided into several smaller patios. The last phase of construction at the Palace dates to the joint reign of

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The Kaqchikel kept up resistance against the Spanish for a number of years but on 9 May 1530 the two kings of the most important clans returned from the wilds. A day later they were joined by many nobles and their families and many more people came with them to surrender at the new Spanish capital at

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A minor incident in the Kʼicheʼ capital Qʼumarkaj escalated to have important consequences. A Kʼicheʼ soldier tried to seize bread from a Kaqchikel woman who was selling it in the market. The woman refused the soldier and drove him off with a stick. The Kaqchikel demanded the execution of the Kʼicheʼ

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covered with plaster, the columns and walls on eithers side of the doorways were painted with decorations, traces of red, yellow and blue were found by archaeologists, these colours were applied to designs marked out onto a thin cap of clay with a pointed instrument. The quality of the work was very

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The temple floor is elevated 9 metres (30 ft) above the plaza and the temple superstructure, including both the temple walls and the roof, would have added another 5 metres (16 ft) to the total height of the structure at the time of the Spanish Conquest. The temple shrine had benches built

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without any particular orientation. Many of the remains were found accompanied by a broken obsidian blade. Some burials had other offerings, for example that of a woman accompanied by domestic utensils, some of which were blackened with soot. Two child burials each had a jade bead and the burial of

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The defensive ditch running across the promontory was originally 8 metres (26 ft) deep. It was largely filled in soon after the Conquest in order to render the city less defensible. In the middle of the 19th century the defensive ditch was measured as 3 yards (2.7 m) deep, in the 1960s it

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arrived in what is now Guatemala in 1524, 3 years after the conquest of the Aztecs, he found the highland Maya kingdoms weakened by twenty years of warfare and swept by the first European plagues. In the period of February to March 1524 he fought and completely defeated the Kʼicheʼ, razed Qʼumarkaj

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and the power to rule. The sons of Kʼiqʼab became jealous of the growing power of the Kaqchikel lords and led a revolt against their father that seriously damaged his authority. This revolt had serious consequences for the Kʼicheʼ as their conquered domains seized the opportunity to break free from

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The ruins of Iximche were first described by a Guatemalan historian in the late 17th century. They were visited various times by scholars during the 19th century, who published plans and descriptions. Serious investigations of the site started in the 1940s and continued sporadically until the early

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and published his work in 1948–1949. Historian Janos de Szecsy began excavations at the ruins in January 1956. The remains of the city were excavated by Swiss-Guatemalan archaeologist George (Jorge) Guillemín from 1959-1972. Guillemín published his work in 1959, 1967 and 1969. The excavation

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In 1513 the Kaqchikel suffered from a plague of locusts. The following year, in 1514, Iximche was severely damaged by a fire. A plague, described as terrible in the Annals of the Kaqchikel, struck the city in 1519 and lasted two years, resulting in a large number of deaths. This was likely to have

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Schele & Mathews 1999, p.297. Guillemín 1965, p.9. Recinos places all these dates 2 days earlier (e.g. the Spanish arrival at Iximche on 12 April rather than 14 April) based on vague dating in Spanish primary records. Schele and Fahsen calculated all dates on the more securely dated Kaqchikel

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was on the southeast side of the plaza. The Xahil Palace was built with an east-west alignment with the entry courtyard on the western side of the palace and had a central altar. The main palace was entered from the eastern side of the entry courtyard. The rooms and courtyards of the Xahil Palace

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Kʼiqʼab prevented his nobles from making war on the Kaqchikel for the remainder of his life, giving his former allies the time to establish their own kingdom and prepare its defences. When Hun-Toh died he was succeeded by his son Lahuh-Ah. Lahuh-Ah died in 1488 and was replaced by Kablahuh-Tihax.

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soon after the Spanish Conquest. This document details the origins, history and conquest of the Kaqchikels. The Kaqchikel served as close allies of the Kʼicheʼ for many years. The Kaqchikel rulers Hun-Toh and Wuqu-Batzʼ served the great Kʼicheʼ king Kʼiqʼab with such loyalty that he rewarded them

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is another pyramid-temple base on the west side of Plaza C. It has a low platform at its southeastern corner, where 48 severed heads were excavated immediately to the west. Schele and Mathews have speculated that these may be the heads of the Kʼicheʼ kings Tepupul and Itzayul together with other

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was initially well received in the city in 1524 and the Kaqchikel kings provided the Spanish with native allies to assist in the conquest of the other highland Maya kingdoms. Iximche was declared the first capital of the Kingdom of Guatemala in the same year. Due to excessive Spanish demands for

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in Spanish) is a large residential complex on the northeast side of Plaza B. The surviving remains consist of a sunken patio and some low house platforms. Excavation revealed three construction phases, the earliest of which dates to the founding of the city by Wuqu-Batzʼ and Hun-Toh. This phase

1446:, which in some cases was then painted with Mixtec-Puebla style murals, although few traces of the murals survive today. The Mixtec-Puebla style originated around AD 900 in central Mexico and spread from there throughout Mesoamerica. The superstructures of buildings at Iximche were built from 315:, a meeting took place at the ruins between guerillas and Maya leaders that resulted in the guerillas stating that they would defend indigenous rights. A ritual was carried out at the site in 1989 in order to reestablish the ruins as a sacred place for Maya ceremonies. United States President 273:

After the initial establishment of Iximche, the Kʼicheʼ left the Kaqchikel in peace for a number of years. The peace did not last and the Kaqchikel soundly defeated their former overlords around 1491. This was followed by infighting among the Kaqchikel clans with the rebel clans finally being

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due to their alliance with the Kaqchikel against the Kʼicheʼ. The site's central core is flanked by deep ravines and is separated from the main residential area by a defensive ditch. The city developed very quickly and within 50 years of its foundation it had reached its maximum extent. This

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neighbours. The ridge is called Ratzamut and is a promontory of Tecpán hill, a 3,075-metre-high (10,089 ft) mountain to the northwest of the ruins, which sit at the southeastern end of this promontory. The ridge is flanked by two rivers flowing in deep ravines, Río El Molino and Río Los

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style walls consisting of a sloping wall topped by a vertical panel. The temple had recessed corners and a steep stairway climbed to the topmost tier, at the top of the stair was a 40-centimetre-high (16 in) sacrificial altar measuring 45 centimetres (18 in) wide by 18 centimetres

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From 26–30 March 2007 Iximche was the site of the III Continental Summit of Indigenous Peoples and Nationalities of Abya Yala. The meeting's closing "Declaration of Iximche" committed delegates to a struggle for social justice and against "neoliberalism and other forms of oppression."

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The skeletal remains of more than 100 individuals have been excavated at Iximche, some of which were very well preserved. Unfortunately the bones became mixed when warehoused near the site after excavation and their original locations are no longer clear. Thirty-six skulls were analysed by

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has not been excavated although it was cleared and mapped by archaeologists. It is a large plaza surrounded by fairly high mounds although it does not appear to have had the large east and west pyramids present on the other main plazas. It had a palace on the south side with three interior

1000:. On the eve of the Spanish Conquest, the Kaqchikel kingdom based at Iximche was still expanding into areas formerly controlled by the Kʼicheʼ and it was rapidly becoming the most powerful new kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands. It was second in importance only to the Kʼicheʼ capital at 1748:

is a 61-metre (200 ft) long platform that completely enclosed the north side of Plaza C. It supported three residential structures, each of which had its own stairway. Domestic ceramics were found associated with these buildings. An incense burner was also found with an effigy of

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was a noble tomb in Structure 27, in Plaza A. The remains of three sacrificed adults were piled together face down in a 1 square metre (11 sq ft) space. Under these sacrifices were the seated remains of another person. This individual wore a gold headband with a jade and

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members of the Kʼicheʼ court who were captured by the Kaqchikels and decapitated. Most of the skulls were found with associated obsidian blades. Most of the skulls had been individually buried in pits cut into the floor of the plaza, although a few were grouped into small lots.

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is a range structure on the north side of Plaza A. The bases of pillars survive that once separated five doorways. Structure 22 is one of the best preserved palace platforms at Iximche and had benches set against the inside of three of the walls and hearths set into the floor.

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tribute, the Kaqchikel soon broke the alliance and deserted their capital, which was burned 2 years later by Spanish deserters. The Europeans founded a new town nearby but abandoned it in 1527 due to the continued hostility of the Kaqchikel, who finally surrendered in 1530.

1691:, the underworld. Structure 8 has been excavated and restored. Excavations uncovered two levels of plaster flooring, indicating that the ballcourt had been built during the second of the three main phases of construction at Iximche, dating it to about AD 1500. 960:

Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ died on 23 July 1508 and was succeeded by his son Hun-Iqʼ. Kablahuh-Tihax died on 4 February 1509 and was succeeded by his son Lahuh-Noh. The Kaqchikel continued their wars against the Kʼicheʼ kingdom over the following decade. The Aztec emperor

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and in 1840. Catherwood never published any drawings of the site and Stephens reported that the locals had plundered the stone at the site for many years in order to use it for building materials in Tecpán. French architect Cesar Daly mapped Iximche in 1857.

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The Kaqchikel people were closely related to the Kʼicheʼ, their former allies. The Kʼicheʼan peoples (including the Kaqchikel, the Kʼicheʼ and others) had received strong influences from central Mexico since the time of the great Early Classic metropolis of

1579:, and they probably represent a Kaqchikel ritual in progress. The painted murals are very poorly preserved due to deterioration caused by damp combined with damage caused by tree roots. The style of the paintings is very similar to that of Postclassic 1486:

On the southwest of the palace courtyard there were some low platforms, possibly ritual dance platforms, and on the southeast side was a building with benches against three of the walls and hearths at each end. This may have been the room where the

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art. Exposed parts of the middle phase of construction were damaged and the second phase was covered by the final construction phase, which was badly damaged by the stonework being stripped away for building the nearby town of Tecpán.

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vessel were recovered scattered around three sides of the temple that were probably the remains of a relic from within the temple itself. There is no evidence of such early occupation at Iximche and may have been plundered from

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explosive population growth at the city caused the residential area to spill over into the edges of the ravines themselves. The site center consists of four large and two small plazas, each of which contained at least two

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The Kaqchikel kings Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ and Kablahuh-Tihax gained a definitive victory over the Kʼicheʼ around 1491 when they captured the Kʼicheʼ kings Tepepul and Itzayul together with the idol of their most important deity

1732:- two crude tenoned zoomorphic heads, possibly jaguar heads, were found near this structure but were probably ballcourt markers from one of the two ballcourts. It is likely that they served as a core onto which 1410:

Human sacrifice is evidenced at the site by the altar upon Structure 2, of a type used in heart sacrifice, and by a cylindrical cache of skulls taken from decapitated victims accompanied by obsidian knives. A

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are to the east of Plaza D and also included palace buildings. These plazas were not mapped by Guillemín and remain covered by trees. The two plazas formed a single complex, believed to have been that of the

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The temple shrine was built on a final platform on top of the fourth tier. The exposed remains of the shrine date to the reign of Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ. It had a triple doorway divided by columns and was built from

259:. The ruins of Iximche were declared a Guatemalan National Monument in the 1960s. The site has a small museum displaying a number of pieces found there, including sculptures and ceramics. It is open daily. 1457:. A few of the structures have been restored and the site core is kept clear of overgrowth. Residential structures built on platforms around the ceremonial plazas usually had built-in benches and hearths. 1245:

Tourist facilities at the site include visitor parking, a small museum, a picnic area and a football field. The museum is open on a daily basis and displays a number of artefacts recovered from the ruins.

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Pedro de Alvarado rapidly began to demand gold in tribute from the Kaqchikels, souring the friendship between the two peoples. He demanded that the Kaqchikel kings deliver 1000 gold leaves each of 15

4916: 394:. The city was built at an altitude of 2,260 metres (7,410 ft) in an easily defensible position on a ridge surrounded by deep ravines, in order to defend the city from its hostile Kʼicheʼ and 1058:

in the Kaqchikel calendar). Ten days later the Spanish declared war on the Kaqchikel. A couple of years later, on 9 February 1526, a group of sixteen Spanish deserters burnt the palace of the

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being Nahuatl for "palace", so the name of the new town translated as "the palace among the trees". The inhabitants of Iximche were dispersed, with some being moved to Tecpán, others to

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annals, where equivalent dates are often given in both the Kaqchikel and Spanish calendars. The Schele and Fahsen dates are used in this section. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.386.n15.

1070:'s expedition to Honduras. He reported that the houses of the city were still in excellent condition, his account was the last description of the city while it was still inhabitable. 1656:

was a pyramid-temple. Excavation revealed at least two phases of construction and the pyramidal platform had a single stair that divided into two as it approached the summit shrine.

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markers. The plazas are named A, B, C, D, E and F, running from northwest (A) to southeast (F). The ceremonial centre of the city was separated from the residential areas by a wall.

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founded their first capital at Iximche, they took the name of the city used by their Nahuatl-speaking Mexican allies and applied it to the new Spanish city and, by extension, to the

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that between them contained ten principal lineages or "big houses". The clans themselves were the Xahil, who were the main branch of the Kaqchikel, the Sotzʼil, the Tukuche and the

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At the southwest corner of Temple 2 is a low platform that bore painted murals that had a skull with crossed longbones upon two bands of decoration. This platform may have been an

1054:. A Kaqchikel priest foretold that the Kaqchikel gods would destroy the Spanish and the Kaqchikel people abandoned their city and fled to the forests and hills on 28 August 1524 ( 965:

sent messengers to the Kaqchikel in 1510, warning of strangers in the Caribbean. In 1512 he sent another messenger (named as Witzʼitzʼil) warning of the arrival of the Spanish in

4896: 1325:, the junior co-ruler. Plaza C also had two temples facing each other across the plaza. The Xahil ballcourt was on the southwest side of Plaza C and the palace proper of the 1156:

cult worshipping a relic from the ruins that had been transferred to the church in Tecpán. As late as the 19th century processions to the ruins from Tecpán took place every

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platform on the west side of Plaza A. It has a stairway that climbs the east side of the structure, providing access from the plaza. Structure 2 faces the sunrise on the

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Because of the very brief nature of the Spanish occupation of the city, very few European artefacts were found. Those few pieces that were found consisted of forged iron

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knife was also recovered from Structure 3. Two low platforms stand in front of the temple, they were likely to have been used either as altars or as dance platforms.

1383:(a type of griddle). Imported ceramics include Chinautla Polychrome and White-on-red, they are reasonably common at the site. Brown bowls are of a type also found in 1234:, at the weekend the site attracts about 250 visitors per day. Comparatively few tourists visit the ruins and the majority that do are Guatemalan nationals. Modern 4911: 1096:

abandoned Tecpán in 1527, due to the continuous Kaqchikel attacks, and moved to the Almolonga Valley to the east, refounding their capital on the site of today's

4876: 534:, the last two of these were not very important. Each of the four lords had his own section in the new city that included his palace, royal court and temples. 3471: 1566:(a class of mythical being) that supported the temple. Turtles also played an important part in the Classic Period Maya myth of the rebirth of the Maize God. 992:

On 11 August 1521, Belehe Qat and Cahi Imox were chosen as lords of the city after the deaths of Hun-Iqʼ and Lahuh-Noh, the previous kings. Cahi Imox was the

3584:. Antigua Guatemala: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies, South Woodstock, VT: 199–215. 450:. These royal titles were originally bestowed upon the leaders of the Xahil and Sotzʼil clans by the Kʼicheʼ in gratitude for their military services to the 442:, although in reality it was the first two of these that held the real power. The two main clans of the Kaqchikel people each provided a leader, one was the 3776:. Antigua Guatemala: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies, South Woodstock, VT: 73–82. 891: 319:

visited the site in 2007, and in the same year Iximche was the venue for the III Continental Summit of Indigenous Peoples and Nationalities of Abya Yala.

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that these sacrificed individuals were not Kaqchikels but were captives taken from enemy states. Less than 3% of the analysed skulls showed evidence of

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mosaic and a necklace with ten representations of jaguar heads together with forty small gold beads. On each arm he wore a bracelet fashioned from the

1719:" by the Aztecs and it may have served this purpose. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of a noble burial interred with three companions. 1129: 3574:

Nance, C. Roger (June 1998). "La cerámica y palacios de Iximché: examen preliminar de la colección Guillemín proveniente de la capital kaqchikel".

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Ceramic finds at the site include frequent finds of incense-burners with handles and molded decoration. The most common domestic ceramics are of a

1044: 655:. Occasional Early and Late Classic remains have been found but they are incidental and do not represent a Classic Period occupation of the site. 1597:

skull racks. Two skulls bearing evidence of decapitation were found in a cache to the southeast of Temple 2 together with some obsidian blades.

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recounted how in 1526 he returned to Iximche and spent the night in the "old city of Guatemala" together with Luis Marín and other members of

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blocks and once supported beam and mortar roofs but none have survived. The platform cores were generally built of rough stones set in a

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Luján Muñoz, Jorge; Ernesto Chinchilla Aguilar; María Cristina Zilbermann de Luján; Alberto Herrarte; J. Daniel Contreras R. (1994).

4901: 3748: 3646: 3556: 3525: 1222: 366:. From this comes the modern name of the country. The site has also been referred to as Patinamit by 19th century investigators, a 3842: 105: 4871: 4571: 1716: 1483:

Hun-Iqʼ and Lajuj Noj, by the end of which the palace covered an area of more than 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft).

799: 52: 1179: 884: 256: 3819: 1709:, lying between Plazas A and B, had an internal patio with the structure enclosing it on three sides, much like Structure 10. 4808: 472:

were the other two lords, which translate from Kaqchikel as the "principal person" and the "speaker". The Kaqchikel document

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Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ, the son of Wuqu-Batzʼ, had a long and successful reign and lived through the reigns of two of his co-rulers.

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is a circular altar in Plaza B measuring 3.5 metres (11 ft) across. It is very similar to those used for so-called "

511:. They were important positions in their own right and the heirs were military leaders who commanded on the battlefield. 4881: 3548: 3432:

Frühsorge, Lars (April 2007). "Archaeological Heritage in Guatemala: Indigenous Perspectives on the Ruins of Iximcheʼ".

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A Mayan fire ceremony and human rights rally held at Iximche on 21 December 2012, attended by locals and tourists alike.

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Archaeologists only found traces of one pre-Kaqchikel occupational phase and this was an ancient level dating to the

255:. Excavators uncovered the poorly preserved remains of painted murals on some of the buildings and ample evidence of 4828: 4686: 4330: 877: 765: 667: 4365: 3740: 1553: 1442:

Over 160 structures have been mapped at Iximche. The structures were faced with stone blocks that were coated in

911: 725: 4813: 4706: 3886: 1062:, sacked the temples and kidnapped a priest, acts that the Kaqchikel blamed on Pedro de Alvarado. Conquistador 391: 387: 89: 3827: 3498: 1643:) is a pyramid temple facing onto Plaza B. It is the only temple at Iximche to have been completely restored. 1624:, a city with a long occupational history that was conquered by the Kʼicheʼ-Kaqchikel alliance. A sacrificial 1018: 4360: 4180: 4043: 3766:

Whittington, Stephen L.; David Reed (June 1998). "Evidencia de Dieta y Salud en los Esqueletos de Iximché".

1613: 1404: 1303:

are thought to have comprised a single complex belonging to the Sotzʼil clan and included the palace of the

1036: 652: 252: 238: 3768: 3576: 1307:. Plaza A possesses a ballcourt, two temples and ten palace structures, five of which are interconnecting. 685: 4721: 4175: 1798:

All excavated tombs were intrusive burials interred under residential platforms. They were all found in a

1768: 1762:

archaeologists, of these 25 show evidence of decapitation, a sacrificial practice commonly represented in

212: 274:

overcome in 1493. Wars against the Kʼicheʼ continued throughout the early 16th century. When the Spanish

4468: 3918: 1795:

in the teeth of 89% of these, indicating a high level of poor health in the first 7 years of childhood.

1536: 1341:

courtyards, the westernmost of which had a cross-shaped altar. The palace was smaller than those of the

1279: 813: 248: 4300: 4100: 1776: 1454: 1321:

was separated from Plazas A and B by a 0.91-metre (3 ft) wall and was the palace complex of the

1206:

In 1960 the ruins of Iximche were declared a National Monument under governmental decree 1360 of the

1161: 1145: 454:. Both leaders were supposed to be equal in rank but in practice the Sotzʼil king was the senior (or 312: 295: 290:

decimated the population of Iximche before the physical arrival of the Europeans. At the time of the

267: 2473:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.297. This event occurred on the day 10 Tzʼiʼ of the Kaqchikel calendar.

597: 4866: 4048: 3879: 3520:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Asociación de Amigos del País, Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarrollo. 1616: 1290: 1137: 1120: 1074: 395: 379: 328: 247:

kingdom from 1470 until its abandonment in 1524. The architecture of the site included a number of

230: 79: 4656: 1067: 986: 581: 283: 39: 4906: 4596: 3993: 3902: 3449: 1799: 1167: 1097: 1043:

in the Kaqchikel calendar) Pedro de Alvarado declared Iximche as the first capital of Guatemala,

865: 574: 484:

as the two most important, the other two lords were drawn from two additional clans and were the

367: 4355: 966: 629: 200: 624: 613: 4846: 4621: 4130: 3933: 3785: 3777: 3754: 3744: 3686: 3676: 3652: 3642: 3593: 3585: 3562: 3552: 3531: 3521: 3490: 3482: 3381: 3373: 1396: 1187: 1105: 1027: 735: 675: 586: 400: 303: 244: 1202:

performing at Iximche for the 2007 visit of the presidents of Guatemala and the United States

608: 4823: 4335: 4265: 4105: 4028: 3441: 1412: 1380: 1258:

Map of the site core of Iximche, showing the principal structures of Plazas A to C

938: 755: 263: 241: 220: 169: 4691: 3831: 3699: 1780: 1540: 1132:

in 1695. Miguel Rivera Maestre published some plans and views of the ruins in 1834 in his

808: 705: 4491: 3609:(in Spanish). Ciudad Vieja Sacatepéquez, Guatemala: www.miciudadvieja.com. Archived from 1086: 3804: 3394: 4008: 3634: 2310: 1819: 1434: 1194: 916: 740: 720: 383: 316: 3364:

Arroyo, Bárbara (July–August 2001). "El Posclásico Tardío en los Altos de Guatemala".

2388:

Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.296-297. Guillemin 1967, p.34. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.94.

1242:" in English) arrive as pilgrims at Iximche from throughout the Guatemalan Highlands. 4860: 4661: 4581: 4150: 3958: 3728: 3669: 3453: 1544: 780: 760: 745: 715: 559: 224: 282:

emperor sent messengers to warn the Kaqchikel. After the surrender of the Aztecs to

4611: 4546: 4445: 4375: 4053: 4018: 3664: 3639:

Memorial de Solalá, Anales de los Kaqchikeles; Título de los Señores de Totonicapán

1788: 1443: 1231: 1101: 982: 962: 790: 785: 700: 695: 359: 275: 4591: 4561: 4345: 3973: 3733: 1022:

Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado was initially welcomed into Iximche with open arms.

1001: 942: 299: 286:, Iximche sent its own messengers to offer a Kaqchikel alliance with the Spanish. 1419:

was recovered from one of the temples and is also indicative of human sacrifice.

4818: 4800: 4551: 4536: 4506: 4415: 4380: 4350: 4340: 4290: 4255: 4245: 4125: 4068: 3998: 1388: 1157: 1039:. The Spanish returned to the Kaqchikel capital on 23 July 1524 and on 27 July ( 906: 750: 710: 227: 1516: 4781: 4701: 4671: 4541: 4531: 4526: 4400: 4285: 4275: 4200: 4185: 4170: 4160: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4120: 3953: 3938: 3928: 3445: 1837: 1792: 1593: 1283: 1153: 775: 770: 3857: 3844: 3781: 3700:"III Continental Summit of Indigenous Peoples and Nationalities of Abya Yala" 3589: 3486: 3377: 1372:

was still visible on the ground although it is now almost totally filled in.

120: 107: 4766: 4696: 4631: 4576: 4556: 4280: 4270: 4260: 4190: 4155: 4087: 4003: 3758: 3714: 3713:

Secretaría Cumbre Continental de Pueblos y Organizaciones Indígenas (2009).

3698:

Secretaría Cumbre Continental de Pueblos y Organizaciones Indígenas (2007).

3690: 3656: 3566: 3535: 3481:. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology: 22–35. 3385: 2543:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.297. Recinos 1998, p.101. Guillemín 1965, p.10.

2068:

Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.298. Lutz 1997, pp.10, 258. Ortiz Flores 2008.

1815: 1239: 1093: 1032: 730: 234: 93: 4771: 4716: 4616: 3978: 3825:

Comité de amigos del museo de Iximche (Committee of the Friends of Iximche)

3789: 3597: 3494: 1082: 3545:

Santiago de Guatemala, 1541-1773: City, Caste, and the Colonial Experience

2570:

Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.298, 310, 386n19. Recinos 1998, p.19. gives

2272:

Kelly 1996, p.192. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.299. Guillemin 1967, p.23.

1310: 476:

gives alternate titles for two of the four lords. This document lists the

4681: 4676: 4521: 4516: 4463: 4455: 4435: 4405: 4305: 4235: 4110: 4095: 4033: 3983: 3968: 3923: 2671:

Secretaría Cumbre Continental de Pueblos y Organizaciones Indígenas 2007.

2180:

Secretaría Cumbre Continental de Pueblos y Organizaciones Indígenas 2009.

1804: 1784: 1772: 1763: 1423: 978: 970: 287: 1254: 985:

fell to the Spanish onslaught in 1521, the Kaqchikel sent messengers to

4833: 4761: 4651: 4636: 4501: 4486: 4440: 4395: 4325: 4320: 4195: 4165: 4058: 4038: 4013: 3988: 3943: 1832: 1742:

is located behind Temple 2. Within it was found the noble tomb E-27-A.

1703:

had an internal patio with the building surrounding it on three sides.

1688: 1621: 1384: 1199: 564: 420: 352: 17: 1662:

is an unrestored temple-pyramid platform to the southwest of Plaza C.

458:, "firstborn child") while the king of the Xahil was subordinate (the 4756: 4751: 4741: 4646: 4601: 4478: 4425: 4420: 4410: 4370: 4240: 4210: 4205: 4063: 4023: 3963: 3948: 3910: 2379:

Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.296-297, 307. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.94.

1750: 1733: 1580: 1549: 1479: 1392: 1391:, both of which also had a Late Postclassic occupation. Three-legged 1275: 1268: 1182:

carried out a ceramic study of Iximche in the 1940s on behalf of the

569: 3314:

Guillemín 1965, pp.21-22, 32. Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.306-307.

1671: 514:

When Iximche was founded in the late 15th century AD Wuqu-Batzʼ was

3824: 1675:

Structure 8, a sunken ballcourt on the southwestern side of Plaza A

426:

The rulers of Iximche were four principal lords with the titles of

4746: 4731: 4726: 4711: 4666: 4641: 4626: 4606: 4586: 4511: 4430: 4390: 4315: 4310: 4250: 4225: 4215: 3413:(in Spanish). Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. Archived from 3409:

Centro de Acción Legal - Ambiental y Social de Guatemala (CALAS).

1670: 1625: 1571: 1562: 1515: 1447: 1433: 1416: 1314:

View of Iximche with Structure 1 at left and Structure 2 at right.

1309: 1272: 1263: 1253: 1221: 1193: 1178:. He carried out a site survey and published a plan of the ruins. 1136:("Atlas of the State of Guatemala"). American diplomat and writer 1119: 1017: 981:

brought to the Americas with the Spanish. After the Aztec capital

954: 344: 279: 199: 1858:

Centro de Acción Legal - Ambiental y Social de Guatemala (CALAS).

403:, which empties into the Pacific Ocean. Iximche is located among 4776: 4736: 4566: 4230: 1451: 1376: 1051: 416: 3875: 3671:

The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs

3411:"Decreto Número 1360: El Congreso de la República de Guatemala" 1969:

Polo Sifontes 1986, pp.39-40. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.300.

4496: 1282:, the larger of which is 40 metres (130 ft) long and had 503:

were passed from father to son. The Xahil heir bore the title

3871: 1771:, a very low percentage compared with remains recovered from 27:

Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican site in the highlands of Guatemala

2837: 2835: 2297:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.300. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.39.

1803:

an elderly male was accompanied by pieces of burnt pine and

1478:

knives, comals, metates and domestic ceramics. Fragments of

3434:

Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress

3332:

Guillemín 1965, pp.32-33. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.306.

2689:

Guillemín 1965, pp.27-28. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.311.

2485:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.297. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.70.

1399:) were frequently recovered from the excavations and black 3465:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional de Guatemala. 3063: 3061: 2321: 2319: 1552:

and the top was slightly concave, it is of a type used in

2096: 2094: 915:, a document written in the Kaqchikel language but using 204:

Map of the Guatemalan highlands in the Postclassic Period

3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 1791:

analysis was carried out on 19 individuals and revealed

3341:

Guillemín 1965, p.33. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.306.

3323:

Guillemín 1965, p.32. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.306.

3242: 3240: 3238: 3185:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.310. Guillemin 1967, p.32.

3009:

Guillemín 1965, p.28. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.301.

2922:

Guillemín 1965, p.24. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.307.

2733:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.309. Guillemin 1967, p.32.

2441:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.296. Guillemín 1965, p.11.

459: 378:

Iximche is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of

3121: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3105: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2662:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.299. Guillemín 1965, p.5.

2594: 2592: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2055: 2053: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1548:(7.1 in) deep. The altar was made from stone and 2586:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.298. Recinos 1998, p.19.

1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1152:

In Spanish Colonial times Iximche was the focus of a

530:. According to the early Colonial Kaqchikel document 399:

Chocoyos, which both join to flow southwest into the

4917:

15th-century establishments in the Maya civilization

3099:

Kelly 1996, p.192. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.303.

2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 1880: 1878: 1683:

outermost side. In Kaqchikel ballcourts were called

1289:

Today the ruins are accessed via the modern town of

415:

The Kaqchikel kingdom itself was divided among four

294:, Iximche was the second most important city in the 4799: 4788:

for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico

4477: 4454: 4086: 3909: 2582: 2580: 2539: 2537: 1591:or "skull place", a Kaqchikel version of the Aztec 1230:The majority of visitors to Iximche are indigenous 1170:visited Iximche in 1887 and referred to it both as 909:. The history of Iximche is largely drawn from the 327:The site's name derives from the Mayan name of the 190: 185: 175: 165: 157: 149: 141: 136: 99: 85: 75: 3732: 3668: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2891: 2889: 2481: 2479: 2137: 2135: 1334:where comparatively few artefacts were recovered. 3607:"Segundo Asiento Oficial de la Ciudad según Acta" 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2034: 2032: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1128:The ruins were described by Guatemalan historian 2224: 2222: 2220: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1854: 1852: 1783:, this suggests a fairly high level of airborne 2615: 2613: 2047:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.298, 310, 386n19. 1349:and is believed to have been the palace of the 1144:, after he visited Iximche with English artist 3739:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: 3167:Kelly 1996, pp.192, 195. Guillemin 1967, p.32. 2953: 2951: 2697: 2695: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 1491:held court and received visitors and tribute. 1403:blades were found in great quantities. Simple 1124:US President George W. Bush at Iximche in 2007 446:("Lord of the Sotzʼil") and the other was the 3887: 3627:Los Cakchiqueles en la Conquista de Guatemala 3463:Iximché: Capital del Antiguo Reino Cakchiquel 2176: 2174: 885: 8: 3810:Iximche history and pictures at Maya-History 1160:. This cult had died out by the time of the 32: 4897:16th-century disestablishments in Guatemala 3472:"The Ancient Cakchiquel Capital of Iximche" 3440:(1). World Archaeological Congress: 39–58. 1697:had two pillars separating three doorways. 1047:("St. James of the Knights of Guatemala"). 358:meaning "forested land". Since the Spanish 3894: 3880: 3872: 3076:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.303, 387n24. 2059:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.299, 386n20. 892: 878: 662: 31: 2607:Lutz 1997, pp.10, 258. Ortiz Flores 2008. 382:, and 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of 4887:15th-century establishments in Guatemala 3232:Kelly 1996, p.192. Guillemín 1965, p.25. 3176:Kelly 1996, p.192. Guillemín 1965, p.27. 2913:Kelly 1996, p.192. Guillemín 1965, p.22. 2904:Kelly 1996, p.192. Guillemin 1967, p.31. 2841:Kelly 1996, p.192. Guillemin 1967, p.29. 2628:Guillemín 1965, p.15. Kelly 1996, p.195. 541: 4892:1526 disestablishments in North America 3820:Priests purify Iximché after Bush visit 3715:"Archivo Abya Yala / Abya Yala Archive" 3641:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Piedra Santa. 3372:(50). Mexico: Editorial Raíces: 38–43. 2309:. They should not be confused with the 2109:Kelly 1996, p.196. Guillemín 1965, p.5. 1848: 1045:Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala 989:offering an alliance with the Spanish. 821: 798: 674: 3255:Whittington & Reed 1998, pp.73-74. 3067:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.302-303. 2945:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.307-308. 2521:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.626, 765. 2464:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.296-297. 2423:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.293-294. 2325:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.299-300. 1262:The site was largely preserved by the 507:, and the Sotzʼil heir bore the title 4912:1470s establishments in North America 3605:Ortiz Flores, Walter Agustin (2008). 2432:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.294-295. 1208:Congress of the Republic of Guatemala 1140:described the ruins, which he called 1130:Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzmán 7: 4877:Former populated places in Guatemala 3470:Guillemin, George F. (Winter 1967). 1238:(Maya priests often referred to as " 3675:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3629:(in Spanish). Guatemala: CENALTEX. 3395:"Mayas to cleanse site after Bush" 3305:Whittington & Reed 1998, p.77. 3289:Whittington & Reed 1998, p.76. 3273:Whittington & Reed 1998, p.75. 3264:Whittington & Reed 1998, p.74. 2301:also has the variant spellings of 2205:Schelle & Mathews 1999, p.292. 1184:Middle American Research Institute 1073:The Spanish founded a new town at 25: 3246:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.306. 3125:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.304. 3113:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.303. 2936:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.307. 2863:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.301. 2790:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.311. 2768:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.310. 2742:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.309. 2598:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.299. 2561:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.298. 2343:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.300. 2017:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.297. 1922:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.296. 1884:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.295. 237:. Iximche was the capital of the 4077: 1753:, the central Mexican rain god. 859: 684: 488:("Lord of the Tukuche") and the 58: 51: 38: 3625:Polo Sifontes, Francis (1986). 298:, after the Kʼicheʼ capital at 59: 1524:("skull place") at bottom left 941:) because it was too close to 407:common to highland Guatemala. 266:served as loyal allies of the 1: 3543:Lutz, Christopher H. (1997). 3518:Historia general de Guatemala 2352:Polo Sifontes 1986, pp.39-40. 1687:and were seen as gateways to 1415:flute crafted from a child's 1134:Atlas del Estado de Guatemala 1014:Spanish conquest of Guatemala 3549:University of Oklahoma Press 3461:Guillemín, Jorge F. (1965). 2214:Kelly 1996, pp.192, 195-196. 1520:Temple 2 at Iximche and its 823:Spanish conquest of the Maya 460: 452:Kʼicheʼ Kingdom of Qʼumarkaj 233:in the western highlands of 492:("Lord of the Raxonihay"). 311:1970s. In 1980, during the 4933: 4844: 3393:BBC News (12 March 2007). 1438:Temples 1 and 2 at Iximche 1407:jewellery was also found. 1164:in the late 20th century. 1085:and to other towns around 1026:When Spanish conquistador 1011: 474:Testamento de los Xpantzay 386:, in the northwest of the 347:tree". Iximche was called 4842: 4075: 3858:14.7358000°N 90.9962000°W 3815:History and Photo Gallery 3741:Stanford University Press 3731:; Loa P. Traxler (2006). 3446:10.1007/s11759-007-9001-4 3350:Guillemín 1965, pp.21-22. 2724:Guillemín 1965, pp.25-26. 2512:Polo Sifontes 1986, p.94. 2370:Polo Sifontes 1986, p.39. 2361:Polo Sifontes 1986, p.41. 2288:Polo Sifontes 1986, p.40. 2026:Polo Sifontes 1986, p.70. 1379:ware and include ceramic 937:(speculated to be modern 580: 464:, "lastborn child"). The 370:word meaning "the city". 351:by the Spanish, from the 121:14.7358000°N 90.9962000°W 67:Location within Guatemala 46: 37: 4902:Chimaltenango Department 3667:; Peter Mathews (1999). 2966:Nance 1998, pp.200, 206. 2168:BBC News, 12 March 2007. 1064:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 912:Annals of the Kaqchikels 666:This article is part of 659:Late Postclassic history 90:Chimaltenango Department 4872:Maya sites in Guatemala 3863:14.7358000; -90.9962000 2984:Nance 1998, pp.210-211. 2100:Kelly 1996, pp.195-196. 1872:Kelly 1996, pp.197-198. 1736:modelling was applied. 996:and Belehe Qat was the 278:arrived in Mexico, the 253:Mesoamerican ballcourts 126:14.7358000; -90.9962000 1769:iron deficiency anemia 1717:gladiatorial sacrifice 1676: 1525: 1439: 1315: 1259: 1227: 1203: 1125: 1023: 920:with the royal titles 866:Mesoamerica portal 411:Political organization 205: 3919:Actun Tunichil Muknal 3223:Guillemín 1965, p.32. 3197:Guillemin 1967, p.31. 3158:Guillemin 1967, p.32. 3090:Guillemin 1967, p.33. 3055:Guillemín 1965, p.29. 3031:Guillemín 1965, p.28. 2895:Guillemín 1965, p.27. 2829:Guillemín 1965, p.33. 2813:Guillemín 1965, p.31. 2804:Guillemín 1965, p.15. 2715:Guillemin 1967, p.29. 2680:Frühsorge 2007, p.49. 2503:Guillemin 1967, p.35. 2455:Guillemin 1967, p.25. 2414:Guillemín 1965, p.30. 2237:Frühsorge 2007, p.44. 2159:Frühsorge 2007, p.48. 2141:Frühsorge 2007, p.45. 2088:Guillemín 1965, p.14. 2038:Guillemín 1965, p.12. 1960:Guillemín 1965, p.24. 1934:Guillemin 1967, p.23. 1674: 1519: 1437: 1313: 1257: 1225: 1197: 1123: 1021: 814:Classic Maya collapse 388:Guatemalan department 343:, meaning literally " 203: 4101:Altar de Sacrificios 3366:Arqueología Mexicana 2653:Guillemín 1965, p.5. 2228:Guillemín 1965, p.9. 1787:in the environment. 1777:Altar de Sacrificios 1162:Guatemalan Civil War 1146:Frederick Catherwood 526:and Xitamel-Keh was 313:Guatemalan Civil War 296:Guatemalan Highlands 4882:1470 establishments 3854: / 2619:Recinos 1998, p.20. 2494:Recinos 1998, p.95. 2313:of Chiapas, Mexico. 2189:Recinos 1998, p.81. 1138:John Lloyd Stephens 929:their subjugation. 333:Brosimum alicastrum 262:For many years the 231:archaeological site 117: / 34: 3830:2012-04-02 at the 3134:Kelly 1996, p.195. 2993:Nance 1998, p.212. 2975:Nance 1998, p.210. 2957:Nance 1998, p.200. 2701:Arroyo 2001, p.42. 2644:Kelly 1996, p.196. 2263:Kelly 1996, p.192. 1800:squatting position 1677: 1526: 1440: 1316: 1260: 1228: 1204: 1168:Alfred P. Maudslay 1126: 1098:San Miguel Escobar 1024: 532:Memorial de Sololá 335:), from the words 251:, palaces and two 223:orthography) is a 206: 4854: 4853: 4847:Pre-Columbian era 4792: 4301:Motul de San José 3934:Barton Creek Cave 3729:Sharer, Robert J. 3682:978-0-684-85209-6 1614:Early Postclassic 1188:Tulane University 1106:Antigua Guatemala 1028:Pedro de Alvarado 902: 901: 677:Maya civilization 639: 638: 401:Madre Vieja River 304:Pedro de Alvarado 198: 197: 16:(Redirected from 4924: 4784: 4336:Punta de Chimino 4106:Arroyo de Piedra 4081: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3836: 3805:Iximché on FAMSI 3793: 3762: 3738: 3735:The Ancient Maya 3724: 3722: 3721: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3694: 3674: 3660: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3601: 3570: 3539: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3503: 3497:. Archived from 3476: 3466: 3457: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3389: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3290: 3287: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3198: 3195: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3114: 3111: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3056: 3053: 3032: 3029: 3010: 3007: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2864: 2861: 2842: 2839: 2830: 2827: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2791: 2788: 2769: 2766: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2702: 2699: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2587: 2584: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2544: 2541: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2326: 2323: 2314: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2190: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2142: 2139: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2089: 2086: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2015: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1935: 1932: 1923: 1920: 1885: 1882: 1873: 1870: 1859: 1856: 1632:Other structures 1291:Tecpán Guatemala 1278:, there are two 1250:Site description 1075:Tecpán Guatemala 1008:Spanish Conquest 939:Chichicastenango 917:Latin characters 894: 887: 880: 864: 863: 862: 688: 678: 663: 542: 509:Ahpop Achi Balam 505:Ahpop Achi Ygich 463: 292:Spanish Conquest 239:Late Postclassic 214: 161:Late Postclassic 132: 131: 129: 128: 127: 122: 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 80:Tecpán Guatemala 62: 61: 55: 42: 35: 21: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4838: 4795: 4473: 4450: 4082: 4073: 3905: 3900: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3834: 3832:Wayback Machine 3801: 3796: 3765: 3751: 3727: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3683: 3663: 3649: 3635:Recinos, Adrian 3633: 3624: 3616: 3614: 3604: 3573: 3559: 3542: 3528: 3515: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3474: 3469: 3460: 3431: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3408: 3400: 3398: 3392: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3293: 3288: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3035: 3030: 3013: 3008: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2867: 2862: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2794: 2789: 2772: 2767: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2145: 2140: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2016: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1921: 1888: 1883: 1876: 1871: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1846: 1829: 1781:maxillary sinus 1759: 1695:Structure 9-sub 1639:(also known as 1634: 1608:(also known as 1603: 1577:tongue piercing 1554:human sacrifice 1541:summer solstice 1531:(also known as 1514: 1505:Gran Palacio II 1501:Great Palace II 1497: 1495:Great Palace II 1480:incense burners 1463: 1432: 1252: 1220: 1180:Robert Wauchope 1118: 1016: 1010: 898: 860: 858: 851: 809:Preclassic Maya 676: 661: 653:Late Preclassic 649: 644: 540: 413: 376: 325: 302:. Conquistador 257:human sacrifice 249:pyramid-temples 194:Jorge Guillemín 180: 125: 123: 119: 116: 111: 108: 106: 104: 103: 71: 70: 69: 68: 65: 64: 63: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4930: 4928: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4859: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4687:Plan de Ayutla 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4331:Piedras Negras 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4009:Marco Gonzalez 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3838: 3837: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3799:External links 3797: 3795: 3794: 3772:(in Spanish). 3763: 3749: 3725: 3710: 3695: 3681: 3661: 3647: 3631: 3622: 3602: 3580:(in Spanish). 3571: 3557: 3540: 3526: 3513: 3467: 3458: 3429: 3406: 3397:. UK. BBC News 3390: 3368:(in Spanish). 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3291: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3234: 3225: 3199: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3136: 3127: 3115: 3101: 3092: 3078: 3069: 3057: 3033: 3011: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2947: 2938: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2865: 2843: 2831: 2815: 2806: 2792: 2770: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2717: 2703: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2630: 2621: 2609: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2563: 2545: 2533: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2487: 2475: 2466: 2457: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2390: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2327: 2315: 2290: 2274: 2265: 2239: 2230: 2216: 2207: 2191: 2182: 2170: 2161: 2143: 2111: 2102: 2090: 2070: 2061: 2049: 2040: 2028: 2019: 1971: 1962: 1936: 1924: 1886: 1874: 1860: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1820:occipital bone 1758: 1755: 1633: 1630: 1602: 1599: 1535:) is a tiered 1513: 1510: 1496: 1493: 1471:Gran Palacio I 1467:Great Palace I 1462: 1461:Great Palace I 1459: 1431: 1428: 1271:. Along with 1251: 1248: 1219: 1216: 1117: 1116:Modern history 1114: 1112:Ciudad Vieja. 1009: 1006: 900: 899: 897: 896: 889: 882: 874: 871: 870: 869: 868: 853: 852: 850: 849: 844: 839: 834: 826: 825: 819: 818: 817: 816: 811: 803: 802: 796: 795: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 690: 689: 681: 680: 672: 671: 660: 657: 648: 645: 643: 640: 637: 636: 634: 632: 627: 621: 620: 618: 616: 611: 605: 604: 602: 600: 598:Kablahuh-Tihax 594: 593: 591: 589: 584: 578: 577: 572: 567: 562: 556: 555: 552: 549: 546: 539: 536: 518:, Hun-Toh was 495:The titles of 490:Ahpo Raxonihay 412: 409: 384:Guatemala City 375: 372: 324: 321: 317:George W. Bush 196: 195: 192: 191:Archaeologists 188: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 170:Kaqchikel Maya 167: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 134: 133: 101: 97: 96: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 66: 57: 56: 50: 49: 48: 47: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4929: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4848: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4824:Joya de Cerén 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4662:Moral Reforma 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582:Dzibilchaltun 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151:Cotzumalhuapa 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4029:Nohoch Cheʼen 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3849:90°59′46.32″W 3833: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3750:0-8047-4817-9 3746: 3742: 3737: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3711: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3673: 3672: 3666: 3665:Schele, Linda 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3648:84-8377-006-7 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3613:on 2011-07-14 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3558:0-8061-2597-7 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3527:84-88622-07-4 3523: 3519: 3514: 3504:on 2023-03-22 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3420:on 2011-10-08 3416: 3412: 3407: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3108: 3106: 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4381:Tamarindito 4361:San Bartolo 4291:Mixco Viejo 4246:Kaminaljuyu 4181:El Porvenir 4126:Cerro Quiac 4069:Xunantunich 4044:San Estevan 3999:Lower Dover 3861: / 3769:Mesoamérica 3577:Mesoamérica 1680:Structure 8 1666:Structure 7 1660:Structure 6 1654:Structure 5 1647:Structure 4 1637:Structure 1 1610:Structure 3 1533:Structure 2 1395:(a kind of 1389:Mixco Viejo 1366:Kʼalel Achi 1158:Good Friday 907:Teotihuacan 575:Xitamel-Keh 551:Kʼalel Achi 524:Kʼalel Achi 466:Kʼalel Achi 436:Kʼalel Achi 213:/iʃimˈtʃeʔ/ 124: / 100:Coordinates 4867:Maya sites 4861:Categories 4845:See also: 4829:San Andrés 4809:Cara Sucia 4722:Tortuguero 4597:Hormiguero 4572:Comalcalco 4542:Chinkultic 4527:Chacchoben 4401:Tres Islas 4286:Machaquila 4276:La Joyanca 4186:El Temblor 4171:El Mirador 4146:Chutixtiox 4136:Chitinamit 4049:Santa Rita 3994:Louisville 3954:Chaa Creek 3939:Cahal Pech 3929:Baking Pot 3903:Maya sites 3720:2010-09-13 3705:2010-09-13 3617:2010-08-27 3508:2010-09-11 3479:Expedition 3424:2010-09-13 3401:2010-08-21 3357:References 2574:deserters. 1838:Chitinamit 1793:hypoplasia 1594:tzompantli 1430:Structures 1413:pentatonic 1347:Ahpo Xahil 1327:Ahpo Xahil 1323:Ahpo Xahil 1284:zoomorphic 1280:ballcourts 1240:daykeepers 1236:aj qʼijab' 1060:Ahpo Xahil 1012:See also: 998:Ahpo Xahil 926:Ahpo Xahil 630:Belehe Qat 560:Wuqu-Batzʼ 548:Ahpo Xahil 520:Ahpo Xahil 501:Ahpo Xahil 482:Ahpo Xahil 448:Ahpo Xahil 432:Ahpo Xahil 186:Site notes 4907:Kaqchikel 4767:Yaxchilan 4697:Punta Sur 4632:Kohunlich 4592:Ekʼ Balam 4577:Dzibanche 4562:Chunlimón 4557:Chunhuhub 4469:El Puente 4346:Qʼumarkaj 4281:La Muerta 4271:La Corona 4266:La Blanca 4261:La Amelia 4191:El Tintal 4156:Dos Pilas 4088:Guatemala 4004:Lubaantun 3974:KaʼKabish 3782:0252-9963 3590:0252-9963 3487:0014-4738 3454:128961776 3378:0188-8218 1816:turquoise 1785:pathogens 1537:pyramidal 1377:micaceous 1172:Patinamit 1154:syncretic 1142:Patinamit 1094:Spaniards 1037:Cuscatlán 1033:Escuintla 1002:Qʼumarkaj 943:Qʼumarkaj 842:Guatemala 741:Astronomy 726:Sacrifice 721:Mythology 706:Languages 625:Cahi Imox 614:Lahuh-Noh 461:chipil al 456:nabʼey al 396:Tzʼutujil 368:Kaqchikel 349:Guatemala 323:Etymology 300:Qʼumarkaj 264:Kaqchikel 242:Kaqchikel 235:Guatemala 150:Abandoned 94:Guatemala 4819:Cihuatán 4782:Yoʼokop 4682:Palenque 4677:Oxkintok 4537:Chicanná 4522:Calakmul 4517:Bonampak 4456:Honduras 4436:Zacpeten 4406:Uaxactun 4351:Río Azul 4341:Quiriguá 4306:Naachtun 4256:Kʼatepan 4236:Ixtonton 4111:Balberta 4096:Aguateca 4034:Pacbitun 3984:La Milpa 3969:El Pilar 3924:Altun Ha 3828:Archived 3759:57577446 3691:41423034 3657:25476196 3637:(1998). 3567:29548140 3536:39909559 3386:29789840 1827:See also 1764:Maya art 1641:Temple 1 1606:Temple 3 1601:Temple 3 1589:itzompan 1529:Temple 2 1522:itzompan 1512:Temple 2 1476:obsidian 1424:crossbow 1401:obsidian 1357:Plazas E 1345:and the 1297:Plazas A 979:smallpox 971:Veracruz 781:Medicine 761:Textiles 746:Calendar 716:Religion 668:a series 587:Lahuh-Ah 554:Ahuchan 480:and the 468:and the 374:Location 288:Smallpox 209:Iximcheʼ 166:Cultures 76:Location 4834:Tazumal 4762:Xtampak 4702:Río Bec 4672:Ocomtún 4652:Mayapan 4637:Komchen 4532:Chactún 4502:Balamku 4487:Acanceh 4441:Zaculeu 4396:Topoxte 4386:Tayasal 4326:Pajaral 4321:Naranjo 4296:Montana 4221:Iximche 4201:Guaytán 4196:El Zotz 4176:El Perú 4166:El Chal 4161:El Baúl 4141:Chocolá 4121:Cancuén 4116:Bejucal 4059:Uxbenka 4039:Pusilha 4014:Minanha 3989:Lamanai 3944:Caracol 3790:7141215 3598:7141215 3495:1568625 2307:Tzotzil 2299:Sotzʼil 1833:Chajoma 1689:Xibalba 1622:Zaculeu 1426:bolts. 1393:metates 1385:Zaculeu 1351:Ahuchan 1338:Plaza D 1319:Plaza C 1276:palaces 1269:temples 1264:Spanish 1218:Tourism 1200:marimba 1176:Iximche 1104:, near 1077:, with 1056:7 Ahmak 967:Yucatán 935:Chiavar 837:Chiapas 832:Yucatán 800:History 791:Warfare 786:Cuisine 711:Writing 701:Society 642:History 609:Hun-Iqʼ 565:Hun-Toh 528:Ahuchan 470:Ahuchan 440:Ahuchan 364:kingdom 353:Nahuatl 221:Spanish 217:Iximché 158:Periods 142:Founded 137:History 92:, 33:Iximche 18:Iximché 4772:Yaxuná 4757:Xpuhil 4752:Xlapak 4742:Xcaret 4717:Toniná 4692:Pomona 4647:La Mar 4617:Joljaʼ 4602:Izamal 4479:Mexico 4426:Xultun 4421:Witzna 4411:Ucanal 4371:Seibal 4241:Ixtutz 4211:Holtun 4206:Holmul 4064:Xnaheb 4024:Nohmul 3979:Kʼaxob 3964:Cuello 3949:Cerros 3911:Belize 3788: 3780: 3757: 3747: 3689: 3679: 3655: 3645: 3596: 3588: 3565: 3555: 3534: 3524: 3493: 3485: 3452: 3384: 3376: 2303:Zotzil 1751:Tlaloc 1734:stucco 1581:Mixtec 1563:bacabs 1550:stucco 1455:matrix 1397:mortar 1381:comals 1083:Sololá 1079:Tecpán 1041:1 Qʼat 751:Stelae 731:Cities 696:People 670:on the 570:Chuluk 421:Akajal 380:Tecpán 331:tree ( 219:using 215:) (or 176:Events 86:Region 4747:Xelha 4732:Uxmal 4727:Tulum 4712:Sayil 4667:Muyil 4642:Labna 4627:Kiuic 4622:Kabah 4612:Jaina 4607:Izapa 4587:Edzna 4512:Becan 4464:Copán 4431:Yaxha 4391:Tikal 4356:Sacul 4316:Nakum 4311:Nakbe 4251:Kinal 4226:Ixkun 4216:Itzan 4131:Chama 3959:Colha 3502:(PDF) 3475:(PDF) 3450:S2CID 3418:(PDF) 2572:sixty 1844:Notes 1773:Copán 1626:flint 1572:adobe 1448:adobe 1417:femur 1273:elite 1052:pesos 977:been 955:Tohil 847:Petén 776:Dance 771:Music 766:Trade 417:clans 345:maize 329:ramon 280:Aztec 181:Spain 4777:Yula 4737:Uxul 4657:Maní 4567:Coba 4231:Ixlu 4054:Tipu 3786:OCLC 3778:ISSN 3755:OCLC 3745:ISBN 3687:OCLC 3677:ISBN 3653:OCLC 3643:ISBN 3594:OCLC 3586:ISSN 3563:OCLC 3553:ISBN 3532:OCLC 3522:ISBN 3491:OCLC 3483:ISSN 3382:OCLC 3374:ISSN 2305:and 1775:and 1503:(or 1499:The 1469:(or 1465:The 1452:clay 1405:jade 1387:and 1359:and 1299:and 1232:Maya 1174:and 1092:The 1035:and 969:and 924:and 499:and 438:and 339:and 337:ixim 245:Maya 153:1524 145:1470 4497:Aké 3442:doi 1685:hom 1186:of 756:Art 390:of 341:che 4863:: 3784:. 3774:35 3753:. 3743:. 3685:. 3651:. 3592:. 3582:35 3561:. 3551:. 3547:. 3530:. 3489:. 3477:. 3448:. 3436:. 3380:. 3370:IX 3294:^ 3278:^ 3237:^ 3202:^ 3190:^ 3139:^ 3118:^ 3104:^ 3081:^ 3060:^ 3036:^ 3014:^ 2998:^ 2950:^ 2927:^ 2868:^ 2846:^ 2834:^ 2818:^ 2795:^ 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