Iximche - Knowledge (XXG)

1601:) is a pyramid-temple located on the east side of Plaza A, opposite Temple 2, and is similar in form to that building. The stairway climbs the west (plaza) side of the temple platform. In front of the stairway, at the level of the plaza, is a small rectangular platform. A large amount of ceramic remains were found associated with this building, these were pieces of large cylindrical incense-burners, of which more than twelve were used in the temple. One represented an elderly god emerging from the jaws of a serpent, another two show the same deity in a standing position. They may represent one of the patron deities of the Kaqchikel, Bʼelehe-Toh or Hun-Tihax. The incense burners were found exactly where the Kaqchikels had left them when they abandoned Iximche. Some of these incense-burners bore a suspended solar disc with modelled rays. Fragments of an 4061: 1212: 922:

soldier while the Kʼicheʼ nobility demanded the punishment of the Kaqchikel bread seller. When the Kaqchikel lords refused to hand her over, the Kʼicheʼ lords sentenced Hun-Toh and Wuqu-Batzʼ to death against the wishes of the Kʼicheʼ king Kʼiqʼab. King Kʼiqʼab warned his Kaqchikel friends and advised them to flee Qʼumarkaj. On the day 13 Iqʼ of the Kaqchikel calendar the four lords of the Kaqchikel led their people out of the Kʼicheʼ capital to found their own capital at Iximche. The exact year of this event is not known with certainty but is believed to have been between AD 1470 and 1485, with some scholars, such as Guillemín, preferring 1470. The Kaqchikel abandoned their previous capital

1282:, which replaced Iximche when it was destroyed. The modern entrance to the site is on the northern side of the ruins and includes visitor parking, a small museum, a picnic area and a football field, as well as the custodian's house. In an area of woodland to the south of the central portion of the ruins is a modern ceremonial area used by the modern Kaqchikel to carry out their rituals. This ceremonial area is linked to the ruins by a footpath and includes six concrete altars arranged around an unexcavated building. Flowers, food and drink are placed on these altars as sacrifices. The museum displays a number of pieces from the site, including sculptures and ceramics. 850: 259:. The growing power of the Kaqchikel within the alliance eventually caused such friction that the Kaqchikel were forced to flee the Kʼicheʼ capital and founded the city of Iximche. The Kaqchikel established their new capital upon an easily defensible ridge almost surrounded by deep ravines. Iximche developed quickly as a city and within 50 years of its foundation it had reached its maximum extent. The rulers of Iximche were four principal lords drawn from the four main clans of the Kaqchikel, although it was the lords of the Sotzʼil and Xahil clans who held the real power. 675: 1008: 1532:. The structure is the best preserved of the excavated temples. Like many buildings at Iximche it had three construction phases dating, from oldest to newest, from the reigns of Wuqu-Batzʼ, Oxlahuh Tzʼiʼ and Hun-Iqʼ. The earliest of these phases was located by archaeologists tunnelling into the interior of the structure. It is poorly preserved because the facing stones were stripped in order to be reused. The middle phase is the best preserved of the three phases of construction and consisted of four stepped tiers supporting high 29: 49: 1812:

shape of the moon and some jade beads, one of which represented a deity similar to that represented on the incense burners found at Temple 3. The remains dated from the earlier phase of occupation of Iximche and the deceased had died in battle from a blow to the head from a blunt instrument. The burial has been tentatively identified as that of one of two sons of Wuqu-Batzʼ of the Xahil clan, who died in the Kaqchikel wars of expansion, either Chopena-Tzʼiʼkin Uka or Chopena-Tohin.

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covered approximately 500 square metres (5,400 sq ft) and came to form the core of the palace. The first phase consisted of four long single-roomed residential range structures arranged around a courtyard, which possessed an altar in the middle. The residential units possessed inset benches against the walls and hearths in the middle of the floorspace. The walls were originally built of adobe covered with painted murals. Artifacts recovered from this phase included

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contained a great deal of domestic artefacts. The Xahil Palace was destroyed by a major fire that resulted in the collapse of the adobe walls and it may be that this was the complex where Pedro de Alvarado was lodged with his Spanish soldiers. It would also be the same building that Spanish deserters burned in 1526. The collapse of the building preserved the domestic contents of the palace for archaeologists, unlike the palace of the

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against three sides of the interior and a hearth in the middle. A small rear chamber also had benches, this chamber may have been where the gods of the Sotzʼil were kept. A small section of the temple floor had been opened as if to receive a burial but the tomb was never used and was covered over again. The remains of a turtle were excavated from the plaza immediately in front of the temple and may have represented one of the

1199:, published in May 1963. In 1980, during the Guatemalan Civil War, the ruins were chosen as a meeting place between Maya leaders and the guerillas, as a result of which the guerillas stated explicitly that they would defend indigenous rights in the so-called "Declaration of Iximche". In 1989 an important Maya ceremony was carried out at the site in order to reestablish the ruins as a sacred place for indigenous ceremonies. 1424: 1184: 190: 1020:

and executed the Kʼicheʼ kings. The Spanish were invited into Iximche on 14 April 1524 and were well received by the lords Belehe Qat and Cahi Imox. The Kaqchikel kings provided native soldiers to assist the conquistadors against continuing Kʼicheʼ resistance and to help with the defeat of the neighbouring Tzʼutuhil kingdom. The Spanish only stayed briefly in Iximche before continuing through Atitlán,

1657:, at the southwest side of Plaza C, is a ballcourt of similar dimensions to Structure 8. It was the ballcourt of the Xahil clan and may have been the older of the two ballcourts. Each end of the ballcourt had a projecting stairway and there was an additional stairway to the southeast. A tenoned head sculpture recovered from Plaza C may originally have been a ballcourt marker from this ballcourt. 1506: 1564:

fine and indicated execution by a specialised artist. There were ten painted figures on the front of the building with further murals on the back. The designs consist of two rows of discs on top of a row of vertical stripes with figures painted against the striped background with the discs above them. The painted figures are performing various actions, one of which is

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and restoration of the ruins was funded by the Guatemalan Committee for Reconstruction of National Monuments until July 1961, after 1963 the investigations were funded by the Swiss National Foundation for Scientific Research. Guillemín died before his investigations could be completed and his full report published. His field notes were finally published in 2003.

1300: 1244: 1768:(64% and 88% respectively). This low percentage indicates that these individuals were not exposed to particular dietary stress and were likely to belong to the elite class. 31% of the skulls had evidence of infection, about half of which were active infections at the time of death, although none were serious. Half of these infections left evidence in the 1497:

courtyard within the Great Palace II may have been the royal apartments of this complex, owing to their position near the central courtyard while at the same time being closed off from it. The ceramics from this area were of exotic origin and elite nature. The royal apartments may also have included the rooms around the north courtyard of the palace.

1661: 946:. The captured Kʼicheʼ kings were sacrificed together with a number of nobles and high-ranking soldiers, including the son and grandson of the king. After this defeat of the Kʼicheʼ, two Kaqchikel clans rebelled, the Akahal and the Tukuche. The kings Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ and Kablahuh-Tihax crushed the rebellion on 20 May 1493. 1811:

of a human skull and engraved with fine designs that included birds and stars hanging from a Mexican-style celestial band. A finely crafted piece of jade was found near the lower jaw and had probably been originally placed within the mouth of the deceased. There was also a copper nose ornament in the

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from the Classic Period. Thirteen of these sacrifices were male, seven were female and five were of indeterminate gender. Most of the sacrifices were of young adults, ten were aged between 15 and 21 years old and eleven were aged little more than 21 years old, based on skull development. It is likely

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is located at the southwestern side of Plaza A. It is a 40-metre-long (130 ft) I-shaped ball-court with a 30 by 7 metres (98 by 23 ft) playing area. The end-zones are enclosed and accessed via stairways. The two lateral platforms enclosing the playing area were extended by building onto the

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in Spanish) is another large residential complex, it is located on the southeast side of Plaza C. The palace is formed by a large number of small rooms arranged around seven interior courtyards. A large quantity of ceramic remains were recovered from within this palace. The rooms around the northeast

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were recovered close to the altars in the palace. The Palace expanded in all directions around this early core with the addition of new buildings and courtyards. The early courtyard was later divided into several smaller patios. The last phase of construction at the Palace dates to the joint reign of

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The Kaqchikel kept up resistance against the Spanish for a number of years but on 9 May 1530 the two kings of the most important clans returned from the wilds. A day later they were joined by many nobles and their families and many more people came with them to surrender at the new Spanish capital at

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A minor incident in the Kʼicheʼ capital Qʼumarkaj escalated to have important consequences. A Kʼicheʼ soldier tried to seize bread from a Kaqchikel woman who was selling it in the market. The woman refused the soldier and drove him off with a stick. The Kaqchikel demanded the execution of the Kʼicheʼ

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covered with plaster, the columns and walls on eithers side of the doorways were painted with decorations, traces of red, yellow and blue were found by archaeologists, these colours were applied to designs marked out onto a thin cap of clay with a pointed instrument. The quality of the work was very

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The temple floor is elevated 9 metres (30 ft) above the plaza and the temple superstructure, including both the temple walls and the roof, would have added another 5 metres (16 ft) to the total height of the structure at the time of the Spanish Conquest. The temple shrine had benches built

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without any particular orientation. Many of the remains were found accompanied by a broken obsidian blade. Some burials had other offerings, for example that of a woman accompanied by domestic utensils, some of which were blackened with soot. Two child burials each had a jade bead and the burial of

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The defensive ditch running across the promontory was originally 8 metres (26 ft) deep. It was largely filled in soon after the Conquest in order to render the city less defensible. In the middle of the 19th century the defensive ditch was measured as 3 yards (2.7 m) deep, in the 1960s it

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arrived in what is now Guatemala in 1524, 3 years after the conquest of the Aztecs, he found the highland Maya kingdoms weakened by twenty years of warfare and swept by the first European plagues. In the period of February to March 1524 he fought and completely defeated the Kʼicheʼ, razed Qʼumarkaj

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and the power to rule. The sons of Kʼiqʼab became jealous of the growing power of the Kaqchikel lords and led a revolt against their father that seriously damaged his authority. This revolt had serious consequences for the Kʼicheʼ as their conquered domains seized the opportunity to break free from

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The ruins of Iximche were first described by a Guatemalan historian in the late 17th century. They were visited various times by scholars during the 19th century, who published plans and descriptions. Serious investigations of the site started in the 1940s and continued sporadically until the early

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and published his work in 1948–1949. Historian Janos de Szecsy began excavations at the ruins in January 1956. The remains of the city were excavated by Swiss-Guatemalan archaeologist George (Jorge) Guillemín from 1959-1972. Guillemín published his work in 1959, 1967 and 1969. The excavation

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In 1513 the Kaqchikel suffered from a plague of locusts. The following year, in 1514, Iximche was severely damaged by a fire. A plague, described as terrible in the Annals of the Kaqchikel, struck the city in 1519 and lasted two years, resulting in a large number of deaths. This was likely to have

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Schele & Mathews 1999, p.297. Guillemín 1965, p.9. Recinos places all these dates 2 days earlier (e.g. the Spanish arrival at Iximche on 12 April rather than 14 April) based on vague dating in Spanish primary records. Schele and Fahsen calculated all dates on the more securely dated Kaqchikel

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was on the southeast side of the plaza. The Xahil Palace was built with an east-west alignment with the entry courtyard on the western side of the palace and had a central altar. The main palace was entered from the eastern side of the entry courtyard. The rooms and courtyards of the Xahil Palace

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Kʼiqʼab prevented his nobles from making war on the Kaqchikel for the remainder of his life, giving his former allies the time to establish their own kingdom and prepare its defences. When Hun-Toh died he was succeeded by his son Lahuh-Ah. Lahuh-Ah died in 1488 and was replaced by Kablahuh-Tihax.

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soon after the Spanish Conquest. This document details the origins, history and conquest of the Kaqchikels. The Kaqchikel served as close allies of the Kʼicheʼ for many years. The Kaqchikel rulers Hun-Toh and Wuqu-Batzʼ served the great Kʼicheʼ king Kʼiqʼab with such loyalty that he rewarded them

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is another pyramid-temple base on the west side of Plaza C. It has a low platform at its southeastern corner, where 48 severed heads were excavated immediately to the west. Schele and Mathews have speculated that these may be the heads of the Kʼicheʼ kings Tepupul and Itzayul together with other

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was initially well received in the city in 1524 and the Kaqchikel kings provided the Spanish with native allies to assist in the conquest of the other highland Maya kingdoms. Iximche was declared the first capital of the Kingdom of Guatemala in the same year. Due to excessive Spanish demands for

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in Spanish) is a large residential complex on the northeast side of Plaza B. The surviving remains consist of a sunken patio and some low house platforms. Excavation revealed three construction phases, the earliest of which dates to the founding of the city by Wuqu-Batzʼ and Hun-Toh. This phase

1435:, which in some cases was then painted with Mixtec-Puebla style murals, although few traces of the murals survive today. The Mixtec-Puebla style originated around AD 900 in central Mexico and spread from there throughout Mesoamerica. The superstructures of buildings at Iximche were built from 304:, a meeting took place at the ruins between guerillas and Maya leaders that resulted in the guerillas stating that they would defend indigenous rights. A ritual was carried out at the site in 1989 in order to reestablish the ruins as a sacred place for Maya ceremonies. United States President 262:

After the initial establishment of Iximche, the Kʼicheʼ left the Kaqchikel in peace for a number of years. The peace did not last and the Kaqchikel soundly defeated their former overlords around 1491. This was followed by infighting among the Kaqchikel clans with the rebel clans finally being

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due to their alliance with the Kaqchikel against the Kʼicheʼ. The site's central core is flanked by deep ravines and is separated from the main residential area by a defensive ditch. The city developed very quickly and within 50 years of its foundation it had reached its maximum extent. This

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neighbours. The ridge is called Ratzamut and is a promontory of Tecpán hill, a 3,075-metre-high (10,089 ft) mountain to the northwest of the ruins, which sit at the southeastern end of this promontory. The ridge is flanked by two rivers flowing in deep ravines, Río El Molino and Río Los

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style walls consisting of a sloping wall topped by a vertical panel. The temple had recessed corners and a steep stairway climbed to the topmost tier, at the top of the stair was a 40-centimetre-high (16 in) sacrificial altar measuring 45 centimetres (18 in) wide by 18 centimetres

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From 26–30 March 2007 Iximche was the site of the III Continental Summit of Indigenous Peoples and Nationalities of Abya Yala. The meeting's closing "Declaration of Iximche" committed delegates to a struggle for social justice and against "neoliberalism and other forms of oppression."

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The skeletal remains of more than 100 individuals have been excavated at Iximche, some of which were very well preserved. Unfortunately the bones became mixed when warehoused near the site after excavation and their original locations are no longer clear. Thirty-six skulls were analysed by

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has not been excavated although it was cleared and mapped by archaeologists. It is a large plaza surrounded by fairly high mounds although it does not appear to have had the large east and west pyramids present on the other main plazas. It had a palace on the south side with three interior

989:. On the eve of the Spanish Conquest, the Kaqchikel kingdom based at Iximche was still expanding into areas formerly controlled by the Kʼicheʼ and it was rapidly becoming the most powerful new kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands. It was second in importance only to the Kʼicheʼ capital at 1737:

is a 61-metre (200 ft) long platform that completely enclosed the north side of Plaza C. It supported three residential structures, each of which had its own stairway. Domestic ceramics were found associated with these buildings. An incense burner was also found with an effigy of

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was a noble tomb in Structure 27, in Plaza A. The remains of three sacrificed adults were piled together face down in a 1 square metre (11 sq ft) space. Under these sacrifices were the seated remains of another person. This individual wore a gold headband with a jade and

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members of the Kʼicheʼ court who were captured by the Kaqchikels and decapitated. Most of the skulls were found with associated obsidian blades. Most of the skulls had been individually buried in pits cut into the floor of the plaza, although a few were grouped into small lots.

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is a range structure on the north side of Plaza A. The bases of pillars survive that once separated five doorways. Structure 22 is one of the best preserved palace platforms at Iximche and had benches set against the inside of three of the walls and hearths set into the floor.

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tribute, the Kaqchikel soon broke the alliance and deserted their capital, which was burned 2 years later by Spanish deserters. The Europeans founded a new town nearby but abandoned it in 1527 due to the continued hostility of the Kaqchikel, who finally surrendered in 1530.

1680:, the underworld. Structure 8 has been excavated and restored. Excavations uncovered two levels of plaster flooring, indicating that the ballcourt had been built during the second of the three main phases of construction at Iximche, dating it to about AD 1500. 949:

Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ died on 23 July 1508 and was succeeded by his son Hun-Iqʼ. Kablahuh-Tihax died on 4 February 1509 and was succeeded by his son Lahuh-Noh. The Kaqchikel continued their wars against the Kʼicheʼ kingdom over the following decade. The Aztec emperor

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and in 1840. Catherwood never published any drawings of the site and Stephens reported that the locals had plundered the stone at the site for many years in order to use it for building materials in Tecpán. French architect Cesar Daly mapped Iximche in 1857.

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The Kaqchikel people were closely related to the Kʼicheʼ, their former allies. The Kʼicheʼan peoples (including the Kaqchikel, the Kʼicheʼ and others) had received strong influences from central Mexico since the time of the great Early Classic metropolis of

1568:, and they probably represent a Kaqchikel ritual in progress. The painted murals are very poorly preserved due to deterioration caused by damp combined with damage caused by tree roots. The style of the paintings is very similar to that of Postclassic 1475:

On the southwest of the palace courtyard there were some low platforms, possibly ritual dance platforms, and on the southeast side was a building with benches against three of the walls and hearths at each end. This may have been the room where the

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art. Exposed parts of the middle phase of construction were damaged and the second phase was covered by the final construction phase, which was badly damaged by the stonework being stripped away for building the nearby town of Tecpán.

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vessel were recovered scattered around three sides of the temple that were probably the remains of a relic from within the temple itself. There is no evidence of such early occupation at Iximche and may have been plundered from

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explosive population growth at the city caused the residential area to spill over into the edges of the ravines themselves. The site center consists of four large and two small plazas, each of which contained at least two

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The Kaqchikel kings Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ and Kablahuh-Tihax gained a definitive victory over the Kʼicheʼ around 1491 when they captured the Kʼicheʼ kings Tepepul and Itzayul together with the idol of their most important deity

1721:- two crude tenoned zoomorphic heads, possibly jaguar heads, were found near this structure but were probably ballcourt markers from one of the two ballcourts. It is likely that they served as a core onto which 1399:

Human sacrifice is evidenced at the site by the altar upon Structure 2, of a type used in heart sacrifice, and by a cylindrical cache of skulls taken from decapitated victims accompanied by obsidian knives. A

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are to the east of Plaza D and also included palace buildings. These plazas were not mapped by Guillemín and remain covered by trees. The two plazas formed a single complex, believed to have been that of the

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The temple shrine was built on a final platform on top of the fourth tier. The exposed remains of the shrine date to the reign of Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ. It had a triple doorway divided by columns and was built from

248:. The ruins of Iximche were declared a Guatemalan National Monument in the 1960s. The site has a small museum displaying a number of pieces found there, including sculptures and ceramics. It is open daily. 1446:. A few of the structures have been restored and the site core is kept clear of overgrowth. Residential structures built on platforms around the ceremonial plazas usually had built-in benches and hearths. 1234:

Tourist facilities at the site include visitor parking, a small museum, a picnic area and a football field. The museum is open on a daily basis and displays a number of artefacts recovered from the ruins.

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Pedro de Alvarado rapidly began to demand gold in tribute from the Kaqchikels, souring the friendship between the two peoples. He demanded that the Kaqchikel kings deliver 1000 gold leaves each of 15

4898: 383:. The city was built at an altitude of 2,260 metres (7,410 ft) in an easily defensible position on a ridge surrounded by deep ravines, in order to defend the city from its hostile Kʼicheʼ and 1047:

in the Kaqchikel calendar). Ten days later the Spanish declared war on the Kaqchikel. A couple of years later, on 9 February 1526, a group of sixteen Spanish deserters burnt the palace of the

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being Nahuatl for "palace", so the name of the new town translated as "the palace among the trees". The inhabitants of Iximche were dispersed, with some being moved to Tecpán, others to

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annals, where equivalent dates are often given in both the Kaqchikel and Spanish calendars. The Schele and Fahsen dates are used in this section. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.386.n15.

1059:'s expedition to Honduras. He reported that the houses of the city were still in excellent condition, his account was the last description of the city while it was still inhabitable. 1645:

was a pyramid-temple. Excavation revealed at least two phases of construction and the pyramidal platform had a single stair that divided into two as it approached the summit shrine.

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markers. The plazas are named A, B, C, D, E and F, running from northwest (A) to southeast (F). The ceremonial centre of the city was separated from the residential areas by a wall.

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founded their first capital at Iximche, they took the name of the city used by their Nahuatl-speaking Mexican allies and applied it to the new Spanish city and, by extension, to the

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that between them contained ten principal lineages or "big houses". The clans themselves were the Xahil, who were the main branch of the Kaqchikel, the Sotzʼil, the Tukuche and the

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At the southwest corner of Temple 2 is a low platform that bore painted murals that had a skull with crossed longbones upon two bands of decoration. This platform may have been an

1043:. A Kaqchikel priest foretold that the Kaqchikel gods would destroy the Spanish and the Kaqchikel people abandoned their city and fled to the forests and hills on 28 August 1524 ( 954:

sent messengers to the Kaqchikel in 1510, warning of strangers in the Caribbean. In 1512 he sent another messenger (named as Witzʼitzʼil) warning of the arrival of the Spanish in

4878: 1314:, the junior co-ruler. Plaza C also had two temples facing each other across the plaza. The Xahil ballcourt was on the southwest side of Plaza C and the palace proper of the 1145:

cult worshipping a relic from the ruins that had been transferred to the church in Tecpán. As late as the 19th century processions to the ruins from Tecpán took place every

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platform on the west side of Plaza A. It has a stairway that climbs the east side of the structure, providing access from the plaza. Structure 2 faces the sunrise on the

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Because of the very brief nature of the Spanish occupation of the city, very few European artefacts were found. Those few pieces that were found consisted of forged iron

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knife was also recovered from Structure 3. Two low platforms stand in front of the temple, they were likely to have been used either as altars or as dance platforms.

1372:(a type of griddle). Imported ceramics include Chinautla Polychrome and White-on-red, they are reasonably common at the site. Brown bowls are of a type also found in 1223:, at the weekend the site attracts about 250 visitors per day. Comparatively few tourists visit the ruins and the majority that do are Guatemalan nationals. Modern 4893: 1085:

abandoned Tecpán in 1527, due to the continuous Kaqchikel attacks, and moved to the Almolonga Valley to the east, refounding their capital on the site of today's

4858: 523:, the last two of these were not very important. Each of the four lords had his own section in the new city that included his palace, royal court and temples. 3460: 1555:(a class of mythical being) that supported the temple. Turtles also played an important part in the Classic Period Maya myth of the rebirth of the Maize God. 981:

On 11 August 1521, Belehe Qat and Cahi Imox were chosen as lords of the city after the deaths of Hun-Iqʼ and Lahuh-Noh, the previous kings. Cahi Imox was the

3573:. Antigua Guatemala: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies, South Woodstock, VT: 199–215. 439:. These royal titles were originally bestowed upon the leaders of the Xahil and Sotzʼil clans by the Kʼicheʼ in gratitude for their military services to the 431:, although in reality it was the first two of these that held the real power. The two main clans of the Kaqchikel people each provided a leader, one was the 3765:. Antigua Guatemala: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies, South Woodstock, VT: 73–82. 880: 308:

visited the site in 2007, and in the same year Iximche was the venue for the III Continental Summit of Indigenous Peoples and Nationalities of Abya Yala.

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that these sacrificed individuals were not Kaqchikels but were captives taken from enemy states. Less than 3% of the analysed skulls showed evidence of

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mosaic and a necklace with ten representations of jaguar heads together with forty small gold beads. On each arm he wore a bracelet fashioned from the

1708:" by the Aztecs and it may have served this purpose. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of a noble burial interred with three companions. 1118: 3563:

Nance, C. Roger (June 1998). "La cerámica y palacios de Iximché: examen preliminar de la colección Guillemín proveniente de la capital kaqchikel".

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Ceramic finds at the site include frequent finds of incense-burners with handles and molded decoration. The most common domestic ceramics are of a

1033: 644:. Occasional Early and Late Classic remains have been found but they are incidental and do not represent a Classic Period occupation of the site. 1586:

skull racks. Two skulls bearing evidence of decapitation were found in a cache to the southeast of Temple 2 together with some obsidian blades.

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recounted how in 1526 he returned to Iximche and spent the night in the "old city of Guatemala" together with Luis Marín and other members of

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blocks and once supported beam and mortar roofs but none have survived. The platform cores were generally built of rough stones set in a

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Luján Muñoz, Jorge; Ernesto Chinchilla Aguilar; María Cristina Zilbermann de Luján; Alberto Herrarte; J. Daniel Contreras R. (1994).

4883: 3737: 3635: 3545: 3514: 1211: 355:. From this comes the modern name of the country. The site has also been referred to as Patinamit by 19th century investigators, a 3824: 94: 4853: 4553: 1705: 1472:

Hun-Iqʼ and Lajuj Noj, by the end of which the palace covered an area of more than 3,000 square metres (32,000 sq ft).

788: 41: 1168: 873: 245: 3808: 1698:, lying between Plazas A and B, had an internal patio with the structure enclosing it on three sides, much like Structure 10. 4790: 461:

were the other two lords, which translate from Kaqchikel as the "principal person" and the "speaker". The Kaqchikel document

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Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ, the son of Wuqu-Batzʼ, had a long and successful reign and lived through the reigns of two of his co-rulers.

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is a circular altar in Plaza B measuring 3.5 metres (11 ft) across. It is very similar to those used for so-called "

500:. They were important positions in their own right and the heirs were military leaders who commanded on the battlefield. 4863: 3537: 3421:

Frühsorge, Lars (April 2007). "Archaeological Heritage in Guatemala: Indigenous Perspectives on the Ruins of Iximcheʼ".

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A Mayan fire ceremony and human rights rally held at Iximche on 21 December 2012, attended by locals and tourists alike.

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Archaeologists only found traces of one pre-Kaqchikel occupational phase and this was an ancient level dating to the

244:. Excavators uncovered the poorly preserved remains of painted murals on some of the buildings and ample evidence of 4810: 4668: 4312: 866: 754: 656: 4347: 3729: 1542: 1431:

Over 160 structures have been mapped at Iximche. The structures were faced with stone blocks that were coated in

900: 714: 4795: 4688: 3868: 1051:, sacked the temples and kidnapped a priest, acts that the Kaqchikel blamed on Pedro de Alvarado. Conquistador 380: 376: 78: 3487: 1632:) is a pyramid temple facing onto Plaza B. It is the only temple at Iximche to have been completely restored. 1613:, a city with a long occupational history that was conquered by the Kʼicheʼ-Kaqchikel alliance. A sacrificial 1007: 4342: 4162: 4025: 3755:

Whittington, Stephen L.; David Reed (June 1998). "Evidencia de Dieta y Salud en los Esqueletos de Iximché".

1602: 1393: 1292:

are thought to have comprised a single complex belonging to the Sotzʼil clan and included the palace of the

1025: 641: 241: 227: 3757: 3565: 1296:. Plaza A possesses a ballcourt, two temples and ten palace structures, five of which are interconnecting. 674: 4703: 4157: 1787:

All excavated tombs were intrusive burials interred under residential platforms. They were all found in a

1757: 1751:

archaeologists, of these 25 show evidence of decapitation, a sacrificial practice commonly represented in

201: 263:

overcome in 1493. Wars against the Kʼicheʼ continued throughout the early 16th century. When the Spanish

4450: 3900: 1784:

in the teeth of 89% of these, indicating a high level of poor health in the first 7 years of childhood.

1525: 1330:

courtyards, the westernmost of which had a cross-shaped altar. The palace was smaller than those of the

1268: 802: 237: 4282: 4082: 1765: 1443: 1310:

was separated from Plazas A and B by a 0.91-metre (3 ft) wall and was the palace complex of the

1195:

In 1960 the ruins of Iximche were declared a National Monument under governmental decree 1360 of the

1150: 1134: 443:. Both leaders were supposed to be equal in rank but in practice the Sotzʼil king was the senior (or 301: 284: 279:

decimated the population of Iximche before the physical arrival of the Europeans. At the time of the

256: 2462:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.297. This event occurred on the day 10 Tzʼiʼ of the Kaqchikel calendar.

586: 4848: 4030: 3861: 3509:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Asociación de Amigos del País, Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarrollo. 1605: 1279: 1126: 1109: 1063: 384: 368: 317: 236:

kingdom from 1470 until its abandonment in 1524. The architecture of the site included a number of

219: 68: 4638: 1056: 975: 570: 272: 28: 4888: 4578: 3975: 3884: 3438: 1788: 1156: 1086: 1032:

in the Kaqchikel calendar) Pedro de Alvarado declared Iximche as the first capital of Guatemala,

854: 563: 473:

as the two most important, the other two lords were drawn from two additional clans and were the

356: 4337: 955: 618: 189: 613: 602: 4828: 4603: 4112: 3915: 3774: 3766: 3743: 3733: 3675: 3665: 3641: 3631: 3582: 3574: 3551: 3541: 3520: 3510: 3479: 3471: 3370: 3362: 1385: 1176: 1094: 1016: 724: 664: 575: 389: 292: 233: 1191:

performing at Iximche for the 2007 visit of the presidents of Guatemala and the United States

597: 4805: 4317: 4247: 4087: 4010: 3430: 1401: 1369: 1247:

Map of the site core of Iximche, showing the principal structures of Plazas A to C

927: 744: 252: 230: 209: 158: 4673: 3688: 1769: 1529: 1121:

in 1695. Miguel Rivera Maestre published some plans and views of the ruins in 1834 in his

797: 694: 4473: 3598:(in Spanish). Ciudad Vieja Sacatepéquez, Guatemala: www.miciudadvieja.com. Archived from 1075: 3793: 3383: 3990: 3623: 2299: 1808: 1423: 1183: 905: 729: 709: 372: 305: 3353:

Arroyo, Bárbara (July–August 2001). "El Posclásico Tardío en los Altos de Guatemala".

2377:

Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.296-297. Guillemin 1967, p.34. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.94.

1231:" in English) arrive as pilgrims at Iximche from throughout the Guatemalan Highlands. 4842: 4643: 4563: 4132: 3940: 3717: 3658: 3442: 1533: 769: 749: 734: 704: 548: 213: 271:

emperor sent messengers to warn the Kaqchikel. After the surrender of the Aztecs to

4593: 4528: 4427: 4357: 4035: 4000: 3653: 3628:

Memorial de Solalá, Anales de los Kaqchikeles; Título de los Señores de Totonicapán

1777: 1432: 1220: 1090: 971: 951: 779: 774: 689: 684: 348: 264: 4573: 4543: 4327: 3955: 3722: 1011:

Conquistador Pedro de Alvarado was initially welcomed into Iximche with open arms.

990: 931: 288: 275:, Iximche sent its own messengers to offer a Kaqchikel alliance with the Spanish. 1408:

was recovered from one of the temples and is also indicative of human sacrifice.

4800: 4782: 4533: 4518: 4488: 4397: 4362: 4332: 4322: 4272: 4237: 4227: 4107: 4050: 3980: 1377: 1146: 1028:. The Spanish returned to the Kaqchikel capital on 23 July 1524 and on 27 July ( 895: 739: 699: 216: 1505: 4763: 4683: 4653: 4523: 4513: 4508: 4382: 4267: 4257: 4182: 4167: 4152: 4142: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4102: 3935: 3920: 3910: 3434: 1826: 1781: 1582: 1272: 1142: 764: 759: 3839: 3826: 3770: 3689:"III Continental Summit of Indigenous Peoples and Nationalities of Abya Yala" 3578: 3475: 3366: 1361:

was still visible on the ground although it is now almost totally filled in.

109: 96: 4748: 4678: 4613: 4558: 4538: 4262: 4252: 4242: 4172: 4137: 4069: 3985: 3747: 3703: 3702:

Secretaría Cumbre Continental de Pueblos y Organizaciones Indígenas (2009).

3687:

Secretaría Cumbre Continental de Pueblos y Organizaciones Indígenas (2007).

3679: 3645: 3555: 3524: 3470:. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology: 22–35. 3374: 2532:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.297. Recinos 1998, p.101. Guillemín 1965, p.10.

2057:

Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.298. Lutz 1997, pp.10, 258. Ortiz Flores 2008.

1804: 1228: 1082: 1021: 719: 223: 82: 4753: 4698: 4598: 3960: 3814:

Comité de amigos del museo de Iximche (Committee of the Friends of Iximche)

3778: 3586: 3483: 1071: 3534:

Santiago de Guatemala, 1541-1773: City, Caste, and the Colonial Experience

2559:

Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.298, 310, 386n19. Recinos 1998, p.19. gives

2261:

Kelly 1996, p.192. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.299. Guillemin 1967, p.23.

1299: 465:

gives alternate titles for two of the four lords. This document lists the

4663: 4658: 4503: 4498: 4445: 4437: 4417: 4387: 4287: 4217: 4092: 4077: 4015: 3965: 3950: 3905: 2660:

Secretaría Cumbre Continental de Pueblos y Organizaciones Indígenas 2007.

2169:

Secretaría Cumbre Continental de Pueblos y Organizaciones Indígenas 2009.

1793: 1773: 1761: 1752: 1412: 967: 959: 276: 1243: 974:

fell to the Spanish onslaught in 1521, the Kaqchikel sent messengers to

4815: 4743: 4633: 4618: 4483: 4468: 4422: 4377: 4307: 4302: 4177: 4147: 4040: 4020: 3995: 3970: 3925: 1821: 1731:

is located behind Temple 2. Within it was found the noble tomb E-27-A.

1692:

had an internal patio with the building surrounding it on three sides.

1677: 1610: 1373: 1188: 553: 409: 341: 1651:

is an unrestored temple-pyramid platform to the southwest of Plaza C.

447:, "firstborn child") while the king of the Xahil was subordinate (the 4738: 4733: 4723: 4628: 4583: 4460: 4407: 4402: 4392: 4352: 4222: 4192: 4187: 4045: 4005: 3945: 3930: 3892: 2368:

Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.296-297, 307. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.94.

1739: 1722: 1569: 1538: 1468: 1381: 1380:, both of which also had a Late Postclassic occupation. Three-legged 1264: 1257: 1171:

carried out a ceramic study of Iximche in the 1940s on behalf of the

558: 3303:

Guillemín 1965, pp.21-22, 32. Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.306-307.

1660: 503:

When Iximche was founded in the late 15th century AD Wuqu-Batzʼ was

3813: 1664:

Structure 8, a sunken ballcourt on the southwestern side of Plaza A

415:

The rulers of Iximche were four principal lords with the titles of

4728: 4713: 4708: 4693: 4648: 4623: 4608: 4588: 4568: 4493: 4412: 4372: 4297: 4292: 4232: 4207: 4197: 3402:(in Spanish). Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. Archived from 3398:

Centro de Acción Legal - Ambiental y Social de Guatemala (CALAS).

1659: 1614: 1560: 1551: 1504: 1436: 1422: 1405: 1303:

View of Iximche with Structure 1 at left and Structure 2 at right.

1298: 1261: 1252: 1242: 1210: 1182: 1167:. He carried out a site survey and published a plan of the ruins. 1125:("Atlas of the State of Guatemala"). American diplomat and writer 1108: 1006: 970:

brought to the Americas with the Spanish. After the Aztec capital

943: 333: 268: 188: 1847:

Centro de Acción Legal - Ambiental y Social de Guatemala (CALAS).

392:, which empties into the Pacific Ocean. Iximche is located among 4758: 4718: 4548: 4212: 1440: 1365: 1040: 405: 3857: 3660:

The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs

3400:"Decreto Número 1360: El Congreso de la República de Guatemala" 1958:

Polo Sifontes 1986, pp.39-40. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.300.

4478: 1271:, the larger of which is 40 metres (130 ft) long and had 492:

were passed from father to son. The Xahil heir bore the title

3853: 1760:, a very low percentage compared with remains recovered from 16:

Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican site in the highlands of Guatemala

2826: 2824: 2286:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.300. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.39.

1792:

an elderly male was accompanied by pieces of burnt pine and

1467:

knives, comals, metates and domestic ceramics. Fragments of

3423:

Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress

3321:

Guillemín 1965, pp.32-33. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.306.

2678:

Guillemín 1965, pp.27-28. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.311.

2474:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.297. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.70.

1388:) were frequently recovered from the excavations and black 3454:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional de Guatemala. 3052: 3050: 2310: 2308: 1541:

and the top was slightly concave, it is of a type used in

2085: 2083: 904:, a document written in the Kaqchikel language but using 193:

Map of the Guatemalan highlands in the Postclassic Period

3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 1780:

analysis was carried out on 19 individuals and revealed

3330:

Guillemín 1965, p.33. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.306.

3312:

Guillemín 1965, p.32. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.306.

3231: 3229: 3227: 3174:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.310. Guillemin 1967, p.32.

2998:

Guillemín 1965, p.28. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.301.

2911:

Guillemín 1965, p.24. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.307.

2722:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.309. Guillemin 1967, p.32.

2430:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.296. Guillemín 1965, p.11.

448: 367:

Iximche is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of

3110: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3094: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2651:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.299. Guillemín 1965, p.5.

2583: 2581: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2044: 2042: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1537:(7.1 in) deep. The altar was made from stone and 2575:

Schele & Mathews 1999, p.298. Recinos 1998, p.19.

1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1141:

In Spanish Colonial times Iximche was the focus of a

519:. According to the early Colonial Kaqchikel document 388:

Chocoyos, which both join to flow southwest into the

4899:

15th-century establishments in the Maya civilization

3088:

Kelly 1996, p.192. Schele & Mathews 1999, p.303.

2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 1869: 1867: 1672:

outermost side. In Kaqchikel ballcourts were called

1278:

Today the ruins are accessed via the modern town of

404:

The Kaqchikel kingdom itself was divided among four

283:, Iximche was the second most important city in the 4781: 4770:

for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico

4459: 4436: 4068: 3891: 2571: 2569: 2528: 2526: 1580:or "skull place", a Kaqchikel version of the Aztec 1219:The majority of visitors to Iximche are indigenous 1159:visited Iximche in 1887 and referred to it both as 898:. The history of Iximche is largely drawn from the 316:The site's name derives from the Mayan name of the 179: 174: 164: 154: 146: 138: 130: 125: 88: 74: 64: 3721: 3657: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3182: 3180: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2880: 2878: 2470: 2468: 2126: 2124: 1323:where comparatively few artefacts were recovered. 3596:"Segundo Asiento Oficial de la Ciudad según Acta" 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2023: 2021: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1117:The ruins were described by Guatemalan historian 2213: 2211: 2209: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1843: 1841: 1772:, this suggests a fairly high level of airborne 2604: 2602: 2036:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.298, 310, 386n19. 1338:and is believed to have been the palace of the 1133:, after he visited Iximche with English artist 3728:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: 3156:Kelly 1996, pp.192, 195. Guillemin 1967, p.32. 2942: 2940: 2686: 2684: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 1480:held court and received visitors and tribute. 1392:blades were found in great quantities. Simple 1113:US President George W. Bush at Iximche in 2007 435:("Lord of the Sotzʼil") and the other was the 3869: 3616:Los Cakchiqueles en la Conquista de Guatemala 3452:Iximché: Capital del Antiguo Reino Cakchiquel 2165: 2163: 874: 8: 3799:Iximche history and pictures at Maya-History 1149:. This cult had died out by the time of the 21: 4879:16th-century disestablishments in Guatemala 3461:"The Ancient Cakchiquel Capital of Iximche" 3429:(1). World Archaeological Congress: 39–58. 1686:had two pillars separating three doorways. 1036:("St. James of the Knights of Guatemala"). 347:meaning "forested land". Since the Spanish 3876: 3862: 3854: 3065:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.303, 387n24. 2048:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.299, 386n20. 881: 867: 651: 20: 2596:Lutz 1997, pp.10, 258. Ortiz Flores 2008. 371:, and 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of 4869:15th-century establishments in Guatemala 3221:Kelly 1996, p.192. Guillemín 1965, p.25. 3165:Kelly 1996, p.192. Guillemín 1965, p.27. 2902:Kelly 1996, p.192. Guillemín 1965, p.22. 2893:Kelly 1996, p.192. Guillemin 1967, p.31. 2830:Kelly 1996, p.192. Guillemin 1967, p.29. 2617:Guillemín 1965, p.15. Kelly 1996, p.195. 530: 4874:1526 disestablishments in North America 3809:Priests purify Iximché after Bush visit 3704:"Archivo Abya Yala / Abya Yala Archive" 3630:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Piedra Santa. 3361:(50). Mexico: Editorial Raíces: 38–43. 2298:. They should not be confused with the 2098:Kelly 1996, p.196. Guillemín 1965, p.5. 1837: 1034:Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala 978:offering an alliance with the Spanish. 810: 787: 663: 3244:Whittington & Reed 1998, pp.73-74. 3056:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.302-303. 2934:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.307-308. 2510:Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.626, 765. 2453:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.296-297. 2412:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.293-294. 2314:Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.299-300. 1251:The site was largely preserved by the 496:, and the Sotzʼil heir bore the title 4894:1470s establishments in North America 3594:Ortiz Flores, Walter Agustin (2008). 2421:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.294-295. 1197:Congress of the Republic of Guatemala 1129:described the ruins, which he called 1119:Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzmán 7: 4859:Former populated places in Guatemala 3459:Guillemin, George F. (Winter 1967). 1227:(Maya priests often referred to as " 3664:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3618:(in Spanish). Guatemala: CENALTEX. 3384:"Mayas to cleanse site after Bush" 3294:Whittington & Reed 1998, p.77. 3278:Whittington & Reed 1998, p.76. 3262:Whittington & Reed 1998, p.75. 3253:Whittington & Reed 1998, p.74. 2290:also has the variant spellings of 2194:Schelle & Mathews 1999, p.292. 1173:Middle American Research Institute 1062:The Spanish founded a new town at 14: 3235:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.306. 3114:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.304. 3102:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.303. 2925:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.307. 2852:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.301. 2779:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.311. 2757:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.310. 2731:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.309. 2587:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.299. 2550:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.298. 2332:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.300. 2006:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.297. 1911:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.296. 1873:Schele & Mathews 1999, p.295. 226:. Iximche was the capital of the 4059: 1742:, the central Mexican rain god. 848: 673: 477:("Lord of the Tukuche") and the 47: 40: 27: 3614:Polo Sifontes, Francis (1986). 287:, after the Kʼicheʼ capital at 48: 1513:("skull place") at bottom left 930:) because it was too close to 396:common to highland Guatemala. 255:served as loyal allies of the 1: 3532:Lutz, Christopher H. (1997). 3507:Historia general de Guatemala 2341:Polo Sifontes 1986, pp.39-40. 1676:and were seen as gateways to 1404:flute crafted from a child's 1123:Atlas del Estado de Guatemala 1003:Spanish conquest of Guatemala 3538:University of Oklahoma Press 3450:Guillemín, Jorge F. (1965). 2203:Kelly 1996, pp.192, 195-196. 1509:Temple 2 at Iximche and its 812:Spanish conquest of the Maya 449: 441:Kʼicheʼ Kingdom of Qʼumarkaj 222:in the western highlands of 481:("Lord of the Raxonihay"). 300:1970s. In 1980, during the 4915: 4826: 3382:BBC News (12 March 2007). 1427:Temples 1 and 2 at Iximche 1396:jewellery was also found. 1153:in the late 20th century. 1074:and to other towns around 1015:When Spanish conquistador 1000: 463:Testamento de los Xpantzay 375:, in the northwest of the 336:tree". Iximche was called 4824: 4057: 3840:14.7358000°N 90.9962000°W 3804:History and Photo Gallery 3730:Stanford University Press 3720:; Loa P. Traxler (2006). 3435:10.1007/s11759-007-9001-4 3339:Guillemín 1965, pp.21-22. 2713:Guillemín 1965, pp.25-26. 2501:Polo Sifontes 1986, p.94. 2359:Polo Sifontes 1986, p.39. 2350:Polo Sifontes 1986, p.41. 2277:Polo Sifontes 1986, p.40. 2015:Polo Sifontes 1986, p.70. 1368:ware and include ceramic 926:(speculated to be modern 569: 453:, "lastborn child"). The 359:word meaning "the city". 340:by the Spanish, from the 110:14.7358000°N 90.9962000°W 56:Location within Guatemala 35: 26: 4884:Chimaltenango Department 3656:; Peter Mathews (1999). 2955:Nance 1998, pp.200, 206. 2157:BBC News, 12 March 2007. 1053:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 901:Annals of the Kaqchikels 655:This article is part of 648:Late Postclassic history 79:Chimaltenango Department 4854:Maya sites in Guatemala 3845:14.7358000; -90.9962000 2973:Nance 1998, pp.210-211. 2089:Kelly 1996, pp.195-196. 1861:Kelly 1996, pp.197-198. 1725:modelling was applied. 985:and Belehe Qat was the 267:arrived in Mexico, the 242:Mesoamerican ballcourts 115:14.7358000; -90.9962000 1758:iron deficiency anemia 1706:gladiatorial sacrifice 1665: 1514: 1428: 1304: 1248: 1216: 1192: 1114: 1012: 909:with the royal titles 855:Mesoamerica portal 400:Political organization 194: 3901:Actun Tunichil Muknal 3212:Guillemín 1965, p.32. 3186:Guillemin 1967, p.31. 3147:Guillemin 1967, p.32. 3079:Guillemin 1967, p.33. 3044:Guillemín 1965, p.29. 3020:Guillemín 1965, p.28. 2884:Guillemín 1965, p.27. 2818:Guillemín 1965, p.33. 2802:Guillemín 1965, p.31. 2793:Guillemín 1965, p.15. 2704:Guillemin 1967, p.29. 2669:Frühsorge 2007, p.49. 2492:Guillemin 1967, p.35. 2444:Guillemin 1967, p.25. 2403:Guillemín 1965, p.30. 2226:Frühsorge 2007, p.44. 2148:Frühsorge 2007, p.48. 2130:Frühsorge 2007, p.45. 2077:Guillemín 1965, p.14. 2027:Guillemín 1965, p.12. 1949:Guillemín 1965, p.24. 1923:Guillemin 1967, p.23. 1663: 1508: 1426: 1302: 1246: 1214: 1186: 1112: 1010: 803:Classic Maya collapse 377:Guatemalan department 332:, meaning literally " 192: 4083:Altar de Sacrificios 3355:Arqueología Mexicana 2642:Guillemín 1965, p.5. 2217:Guillemín 1965, p.9. 1776:in the environment. 1766:Altar de Sacrificios 1151:Guatemalan Civil War 1135:Frederick Catherwood 515:and Xitamel-Keh was 302:Guatemalan Civil War 285:Guatemalan Highlands 4864:1470 establishments 3836: / 2608:Recinos 1998, p.20. 2483:Recinos 1998, p.95. 2302:of Chiapas, Mexico. 2178:Recinos 1998, p.81. 1127:John Lloyd Stephens 918:their subjugation. 322:Brosimum alicastrum 251:For many years the 220:archaeological site 106: / 23: 3123:Kelly 1996, p.195. 2982:Nance 1998, p.212. 2964:Nance 1998, p.210. 2946:Nance 1998, p.200. 2690:Arroyo 2001, p.42. 2633:Kelly 1996, p.196. 2252:Kelly 1996, p.192. 1789:squatting position 1666: 1515: 1429: 1305: 1249: 1217: 1193: 1157:Alfred P. Maudslay 1115: 1087:San Miguel Escobar 1013: 521:Memorial de Sololá 324:), from the words 240:, palaces and two 212:orthography) is a 195: 4836: 4835: 4829:Pre-Columbian era 4774: 4283:Motul de San José 3916:Barton Creek Cave 3718:Sharer, Robert J. 3671:978-0-684-85209-6 1603:Early Postclassic 1177:Tulane University 1095:Antigua Guatemala 1017:Pedro de Alvarado 891: 890: 666:Maya civilization 628: 627: 390:Madre Vieja River 293:Pedro de Alvarado 187: 186: 4906: 4766: 4318:Punta de Chimino 4088:Arroyo de Piedra 4063: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3818: 3794:Iximché on FAMSI 3782: 3751: 3727: 3724:The Ancient Maya 3713: 3711: 3710: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3683: 3663: 3649: 3619: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3590: 3559: 3528: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3492: 3486:. Archived from 3465: 3455: 3446: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3378: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3279: 3276: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3187: 3184: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3103: 3100: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3045: 3042: 3021: 3018: 2999: 2996: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2853: 2850: 2831: 2828: 2819: 2816: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2780: 2777: 2758: 2755: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2691: 2688: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2597: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2576: 2573: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2533: 2530: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2315: 2312: 2303: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2131: 2128: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2078: 2075: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1924: 1921: 1912: 1909: 1874: 1871: 1862: 1859: 1848: 1845: 1621:Other structures 1280:Tecpán Guatemala 1267:, there are two 1239:Site description 1064:Tecpán Guatemala 997:Spanish Conquest 928:Chichicastenango 906:Latin characters 883: 876: 869: 853: 852: 851: 677: 667: 652: 531: 498:Ahpop Achi Balam 494:Ahpop Achi Ygich 452: 281:Spanish Conquest 228:Late Postclassic 203: 150:Late Postclassic 121: 120: 118: 117: 116: 111: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 69:Tecpán Guatemala 51: 50: 44: 31: 24: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4831: 4820: 4777: 4455: 4432: 4064: 4055: 3887: 3882: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3816: 3790: 3785: 3754: 3740: 3716: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3693: 3691: 3686: 3672: 3652: 3638: 3624:Recinos, Adrian 3622: 3613: 3605: 3603: 3593: 3562: 3548: 3531: 3517: 3504: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3463: 3458: 3449: 3420: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3389: 3387: 3381: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3282: 3277: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3024: 3019: 3002: 2997: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2856: 2851: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2783: 2778: 2761: 2756: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2694: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2134: 2129: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2005: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1910: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1860: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1835: 1818: 1770:maxillary sinus 1748: 1684:Structure 9-sub 1628:(also known as 1623: 1597:(also known as 1592: 1566:tongue piercing 1543:human sacrifice 1530:summer solstice 1520:(also known as 1503: 1494:Gran Palacio II 1490:Great Palace II 1486: 1484:Great Palace II 1469:incense burners 1452: 1421: 1241: 1209: 1169:Robert Wauchope 1107: 1005: 999: 887: 849: 847: 840: 798:Preclassic Maya 665: 650: 642:Late Preclassic 638: 633: 529: 402: 365: 314: 291:. Conquistador 246:human sacrifice 238:pyramid-temples 183:Jorge Guillemín 169: 114: 112: 108: 105: 100: 97: 95: 93: 92: 60: 59: 58: 57: 54: 53: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4912: 4910: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4841: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4669:Plan de Ayutla 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4313:Piedras Negras 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3991:Marco Gonzalez 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3820: 3819: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3788:External links 3786: 3784: 3783: 3761:(in Spanish). 3752: 3738: 3714: 3699: 3684: 3670: 3650: 3636: 3620: 3611: 3591: 3569:(in Spanish). 3560: 3546: 3529: 3515: 3502: 3456: 3447: 3418: 3395: 3386:. UK. BBC News 3379: 3357:(in Spanish). 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3280: 3264: 3255: 3246: 3237: 3223: 3214: 3188: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3125: 3116: 3104: 3090: 3081: 3067: 3058: 3046: 3022: 3000: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2936: 2927: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2854: 2832: 2820: 2804: 2795: 2781: 2759: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2692: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2619: 2610: 2598: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2552: 2534: 2522: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2316: 2304: 2279: 2263: 2254: 2228: 2219: 2205: 2196: 2180: 2171: 2159: 2150: 2132: 2100: 2091: 2079: 2059: 2050: 2038: 2029: 2017: 2008: 1960: 1951: 1925: 1913: 1875: 1863: 1849: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1817: 1814: 1809:occipital bone 1747: 1744: 1622: 1619: 1591: 1588: 1524:) is a tiered 1502: 1499: 1485: 1482: 1460:Gran Palacio I 1456:Great Palace I 1451: 1450:Great Palace I 1448: 1420: 1417: 1260:. Along with 1240: 1237: 1208: 1205: 1106: 1105:Modern history 1103: 1101:Ciudad Vieja. 998: 995: 889: 888: 886: 885: 878: 871: 863: 860: 859: 858: 857: 842: 841: 839: 838: 833: 828: 823: 815: 814: 808: 807: 806: 805: 800: 792: 791: 785: 784: 783: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 679: 678: 670: 669: 661: 660: 649: 646: 637: 634: 632: 629: 626: 625: 623: 621: 616: 610: 609: 607: 605: 600: 594: 593: 591: 589: 587:Kablahuh-Tihax 583: 582: 580: 578: 573: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 545: 544: 541: 538: 535: 528: 525: 507:, Hun-Toh was 484:The titles of 479:Ahpo Raxonihay 401: 398: 373:Guatemala City 364: 361: 313: 310: 306:George W. Bush 185: 184: 181: 180:Archaeologists 177: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 159:Kaqchikel Maya 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 123: 122: 90: 86: 85: 76: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 55: 46: 45: 39: 38: 37: 36: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4911: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4830: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806:Joya de Cerén 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4644:Moral Reforma 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4564:Dzibilchaltun 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4133:Cotzumalhuapa 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011:Nohoch Cheʼen 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3831:90°59′46.32″W 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3739:0-8047-4817-9 3735: 3731: 3726: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3700: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3655: 3654:Schele, Linda 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3637:84-8377-006-7 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3602:on 2011-07-14 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3547:0-8061-2597-7 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3516:84-88622-07-4 3512: 3508: 3503: 3493:on 2023-03-22 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3409:on 2011-10-08 3405: 3401: 3396: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3336: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3082: 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4363:Tamarindito 4343:San Bartolo 4273:Mixco Viejo 4228:Kaminaljuyu 4163:El Porvenir 4108:Cerro Quiac 4051:Xunantunich 4026:San Estevan 3981:Lower Dover 3843: / 3758:Mesoamérica 3566:Mesoamérica 1669:Structure 8 1655:Structure 7 1649:Structure 6 1643:Structure 5 1636:Structure 4 1626:Structure 1 1599:Structure 3 1522:Structure 2 1384:(a kind of 1378:Mixco Viejo 1355:Kʼalel Achi 1147:Good Friday 896:Teotihuacan 564:Xitamel-Keh 540:Kʼalel Achi 513:Kʼalel Achi 455:Kʼalel Achi 425:Kʼalel Achi 202:/iʃimˈtʃeʔ/ 113: / 89:Coordinates 4849:Maya sites 4843:Categories 4827:See also: 4811:San Andrés 4791:Cara Sucia 4704:Tortuguero 4579:Hormiguero 4554:Comalcalco 4524:Chinkultic 4509:Chacchoben 4383:Tres Islas 4268:Machaquila 4258:La Joyanca 4168:El Temblor 4153:El Mirador 4128:Chutixtiox 4118:Chitinamit 4031:Santa Rita 3976:Louisville 3936:Chaa Creek 3921:Cahal Pech 3911:Baking Pot 3885:Maya sites 3709:2010-09-13 3694:2010-09-13 3606:2010-08-27 3497:2010-09-11 3468:Expedition 3413:2010-09-13 3390:2010-08-21 3346:References 2563:deserters. 1827:Chitinamit 1782:hypoplasia 1583:tzompantli 1419:Structures 1402:pentatonic 1336:Ahpo Xahil 1316:Ahpo Xahil 1312:Ahpo Xahil 1273:zoomorphic 1269:ballcourts 1229:daykeepers 1225:aj qʼijab' 1049:Ahpo Xahil 1001:See also: 987:Ahpo Xahil 915:Ahpo Xahil 619:Belehe Qat 549:Wuqu-Batzʼ 537:Ahpo Xahil 509:Ahpo Xahil 490:Ahpo Xahil 471:Ahpo Xahil 437:Ahpo Xahil 421:Ahpo Xahil 175:Site notes 4889:Kaqchikel 4749:Yaxchilan 4679:Punta Sur 4614:Kohunlich 4574:Ekʼ Balam 4559:Dzibanche 4544:Chunlimón 4539:Chunhuhub 4451:El Puente 4328:Qʼumarkaj 4263:La Muerta 4253:La Corona 4248:La Blanca 4243:La Amelia 4173:El Tintal 4138:Dos Pilas 4070:Guatemala 3986:Lubaantun 3956:KaʼKabish 3771:0252-9963 3579:0252-9963 3476:0014-4738 3443:128961776 3367:0188-8218 1805:turquoise 1774:pathogens 1526:pyramidal 1366:micaceous 1161:Patinamit 1143:syncretic 1131:Patinamit 1083:Spaniards 1026:Cuscatlán 1022:Escuintla 991:Qʼumarkaj 932:Qʼumarkaj 831:Guatemala 730:Astronomy 715:Sacrifice 710:Mythology 695:Languages 614:Cahi Imox 603:Lahuh-Noh 450:chipil al 445:nabʼey al 385:Tzʼutujil 357:Kaqchikel 338:Guatemala 312:Etymology 289:Qʼumarkaj 253:Kaqchikel 231:Kaqchikel 224:Guatemala 139:Abandoned 83:Guatemala 4801:Cihuatán 4764:Yoʼokop 4664:Palenque 4659:Oxkintok 4519:Chicanná 4504:Calakmul 4499:Bonampak 4438:Honduras 4418:Zacpeten 4388:Uaxactun 4333:Río Azul 4323:Quiriguá 4288:Naachtun 4238:Kʼatepan 4218:Ixtonton 4093:Balberta 4078:Aguateca 4016:Pacbitun 3966:La Milpa 3951:El Pilar 3906:Altun Ha 3748:57577446 3680:41423034 3646:25476196 3626:(1998). 3556:29548140 3525:39909559 3375:29789840 1816:See also 1753:Maya art 1630:Temple 1 1595:Temple 3 1590:Temple 3 1578:itzompan 1518:Temple 2 1511:itzompan 1501:Temple 2 1465:obsidian 1413:crossbow 1390:obsidian 1346:Plazas E 1334:and the 1286:Plazas A 968:smallpox 960:Veracruz 770:Medicine 750:Textiles 735:Calendar 705:Religion 657:a series 576:Lahuh-Ah 543:Ahuchan 469:and the 457:and the 363:Location 277:Smallpox 198:Iximcheʼ 155:Cultures 65:Location 4816:Tazumal 4744:Xtampak 4684:Río Bec 4654:Ocomtún 4634:Mayapan 4619:Komchen 4514:Chactún 4484:Balamku 4469:Acanceh 4423:Zaculeu 4378:Topoxte 4368:Tayasal 4308:Pajaral 4303:Naranjo 4278:Montana 4203:Iximche 4183:Guaytán 4178:El Zotz 4158:El Perú 4148:El Chal 4143:El Baúl 4123:Chocolá 4103:Cancuén 4098:Bejucal 4041:Uxbenka 4021:Pusilha 3996:Minanha 3971:Lamanai 3926:Caracol 3779:7141215 3587:7141215 3484:1568625 2296:Tzotzil 2288:Sotzʼil 1822:Chajoma 1678:Xibalba 1611:Zaculeu 1415:bolts. 1382:metates 1374:Zaculeu 1340:Ahuchan 1327:Plaza D 1308:Plaza C 1265:palaces 1258:temples 1253:Spanish 1207:Tourism 1189:marimba 1165:Iximche 1093:, near 1066:, with 1045:7 Ahmak 956:Yucatán 924:Chiavar 826:Chiapas 821:Yucatán 789:History 780:Warfare 775:Cuisine 700:Writing 690:Society 631:History 598:Hun-Iqʼ 554:Hun-Toh 517:Ahuchan 459:Ahuchan 429:Ahuchan 353:kingdom 342:Nahuatl 210:Spanish 206:Iximché 147:Periods 131:Founded 126:History 81:, 22:Iximche 4754:Yaxuná 4739:Xpuhil 4734:Xlapak 4724:Xcaret 4699:Toniná 4674:Pomona 4629:La Mar 4599:Joljaʼ 4584:Izamal 4461:Mexico 4408:Xultun 4403:Witzna 4393:Ucanal 4353:Seibal 4223:Ixtutz 4193:Holtun 4188:Holmul 4046:Xnaheb 4006:Nohmul 3961:Kʼaxob 3946:Cuello 3931:Cerros 3893:Belize 3777: 3769: 3746: 3736: 3678: 3668: 3644: 3634: 3585: 3577: 3554: 3544: 3523: 3513: 3482: 3474: 3441: 3373: 3365: 2292:Zotzil 1740:Tlaloc 1723:stucco 1570:Mixtec 1552:bacabs 1539:stucco 1444:matrix 1386:mortar 1370:comals 1072:Sololá 1068:Tecpán 1030:1 Qʼat 740:Stelae 720:Cities 685:People 659:on the 559:Chuluk 410:Akajal 369:Tecpán 320:tree ( 208:using 204:) (or 165:Events 75:Region 4729:Xelha 4714:Uxmal 4709:Tulum 4694:Sayil 4649:Muyil 4624:Labna 4609:Kiuic 4604:Kabah 4594:Jaina 4589:Izapa 4569:Edzna 4494:Becan 4446:Copán 4413:Yaxha 4373:Tikal 4338:Sacul 4298:Nakum 4293:Nakbe 4233:Kinal 4208:Ixkun 4198:Itzan 4113:Chama 3941:Colha 3491:(PDF) 3464:(PDF) 3439:S2CID 3407:(PDF) 2561:sixty 1833:Notes 1762:Copán 1615:flint 1561:adobe 1437:adobe 1406:femur 1262:elite 1041:pesos 966:been 944:Tohil 836:Petén 765:Dance 760:Music 755:Trade 406:clans 334:maize 318:ramon 269:Aztec 170:Spain 4759:Yula 4719:Uxul 4639:Maní 4549:Coba 4213:Ixlu 4036:Tipu 3775:OCLC 3767:ISSN 3744:OCLC 3734:ISBN 3676:OCLC 3666:ISBN 3642:OCLC 3632:ISBN 3583:OCLC 3575:ISSN 3552:OCLC 3542:ISBN 3521:OCLC 3511:ISBN 3480:OCLC 3472:ISSN 3371:OCLC 3363:ISSN 2294:and 1764:and 1492:(or 1488:The 1458:(or 1454:The 1441:clay 1394:jade 1376:and 1348:and 1288:and 1221:Maya 1163:and 1081:The 1024:and 958:and 913:and 488:and 427:and 328:and 326:ixim 234:Maya 142:1524 134:1470 4479:Aké 3431:doi 1674:hom 1175:of 745:Art 379:of 330:che 4845:: 3773:. 3763:35 3742:. 3732:. 3674:. 3640:. 3581:. 3571:35 3550:. 3540:. 3536:. 3519:. 3478:. 3466:. 3437:. 3425:. 3369:. 3359:IX 3283:^ 3267:^ 3226:^ 3191:^ 3179:^ 3128:^ 3107:^ 3093:^ 3070:^ 3049:^ 3025:^ 3003:^ 2987:^ 2939:^ 2916:^ 2857:^ 2835:^ 2823:^ 2807:^ 2784:^ 2762:^ 2736:^ 2695:^ 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