957:: Length 1.00β1.035 mm. Basis dorsally 0.60β0.68 mm in width, the lateral submarginal fields swollen and frequently delimited from the depressed, median field by ill-defined carinae; posterior margin sinuous, posterolateral angles swollen, sometimes mildly salient; porose areas large, deep subcircular or oval, the longer axis directed anteriorly, interval frequently depressed, at most about the width of one; basis ventrally with posterior margin rounded and with well-defined, blunt, retrograde auriculae. Palps long and slender, some long hairs ventrally; article I rounded and somewhat salient laterally, inner 'ring' with dorsal tongue-like prolongation and ventrally semicircular and plate-like, the posterior margin of the plate extending beyond the palp; articles 2 and 3 with no apparent suture, 0.75β0.85 mm in length and about four times as long as wide, narrowly rounded distally. Hypostome lanceolate and bluntly pointed; dentition mainly 3/3, the innermost file of small, spaced teeth, basally 2/2.
2278:
collected. But this second blood test is important as it is the only way of proving the diagnosis of spotted fever. Spotted fever rarely, if ever, occurs more than once because someone infected once usually becomes immune for life. In rare instances there may be a repeated infection after recovery; it is not known whether this is caused by another strain. It is also presently unknown whether chronic infections occur. The disease is rarely fatal. Australian spotted fever was first described in 1946 when 12 soldiers contracted the disease during training exercises in north
Queensland; it was at that time known as Queensland tick typhus. Infections generally arise in rural areas, but 10% of reported cases appear to have been acquired in cities. It is commonly seen in tick collectors in southern Queensland. It mostly occurs during the winter and spring, but can occur at any time in temperate areas.
924:
mass to mature. Adult females engorge for a period of 6β30 days, the time again being temperature dependent. (The 30-day engorgement time is derived from laboratory culture colonies.) Under natural conditions, the time taken for an adult female to engorge while on the host varies from 6 to 21 days, the period being longest in cool weather. When replete, the adult female drops off the host to the ground. After 11β20 days the gravid female starts to lay a batch of 2000 to 6000 eggs (20β200 eggs per day over 16β34 days) into moist vegetation such as leaf and branch litter, under the bark of trees and shrubs, or in foliage near the tips of branches. The eggs are attached as a mass with a wax-like substance. The female tick dies one or two days after egg-laying is complete. Under laboratory conditions, female ticks have been kept alive for more than two years.
1165:
cats). Larvae and nymphs can also produce toxic reactions in the host. Fifty larvae or five nymphs can kill a 40 g rat. Larger numbers of either can induce paralysis in dogs and cats. They may be easy to find on short-haired animals, but difficult to find on long-haired animals, such as
Persian cats. People who live in a tick-prone area, and whose pets are allowed outdoors, are recommended to inspect their pets every day for ticks. Unfortunately, the ticks are often not discovered until they are large enough to be felt. By that time the tick has subjected the animal to a large amount of toxin. One adult female can produce enough toxin during engorgement to kill four rats. Although it is not typical, an engorging adult female has been known to re-attach several times to different dogs.
892:
1033:: Length 0.51β0.65 mm in width, surface punctate; posterior margin straight; no cornua; posterolateal margins slightly divergent anteriorly; basis ventrally narrowing to the straight posterior margin, surface with a short anterolateral ridge. Palps short and broad; article 1 rounded and a little salient laterally, ventrally with a transverse rounded flange continuous with ridge on basis; articles 2 and 3 with no apparent suture, 0.33β0.40 mm in length, almost twice as long as broad, rounded distally, hairs moderate in number, some long hairs ventrally. Hypostome short and broad, 0.25β0.28 mm in length, narrowing and shallowly rounded distally; dentition 2/2 of large rounded teeth, some small teeth distally and crenulations basally.
1796:) in their tissue fluids. When a tick feeds on the blood of a mammal (bandicoot, possum, cat, dog etc.) it takes alpha-gal into the tick's digestive system. When the same tick attaches to the next host (e.g., a human) it transfers the alpha-gal to the tissues of that next host. The immune system of some humans recognises alpha-gal as foreign and so produces antibodies against it. In this case the antibody produced is IgE, which is the type of antibody responsible for most allergic reactions. Thus the human is primed for a delayed allergic reaction to subsequent ingestion of mammalian meats (but not chicken or fish).
1407:
engorgement as late as possible reduces the chances of detection and removal by the host. The hypostome has a groove along its dorsal surface forming a food canal (also known as the preoral canal) through which blood is drawn from the host and passed on to the mouth and pharynx. During blood feeding by ixodid ticks, the liquid portion of the meal is first concentrated by removal of water and excess ions, which move across the gut epithelium and enter the tick's body cavity (hemocoele). These components are then taken up by the salivary glands, which produce a watery saliva that is injected back into the host.
2385:
meningitis, Bell's palsy (weakness of the face muscles), swelling of joints, and heart problems with palpitations and breathlessness. Lyme disease is difficult to distinguish from many other illnesses, such as chronic fatigue syndrome, because the symptoms may be similar. If a patient has symptoms that could be Lyme disease, even if no tick bite was ever noticed, it is important to see a doctor. Diagnosis is helped by a blood test called a western blot test, but a doctor may do other tests to determine whether any other illness could be causing the symptoms.
609:
insect of a dark colour, about the tenth of an inch in diameter, and nearly circular, in the body; it insinuates itself beneath the skin, and destroys, not only sheep, but sometimes foals and calves. Paralysis of the hind quarters often precedes death in these cases. Sometimes it occasions painful swellings, when forcibly removed from the human body, after having fixed its anchor-like head and appendages in the skin. To prevent this inconvenience, we several times, made them let go their hold, by smearing them over with oil, or with wet tobacco ashes."
945:: A very large tick when fully engorged; scutum about as long as broad and broadest a little posterior to mid length, with strong lateral carinae; capitulum relatively long porose areas deep, cornua usually absent, but when present at most only mild and rounded; auriculae present; hypostome lanceolate, dentition mainly 3/3; no sternal plate; anal grooves meeting at a point behind; all coxae with an external spur decreasing in size posteriorly; trochanters III and IV usually with small, pointed ventral spurs.
961:: As wide as or a little wider than long, widest a little posterior to mid length, 1.6 Γ 1.7 mm β 2.4 Γ 2.4 mm, flat medianly, convex external to the long, strong lateral carinae; anterolateral margins practically straight, posterolateral margins mildly concave; posterior anle broadly rounded. Punctations numerous, fine, sometimes a little coarser medianly and laterally, shallow rugae frequently present posteriorly. Cervical grooves well defined but short. Emargination moderate. Scapulae blunt.
2030:
surviving horses, 35% developed one or more complications including pressure sores, corneal ulcers, pneumonia and sepsis. The relatively high mortality rates in horses in this study could be due to a range of factors, including horses being badly affected before vets are called, difficulties associated with nursing a recumbent horse, difficulties with owners needing to deliver the bulk of nursing care, and lack of information to veterinarians managing the disease in horses.
185:
33:
1053:: Length moderate. Coxae practically contiguous, with a row of long hairs near posterior margin; posterointernal angles of coxae I and II may be somewhat sharp but not salient; all coxae with an external spur, strongest and bluntly pointed on coxa I, smallest on coxa IV. Trochanters III and IV with a small, dark ventral spur, only a tuberosity on II. Tarsi ending somewhat abruptly; length of tarsus I 0.65β0.71 mm and of tarsus IV 0.62β0.70 mm.
2355:. At the Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney the Tick-borne Diseases Research Unit continues its study into this issue. Cases of Lyme-like disease are being diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs (often musculoskeletal, chronic fatigue, neurological and dermatological), exclusion of other infections, serology (which is supportive but not conclusive), and response to antibiotic treatment. Initially, antibiotics may cause a worsening of symptoms (the
54:
1169:
1831:. In experiments where nerveβmuscle preparations were incubated in solution containing toxin, the paralysis effect was delayed for six to seven hours after the addition of toxin. As in live test animals, this effect was temperature dependent, paralysis being more rapid at higher temperatures. Live mice injected with toxin did not develop signs of paralysis for some 8 to 12 hours after the injection. The cause of the delayed toxicity is unknown.
753:
where they attach to a passing host. Larvae feed for 4 to 6 days then drop to the ground. Over a further 19- to 41-day period, larvae moult to become nymphs. The overall period in the larval stage, from hatch to moult, is temperature dependent. It takes about 20 days at 27.5 Β°C and 40 days at 21 Β°C, but may extend to 36 weeks. Larvae are just visible to the naked eye. Under laboratory conditions unfed larvae can survive for 162 days.
1553:
1846:
feature. Of the 800 species of ticks, only 40β64 species (across 10 genera) have been reported as causing some form of toxicosis. As ticks have moved from a predatory existence to a parasitic existence, most species have lost their toxin, which would have been a disadvantage for a parasitic lifestyle (parasites in general do not benefit from killing their hosts). The gene sequence of the tick toxin shows high homology to scorpion toxins.
932:
2340:. Despite clinical case reports, it is still controversial as to whether Lyme disease occurs in Australia. Some doctors and health authorities believe it does, while others are adamant that it does not. Until the controversy is resolved, patients with suspected Lyme-like disease should be treated with an appropriate course of antibiotics because early treatment of Lyme disease invariably results in a complete cure.
693:
Nymphs require a second blood meal before they can moult again to become an adult. Female adults then require a further blood meal of up to ten days before dropping off to lay up to 3000 eggs in leaf litter. Male adults will search for females on the host for mating, and to parasitise the females for blood meals. That life cycle takes around a year to complete, with minimum being 135 days, and the maximum 437 days.
2312:
949:: Unfed specimens, oval, flat, yellowish, 2.6 Γ 1.1 mm β 3.8 Γ 2.6 mm; marginal groove well developed and continuous; hairs small, scattered, most numerous in region of marginal fold. Semi-engorged specimens frequently with body widest behind coxa IV and with a waist at level of spiracles. Fully engorged specimens broadly oval, attaining 13.2 Γ 10.2 mm, living ticks with blue-grey
993:
977:: Coxae smooth, I and II sometimes with mild rounded ridges externally, each with a row of long hairs posteriorly and an external spur, longer and more pointed than in male, and decreasing in size posteriorly. Trochanter IV (and sometimes III) frequently with a small, ventral spur. Tarsi tapering a little abruptly; length of tarsus I 0.70β0.80 mm, and of tarsus IV 0.60β0.78 mm.
1008:
3886:
1635:
1129:
908:
771:
1037:: Oval, convex, only a little smaller than body. Lateral grooves deep and completely encircling the scutum, anteriorly somewhat linear and may simulate mild lateral carinae. Punctations fine, usually most numerous submarginally and anteromedianly; pseudoscutum sometimes faintly apparent. Cervical grooves short, shallow. Emargination moderate. Scapulae blunt.
821:
1624:
1613:
1193:
1066:
807:
1025:, no lateral carinae; punctuations fine; basis capituli punctate dorsally, palpi short and very broad; hypostome dentition 2/2, with rounded teeth; anal plate bluntly pointed behind; adanal plate curving inwardly to a point; coxae with well-defined spurs decreasing in size posteriorly; trochanters III and IV frequently with small, ventral spurs.
705:
and up to four males have been found feeding on one female tick. Adult male ticks rarely blood-feed on a host. The outside surface, or cuticle, of hard ticks grows to accommodate the large volume of blood ingested, which, in adult ticks, may be anywhere from 200 to 600 times their unfed body weight. When a tick is fully engorged it is said to be
669:
2220:
2039:
1438:, the hypostome is inserted very deep into the dermis. The process by which such ticks feed is termed telmophagy (pool feeding). (This contrasts with the process of solenophagy, used by mosquitoes, in which feeding is direct from a small venule.) The resultant pool expands as a result of the anticoagulants released from the salivary glands.
1838:, but there has been variation in the reported molecular size of the principal paralysing toxin or toxins. Early work suggested that the most neurotoxic fraction was a protein (molecular weight 40β60 kilodaltons, stable when freeze dried, originally named holocyclotoxin). Another toxin was found to be lethal but non-paralysing.
725:
1045:: Pregenital plate wider than long; median plate 1.5β1.2 mm, the width posteriorly about 3/4 of the length; anal plate 0.75β0.50 mm, anterior margin straight or mildly curved, pointed posteriorly; adanal plates curving to points near the point of the anal plate; plates with scattered punctuations and hairs.
1697:) may be the cause. Whilst many such rickettsial infections are self-limiting, early treatment with antibiotics can prevent longer-term problems in some individuals. Doctors may also wish to investigate the possibility of a Lyme-like disease, particularly if there is also a 'bullseye' or target-shaped skin rash (
2375:
or EM. It can be difficult to distinguish from an allergic reaction at the site of the bite. Allergic rashes usually occur within 48 hours of the bite, then fade. EM usually first appears after a delay of 48 hours following the tick bite and gets bigger over a few days or weeks. As it expands, the EM
2259:
occurs without a rash; there may just be a high fever. Usually (in 65% of cases) there is a black spot (known as an eschar, usually 2β5 mm in diameter) at the site of the tick bite. This looks like a scab with redness and swelling around it. Usually there is only one eschar unless there has been
2029:
The number of paralysis ticks required to paralyse a horse is unknown, but in one study there were cases of large horses with only one to two ticks being paralysed and unable to stand. Horses of any age and size can be affected by tick paralysis. In the same study, 26% of the horses died and, of the
1975:
The primary treatment for tick paralysis is the careful administration of anti-tick serum. The effectiveness of anti-tick serum is most dependent on how early it is administered. Early treatment offers the best chance of full recovery. Unlike snake bite, tick envenomation has a relatively slow onset.
1869:
attached to a severely paralysed dog. Whilst reactive swelling around the tick can make it appear as though it is penetrating deeper, only the mouthparts penetrate the epidermis of the skin. Even when the tick has fallen off or been removed, there is usually a readily palpable skin lump remaining for
1799:
Alpha-gal allergy in a human can now be recognised through a blood test. The reaction to alpha-gal is distinct from any immediate allergic reaction to the tick itself, which is provoked by proteins in the tick's saliva, not the carbohydrate alpha-gal. People who have such allergic reactions, however,
1564:
The distribution map gives only an approximation of the tick's distribution as the situation is not static. There are reports from inland
Victoria, including north-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. This may reflect general movement of insects and ticks from equatorial to polar latitudes which in turn may
1410:
Blood meal digestion in ticks is similar in all species. The digestive system is histologically divided into foregut, midgut and hindgut. The foregut comprises the sucking pharynx and the oesophagus. The midgut contains a ventriculus with a valve, a variable number of blind diverticula (caeca), and a
1338:
The male does not engorge. The shield (conscutum) covers the entire dorsal body. It has a tortoiseshell pattern. The mouthpart section (the capitulum) is very short because it is not required for feeding from the host (though it may be used to feed from the female tick). The male tick does not pose a
1164:
Most mammals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, cats, cavies, rats, mice and humans, can be infested by the tick. Fatalities resulting from a single engorged adult female tick are mostly reported in the young animals of the larger species, and all ages and sizes of the pet species (dogs and
927:
Due to the variation in time taken for the female to engorge, a host may carry a tick for up to three weeks without the tick becoming significantly engorged or causing paralysis. However, in warm weather, the female engorges rapidly and, at the same time, injects her toxin into the host, thus causing
826:
Nymphs are very active and attach to another host on average 5β6 days (but possibly up to 31 days) after moulting. Nymphs feed for 4β7 days, then drop to the ground. After a further 3β11 weeks the nymphs moult to become adult males or females. Again the period is temperature dependent: it takes about
2050:
The tick's salivary glands and gut contents are together the main source of the noxious substances, and these are located in the main body of the tick. It is thought that any irritation of the tick might cause it to either inject saliva or regurgitate gut contents or that any compression the body of
1889:
observant person might begin to notice a slight change in behavior after 48 hours of attachment (in a warm climate). Typically, however, a person would not notice obvious signs until at least the 4th day of attachment. In colder weather the feeding process is slowed considerably and some animals may
1548:
is found mainly along coastal eastern
Australia, from near Cooktown in far north Queensland to Lakes Entrance in Victoria. In places, it is found more than 100 km inland, particularly in areas of moist escarpments and ranges such as the Bunya Mountains of Queensland and the Lower Blue Mountains
1221:
Humid conditions are essential for survival of the paralysis tick. Dry conditions, relatively high temperatures (32 Β°C) and low temperatures (7 Β°C) are lethal for all stages after a few days. An ambient temperature of 27 Β°C and high relative humidity is thought to be optimal for rapid
704:
Both female and male ticks quest for a host, but for different reasons. The female quests for a blood meal, the male to search the host for a female tick in order to mate and feed from her. Males may parasitise female ticks by piercing their cuticles with their mouth parts to feed on the haemolymph,
2384:
More common than EM are symptoms due to invasion by the spirochaete of the nervous system, heart, muscles and joints. These may start weeks or months after the tick bite. Initially, they may include flu-like illness, fever, headache, sore throat, fatigue, aching muscles and joints. More serious are
1964:
Ultimately paralysis becomes so severe that an animal is unable to stand or even lift its head. The breathing becomes slow, exaggerated and gasping. A foul odor on the breath can signal aspiration pneumonia. Although pain is not regarded as being a feature of tick paralysis, animals appear to be in
1745:
During damp summers any disturbance of taller plants can produce a shower of tick larvae. When large numbers of larvae attach to a sensitized person, severe allergic dermatitis may result. Such outbreaks are seasonal in southeast
Queensland and occur most commonly during January, February and March
1677:
Whilst systemic paralysis is possible in humans, it is now a relatively rare occurrence. This is because an engorging adult female tick needs to remain attached for several days. This was more likely to occur in the past because there was less medical and public awareness of the problem and perhaps
1229:
Typically, larvae appear late
February to April or May, followed by nymphs from March to September or October and then gradually the adult population from August to February, peaking around December. Under favourable conditions a second cycle may result in a second peak in May. However, infestation
1225:
The tick population in a given year is probably governed by the rainfall in the previous year if temperature variation has been moderate. North-easterly weather, with moisture-laden sea breezes on the east coast of the continent, provides ideal conditions. This pattern usually sets in during spring
758:
608:
during the early colonial period, gave the following account: "At
Colongatta, in Shoal Haven...district, which, like that of Illawarra, is much more favorable for the grazing of horned cattle than for sheep. Among the enemies of the latter in these rich, coast lands, is the Wattle Tick, a hard flat
2046:
Debate around the best method of tick removal is based around two main concerns. The first is that the method of removal could cause further injection of noxious substances (allergens, paralysing toxins and infectious micro-organisms). The second is that the method may leave the 'head' (the tick's
1754:
Attachment of the nymphal and adult stages produce variable responses, many of which are allergic in nature. Often, attachment may provoke little or no response and the patient may be unaware of the presence of a tick for some days until eventually minor itching leads to its discovery. Conversely,
1733:
Repeated infestation with larvae, as occurs in rural and wooded suburban areas where bandicoots are common, rapidly leads to the development of hypersensitivity. Dramatic local redness, numbness, swelling and itching may develop within 2β3 hours of attachment of even one larva if a person has been
752:
Larvae, also known as "seed ticks" and sometimes "grass ticks", emerge from the eggs and move towards lateral branches, or across grassy areas during humid weather, to find and attach to their hosts. Larvae undergo 7β44 days of hardening and then climb vegetation (e.g. to the tips of leaves), from
2537:
Backhouse, Reverend James (1843) A Narrative of a visit to the
Australian Colonies; Hamilton, Adams and Co Paternoster Row, York: John L Linney, Low Ousegate, 1843 (taken from Backhouse and Walker, Illawarra and Shoalhaven, 1836, Illawarra Historical Society (1991) Beale E, Mitchell W and Organ M
1948:
The dog or cat may show a great variety of signs that may be very subtle in the early stages. Early signs include lethargy, loss of appetite, apparent groaning when lifted, altered voice (bark or meow), noisy panting, coughing, drooling of saliva, gagging, regurgitation (dogs) and enlarged pupils
1841:
A more recent study isolated three low-molecular-weight toxins, all three of which were able to cause hind limb paralysis in baby mice. Only one, however, could be isolated in quantities permitting further research. The molecule was relatively small at 6 kilodaltons, corresponding to a protein of
1762:
After the tick is removed itching may recur at the site of attachment at intervals over some weeks, and a small firm lump usually forms within a day or so of the tick's removal. This again may persist for many weeks. There may be some discoloration of the area of the bite. In other cases the skin
923:
The newly moulted adult female becomes increasingly active during the first 6 or 7 days and seeks a host. It attaches to the final host after 7 to 9 days (but possibly up to 77 days). After insemination by a male tick, or sometimes before, a female feeds on blood to gain the nutrients for the egg
736:
Adult females lay between 2000 and 6000 eggs in leaf and branch litter, under the scaly or fibrous bark of certain trees and shrubs, or in dense fine foliage near the tips of branches. They use a wax-like substance to make a cohesive mass of eggs and attach them at the selected site. After 40β110
3713:
Russell RC, and
Doggett SL. Ticks and Human Disease in Australia- An Update; in The Second International Conference on Tick-borne Pathogens at the Host-Vector Interface: A Global Perspective, Proceedings and Abstracts, Edited by Lewis Coons and Marjorie Rothschild, AugustβSeptember, 1995, Kruger
2168:
Save the tick in a small airtight container with moist paper or a leaf or blade of grass. Label with the date removed and the locality where the tick was acquired. The tick can be identified later if the victim of the tick bite develops illness, especially in the following 4 weeks. (Note that an
1940:
Spring is the peak season for tick paralysis because this is when the ticks molt and develop into the final adult stage of their life cycle; it is the adult stage that also produces the most toxins during feeding. Sporadic cases of tick paralysis, however, can occur all year, even in mid-winter.
1845:
The benefit conferred by the paralysing toxin is not clear. Being arachnids, ticks are related to predatory arthropods (spiders, scorpions and mites). Spiders and scorpions have retained toxins and developed specialised delivery structures (fangs and telsons) while mites and ticks have lost this
1670:
People have experienced allergic reactions after coming in contact with both live and dead tick products. Having a tick simply walk over a person's hand produces in some people an intense discomfort and itching. What particular components of the tick body cause these reactions is unknown, but it
1568:
The need for humid conditions largely determines the botanical niche of this species. Low, leafy vegetation provides higher humidity levels by reducing the desiccating effects of wind and direct sunlight. This environment also suits the tick's major host, the bandicoot, as it seeks out grubs and
696:
To find a host, ticks "quest", climbing onto vegetation and waving forelegs slowly until a host comes within reach. When on the host, they may not attack immediately, but wander for up to two hours until attaching on the back of the host's head or behind an ear. Certain chemicals, such as carbon
692:
requires three hosts to complete its life cycle, thus it is a "three-host tick". Ticks hatch as six-legged larvae after an incubation period of 40 to 60 days. Larvae search for a blood meal from a host, feed for four to six days, then drop from the host and moult to become an eight-legged nymph.
2006:
Daily searching usually gives a person a few days to find an attached tick. However ticks at the early stage of attachment are small and flat and so easily missed. Whilst most ticks on dogs are found around the head, neck and shoulders, they can be anywhere on the dog's surface. They are easily
1429:
The palps are the paired tactile and positioning limbs, which are not inserted into the skin but splayed out on the surface. The chelicerae are the paired cutting jaws, which cut a channel into skin for the hypostome. The hypostome is the single feeding tube, which also anchors the tick by its
2393:
Early treatment with antibiotics is important to prevent more serious problems. Pregnant women bitten by a tick should see a doctor. Some data suggests that Lyme disease can affect the foetus, but two large studies in the US and Europe showed no increased risk of adverse effects on the foetus.
2098:
If a person has difficulty removing a tick, or has reason to be concerned about allergic reactions, it is best to seek professional medical attention. The process of removing ticks in humans has been associated with anaphylactic reactions, and so it is best to have appropriate medical supplies
1476:
There is a concentration of saliva and presumably toxin in the granulomatous reaction around the tick mouth parts. It is thought by some experimenters that the residual toxin located in this granuloma is at least partially responsible for the increasing paralysis which occurs after the tick is
1406:
ticks has first a slow phase for several days followed by a fast phase in the last 12β24 hours before detachment. There may be a tenfold increase in fed versus unfed weights by the end of the slow phase, but there is another tenfold increase by the end of the final fast phase. Leaving the full
2078:) insecticides has been suggested 'as a narcotic and a toxicant, which prevents the tick from injecting its saliva' but with this method the tick may remain physically attached for 24 hrs before it drops off dead. Do not use pyrethrin-containing products on cats as they are toxic to felines.
853:: Length 0.40β0.43 mm. Basis dorsally 0.23β0.25 mm in width; posterior margin straight; posterolateral angles not salient; auriculae well defined. Palps as in female; articles 2 and 3 0.30β0.32 mm in length. Hypostome lanceolate and bluntly pointed; dentition 2/2, 3/3 distally.
1433:
Once it has chosen a feeding site, a tick positions itself with its legs so as to elevate its body at a sharp angle. Guided by the palps, the chelicerae cut into the skin with their horizontal cutting action. These rip and tear at the epidermal layers and a small pool of blood is formed. The
2277:
analysis of skin biopsies is a more recent testing method. The disease runs its course in two weeks or so but can be cured more quickly with tetracycline antibiotics. As antibiotic treatment is very effective, many persons feel so well that they do not return to have the second blood sample
457:
describes that the engorging tick becomes swollen with fluid (the host's blood). The addition of 'blue' probably refers to a bluish hue associated with the mid-sized engorged female. It also sounds like another venomous animal, the marine stinger of the same name, the 'blue bottle' or
1678:
because it was more likely to be misdiagnosed as polio. Paralysis is more likely to occur in children and in situations where ticks are attached in places where they are not easily detected (e.g., under bandages). Up through 1989, 20 human fatalities had been reported in
Australia.
1003:
The newly moulted male seeks a host. Male ticks do not engorge from the host, they wander the host searching for unfertilised females with which to mate. The male dies after fertilising the female, although some males can endure for longer if they parasitise the engorging female.
1685:) develops at the site of a tick bite, or if there are any other signs of illness occurring within a few weeks of a tick bite (especially flu-like symptoms, fever, generalised skin rash, or muscular or joint pain), a doctor should be consulted and informed about the tick bite. A
1233:
Small numbers of each instar are present throughout the year, with the numbers in each life cycle segment rising to plateau levels at particular times and then falling away again. Winter occurrence of gravids varied from nil to very small numbers in two of eight years studied.
1961:). There may be an inability to climb stairs or an inability to turn in tight circles without stumbling. Respiration may become slower and have a grunt at the end of the expiration. Some animals are easily panicked at this stage and should be handled calmly (especially cats).
1944:
Once attached, the female draws blood and gradually swells. In typical warmer weather conditions the initial engorgement is slow, but after four or more days it becomes very rapid. The rapid engorgement phase is also associated with the greatest injection of the toxic saliva.
1742:. These eventually rupture and the larvae detach and are lost. A tick embedded over an eyelid may result in gross facial and neck swelling within a few hours. The person can go on to develop tracheopharyngeal compression within 5β6 hours after the first onset of symptoms.
648:
The first confirmed human death in Australia due to tick envenomation was reported by Cleland in 1912, when a large, engorged tick caused flaccid paralysis in a child, progressing to asphyxiation. Headstones at the Cooktown cemetery attribute some human deaths to ticks.
2376:
rash often has a 'target' or 'bullseye' appearance, clearing in the middle with a more obvious red edge. EM can persist for months or years, coming and going in that time. Sometimes many small EM rashes occur. EM may occur in as few as 20% of persons with Lyme disease.
2002:
Prevention of tick paralysis is mostly achieved by a combination of daily searching and the use of tick-repelling or tick-killing agents. These may be topical sprays, rinses and collars or systemic oral agents. Some owners clip the fur short to help detect ticks.
1599:
Native animals are most notably affected by anaemia caused by carrying heavy burdens of ticks drawing large quantities of blood. Tick paralysis is possible but mainly recognised in captive animals where there has been a discontinuity in exposure and so a drop in
2254:
is an obligate intracellular bacterial parasite that proliferates within the endothelial cells of small blood vessels, causing a vasculitis. Spotted fever is probably more common than the tick-borne Lyme-like disease found in Australia. Sometimes infection with
789:: About 0.2 mm in length, basis triangular, about 0.16 mm wide, palpi elongate and slender. Hypostome apically rounded, 0.14 mm in length, dentition 2/2 of 10β12 teeth, the teeth of the inner file blunt and small, some minute denticles apically.
1729:
Attachment of a few larvae to a non-sensitised host provokes little or no response, even though the contact is prolonged over several days. However, towards the end of feeding some itching, redness and localised swelling may develop at the site of attachment.
2264:
as the spots may contain some fluid. Other symptoms include headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, mental confusion, and aching muscles and joints. The illness may be more severe in adults and elderly persons. Spotted fever is diagnosed by two blood tests
2206:
Vector competence for hard (ixodid) ticks is believed to require that the microorganism be able to replicate within the tick. These ticks tend to not take multiple blood meals from different hosts in one stage, and passing an organism between tick stages
2010:
Cats mostly have ticks where they cannot reach to groom themselvesβoften on the back of the neck or between the shoulder blades, under the chin, on the head, or on the upper leg. Ticks can attach elsewhere, even the tail, hard palate or inside the anus.
634:. Clunies Ross also demonstrated that a toxin produced by the tick, and not some infective agent carried by the tick, was responsible for the paralysis. The life cycle was further studied by Oxer and Ricardo (1942) and later summarised by Seddon (1968).
2131:
Grasp the tick's mouthparts as close to the skin as possible using fine, curved forceps, but avoid squeezing the body. Normal household tweezers are not recommended; they are too coarse and will squeeze the tick, injecting more of its contents into the
1890:
not show significant signs of paralysis for as long as two weeks. Furthermore, dogs rarely show significant signs until the adult female has engorged to a width of at least 4 mm (measured at the level of the spiracles; see photo of lateral view of
1376:
2351:(a United States strain). These suggested that the tick can not transmit this strain of spirochaete. Despite this, there is a strong belief that some kind of Lyme-like spirochaete causes a Lyme-like disease in Australia and that it is carried by
1422:("little head"). The capitulum is not a true 'head' in the sense that the structures one normally associates with the head (primitive brain, salivary glands) are not contained within it; these structures are located in the 'body' of the tick.
757:
1862:
793:: About as long as broad, 0.31 by 0.32 mm and widest a little anterior to mid-length; lateral carinae present but faint; anterolateral margins usually convex and posterolateral margins concave; cervical grooves short but well defined.
1365:
845:: Capitulum as in female, hypostome dentition mainly 2/2, 3/3 distally; conscutum about as long as wide with lateral carinae; sternal plate present, oval; anal grooves converging posteriorly but remaining narrowly open; legs as in female.
2966:
Moorhouse DE (1981) Ticks and their medical importance, in Animals Toxins and Man, Human Poisoning by Toxic Australian Venomous Creatures, ed Pearn J, Division of Health Education and Information, Queensland Health Department, Brisbane,
1505:
adult female (width, at level of the spiracles, more than 4 mm) which is most commonly removed from dogs with tick envenomation. If a fully engorged tick is found on a dog, it suggests that the dog has a certain degree of immunity.
1388:
1473:. Prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin inhibit platelet aggregation and dilate blood vessels. Feeding is almost continuous, with pulses of salivation alternating with periods of feeding to ensure continued suppression of host defences.
2014:
Long-haired cats that venture outdoors are more at risk. Matted coats and skin with lumpy lesions also make it more difficult to find ticks. Some veterinarians perform a close clip of the entire coat to help find attached ticks.
857:: About as wide as long, 0.61 Γ 0.63 mm β 0.71 Γ 0.70 mm. Lateral carinae well developed. Punctations few, shallow, scattered. Cervical grooves apparent, continuing to mid-scutal region as superficial depressions.
2081:
Leaving the mouthparts embedded in the skin is usually of lesser concern. If left embedded, the mouthparts cause a foreign body reaction and are usually eventually sloughed like a splinter. It has been noted that, when
928:
paralysis if the host is susceptible. The adult female does not usually inject detectable amounts of toxin until the third or fourth day of attachment to the host, with peak amounts being injected on days five and six.
3174:
Stone BF, Aylward JH. Tick Toxicosis and the Causal Toxins: Tick Paralysis (1987) In: Gopalakhrishnakone P, Tan CK, eds. Progress in Venom and Toxin Research. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 1987:
1956:
As toxicity progresses the combination of signs becomes more characteristic of tick envenomation. There is progressive limb weakness which is seen first in the hind legs. A dog may appear to walk as though 'drunken'
1430:
reverse barbs. The basis capituli forms the basal ring of cuticle to which the palps, chelicerae and hypostome are attached. The basis capituli moves in the dorsoventral plane and articulates with the body proper.
1339:
medical risk to humans or animals β the significance of finding a male is that it is looking for a female β so humans and animals should be checked fully for the possible presence of an adult female tick somewhere.
2370:
Early symptoms in the first four weeks after a tick bite include a rash or red patch that gradually expands over several days. It may get quite large (up to 50 mm or more in diameter). This rash is called
2952:
Jones DK (1991) Tick Paralysis; in JD Stewart Memorial Course for Veterinarians: Proceedings 149: Emergency Medicine and Critical care, The Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney.
2743:
Jones D.K. (1991), Tick Paralysis. In JD Stewart Memorial Course for Veterinarians: Proceedings 149: Emergency Medicine and Critical care, The Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science, University of
3111:
Jones DK: Tick Paralysis; in JD Stewart Memorial Course for Veterinarians: Proceedings 149: Emergency Medicine and Critical care, The Post Graduate Committee in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney,
2260:
more than one tick bite. Often lymph glands nearby are enlarged and painful. Fever starts 1β14 days (usually 7β10 days) after the tick bite, followed within a few days by a rash. The rash can look like
1674:
In south-east Queensland a 'maddening rash' (known locally as 'scrub itch') is caused by infestation by many tick larvae. This especially affects people clearing leafy bushland such as lantana scrub.
3961:
3193:
Stone BF (1988b) Tick paralysis, particularly involving Ixodes holocyclus and other Ixodes species, in Advances in Disease Vector Research, edited by K.F. Harris, New York: Springer-Verlag. 5:61-85.
627:
and clinical disease in three dogs. His findings were that it took five to six days from time of attachment for clinical signs to develop, with motor paralysis being the major neurological symptom.
2753:
Doube, B.M.; Heath, A.C.G. (1975) Observations on the biology and seasonal abundance of an encyrtid wasp , a parasite of ticks in Queensland Journal of Medical Entomology (USA)v. 12(4) p. 443-447
1789:(skin rashes, swollen tongue and serious drop in blood pressure), can occur up to 3 to 6 hours after eating mammalian meat (typically beef, lamb or pork) and often many months after the tick bite.
1572:
There are mixed reports about whether paralysis ticks climb trees. Some references mention ticks climbing to the tops of trees, while others report that they stay within 50 cm of the ground.
938:
adult female: a, capitulum (dorsal view); b, capitulum (ventral view); c, palpal article I (lateral view); d, hypostome; e, scutum; f, anal grooves; g, spiracular plate; h, tarsus I; i, tarsus IV.
574:, which often infest humans and animals in huge numbers, causing a rash. Without careful inspection, the presence of the tiny larval ticks may be missed until they engorge to an appreciable size.
1983:
supporting respiration (ensuring airway patency, providing ventilation, supplying enriched oxygen, treating pulmonary edema, reducing risk of further aspiration, treating any secondary pneumonia)
3134:
Stone BF, Cowie MR , Kerr JD and Binnington KC (1982) Improved toxin/antitoxin assays for studies on the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus; Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 60 (pt. 3), 309-318
1904:. This results in the overt paralysis for which the tick is named. Typically the paralysis starts in the hind limbs and subsequently ascends to affect the fore limbs and then the axial muscles.
1667:
Larvae and nymphs, as well as adults, are capable of causing very dramatic allergic reactions. Dramatic local redness and swelling may develop within 2β3 hours of attachment of even one larva.
831:
3156:
and the role of the salivary gland in their biosyntheses. in Morphology, physiology and behavioural biology of ticks. edited by J.R. Sauer & J.A. Hair, Chichester: Ellis Horwood, pp.75-99.
3740:
Hudson, B.J., Barry, R.D., Shafren, D.R., Wills, M.C., Caves, S.F. and Lennox, V.A. (1994). Does Lyme borreliosis exist in Australia? Journal of Spirochaetal and Tick-Borne Disease; 1: 46-51.
849:: Oval with fine parallel striae and some scattered pale hairs; 1.2 Γ 0.85 mm (unfed) to 3.5 Γ 2.5 mm (engorged); marginal grooves well developed and complete in unfed specimens.
719:
886:
879:
827:
20 days at 24β27 Β°C but 53β65 days at 10β21 Β°C. Dry conditions also prolong this period or even kill nymphs. Under laboratory conditions unfed nymphs can survive for 275 days.
3143:
Stone BF, Neish AL, Wright IG (1983) Tick (Ixodes holocyclus) paralysis in the dog: Quantitative studies on immunity following artificial infestation with the tick. Aust Vet J 60: 65.
2149:
A specialised tick removal tool. Tools include tick hooks, tick scoops, tick tweezers, and tick loops. These are usually inexpensive and often used in areas where ticks are prevalent.
1641:
Adult female tick - four to five day attachment on human skin behind ear. Lymph node on neck is swollen and a very large area around the tick is inflicted with hypoesthesia (numbness)
1537:
These pictures are not to scale with each other. Because the size of the 'shield' (scutum) does not change as the female tick engorges, it is useful for comparing the relative sizes.
899:, ventral view showing the genital aperture (upper opening), anus (lower opening) and breathing spiracles (on the sides). One can also distinguish a faint but fully encircling (hence
1161:
and possums. Potential hosts include many species of mammals, birds and, occasionally, reptiles. Because of continuous infestation, native animals are usually immune to tick toxins.
3165:
Stone BF (1986): Toxicoses induced by ticks and reptiles in domestic animals. In 'Natural Toxins. Animal, Plant and Microbial'. (Ed. Harris JB) pp. 56-71. (Clarendon Press, Oxford).
1709:
The tick's paralysing toxin has been estimated to affect as many as 100,000 domestic animals annually, with up to 10,000 pets being referred to veterinary surgeons for treatment.
1029:: Oval, sometimes broadly so, 1.9 Γ 1.6 mm β 3.2 Γ 2.3 mm; marginal body fold narrow but prominent; hairs dorsally sparse medianly, more numerous on marginal body fold.
1596:
Domestic animals (pets and livestock) are most notably affected by tick paralysis. Allergic reactions and tick-transmitted infectious diseases are possible but rarely diagnosed.
1014:
adult male: a, body (dorsal view); b, body (ventral view); c, capitulum (dorsal view); d, capitulum (ventral view); e, hypostome; f, tarsus I; g, tarsus IV; h, spiracular plate
553:
by hundreds of larvae at a time; this is because they have hatched from a single cluster of eggs (thousands) which have not yet been distributed by the first of three hosts.
1604:
Although there is the possibility of innate differences between species, the variations in effects can largely be explained by how often and how heavily hosts are exposed.
3954:
2042:
Tick removal. Compressing the body of the tick could cause more noxious substance (allergens, salivary toxins and infectious micro-organisms) to be injected into the host.
781:: Capitulum with slender palpi, hypostome rounded apically, dentition 2/2; scutum about as long as wide, with faint lateral carinae; all coxae with small, external spurs.
2762:
Clunies-Ross, I (1935) Tick Paralysis: A fatal disease of dogs and other animals in Eastern Australia, J Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 18.
2630:
Clunies-Ross I. (1935) Tick Paralysis: A fatal disease of dogs and other animals in Eastern Australia, J Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 18.
1593:
Humans are most notably affected by local irritation and numbness, allergic reactions and tick-transmitted infectious diseases. Tick paralysis is possible but not common.
2070:
is thought to irritate the tick and make it inject more of the noxious substances. Spreading butter or oil over the tick is no longer recommended either. Application of
1785:
in humans has also been reported. The induced allergy is unusual in that the onset of the allergic reaction, which ranges from mild stomach symptoms to life-threatening
1349:
The female does engorge. The shield (scutum) covers only the front part of the dorsal body. The mouthpart section (capitulum) is long because it is required for feeding.
1972:
After the tick is removed, the signs usually continue to worsen for up to 48 hours, though worsening is usually most pronounced in the first 12β24 hours after removal.
2519:
Hovell WH (1921) Journal kept on the journey from Lake George to Port Phillip, 1824-1825. The Royal Australian Historical Society Journal and Proceedings VII: 307-378.
1343:
987:
221:
is the tick most frequently encountered by humans and their pets. Because the same area includes Australia's most densely populated regions, bites on people, pets and
1481:(found in the Rocky Mtns) does not produce a granuloma at the site of attachment, and in this case the paralysis rapidly regresses after the tick is removed. Unlike
839:
nymph: a, capitulum (dorsal view); b, capitulum (ventral view); c, scutum; d, spiracular plate; e, sternal plate; f, hypostome; g, coxae; h, tarsus I; i, tarsus IV
747:
1287:
1910:. Initially this results in rapid, shallow breathing with an inability to cough. In advanced stages it is associated with a slower, exaggerated breathing pattern.
737:
days incubation, a small fraction of the eggs survive and hatch to larvae. Development occurs with suitable warmth and high humidity (e.g. in moist leaf litter).
4608:
3947:
2169:
engorged female will deposit eggs within a few weeks and these will hatch into thousands of larvae which can escape the container if it is not properly sealed.)
601:. He remarked on "the small insect called the tick, which buries itself in the flesh, and would in the end destroy either man or beast if not removed in time".
1525:
2688:
National Tick Paralysis Forum 1 (1999) Bulletin #1 Tick Poisoning in Dogs and Cats, Ixodes holocyclus, a unique Australian parasite. Merial Australia Limited.
3241:
Thurn MJ and Broady KW. (1992) A Tick Toxin. In: Toxins and Targets. D.Watters, M.Lavin, D.Maguire and J.Pearn (eds). Harwood Academic Publishers, N.Y., p75.
1280:
1230:
by adults can occur at any time of the year when conditions are suitable, even in mid-winter. Only in the very hot summer months are they difficult to find.
1976:
Despite this slow onset, the fatality rate can be high (even higher than snake bite) if antiserum is not given early enough, before the signs are advanced.
1518:
1353:
891:
4176:
1920:(inhalation of food, saliva or vomit into the lungs). Aspiration pneumonia in this situation results in labored breathing with a distinctively foul breath.
1882:, appears to cause paralysis in Tasmania. The paralyzing toxin (or toxins) is produced in the salivary glands and injected as part of the feeding process.
1532:
1511:
2188:
It has also been considered safe to soak for 30 minutes in a bath to which 1 cup of sodium bicarbonate has been added, then scrape off the dead larvae.
4569:
4664:
4595:
652:
In the first half of the 20th century, at least 20 human deaths were attributed to the paralysis tick. Eighty percent of the victims reported in
2652:
Seddon H.R. (1968) Diseases of Domestic Animals in Australia. Part 3: Arthropod Infestations (Ticks and Mites). Serv Publ Dep Hlth Vet Hyg 7: 68
2362:
This putative Australian form of Lyme-like borreliosis is associated with a different clinical picture from true Lyme disease of North America.
1266:
2086:
is forcibly extracted, the feeding tube (the hypostome) is usually damaged, which suggests that part of its tip remains embedded in the skin.
1273:
4230:
3854:
3835:
3704:
Tick Alert Group Support, Mona Vale, Sydney, TAGS Inc until 2009 (A community organisation supporting sufferers of tick-tranismtted diseases)
3792:
Hudson B, Barry R, Shafren DR, Wills M & Lennox V (1994a) Lyme disease - made in Australia. Today's Life Science, September 1994: 48-52.
1316:
Larval, nymph and adult (female) stages. The adult male tick does not engorge. Male and female larvae and nymphs are similar to each other.
3254:. In: Recent Advances in Toxinology Research, 1992 Vol. 2, P.Gopalakrishnakone and C.K.Tan (eds). National University of Singapore, p. 243.
4146:
1949:(cats). Occasionally a single limb may appear to be weak or lame. A tick attached to the side of the face may cause loss of blink reflex,
3750:
Hudson B.; Stewart M.; Lennox V.; Fukunaga M.; Yabuki M.; Macorison H.; Kitchener-Smith J. (1998). "Culture-positive Lyme borelliosis".
1335:
shows obvious sex variation. Larvae are not distinguishable as male or female. Nymphs are sexually immature (have no genital aperture).
830:
2322:
was first described in Europe in 1883 and in the 1970s in North America. It is an illness caused by a spiral-shaped bacterium called a
4659:
3043:
2118:
For adult ticks, freezing them with an ether-containing spray (available at pharmacies and used for warts) is recommended for humans.
4021:
2007:
missed on the face, legs and between the toes. Occasionally they are found inside the lips, ear canals, prepuce or vulva, and anus.
1321:
3184:
Stone BF (1988) Tick paralysis, particularly involving Ixodes holocyclus and other Ixodid spp. Advances in Vector Research 5 25-60.
2336:
species cause Lyme disease worldwide. An Australian spirochaete has not been found in humans yet, and may be quite different from
1092:
The anal groove forms a complete, though somewhat pear-shaped, oval around the anus (this feature gives the tick its species name
1125:
A hospital medical entomology department can provides professional identification of ticks and other medically important insects.
869:: Coxae armed as in female. Tarsus I tapering gradually, other tarsi more abruptly; length of tarsi I and IV about 0.28 mm.
718:
2356:
885:
4654:
4017:
3206:: role, effects, biosynthesis and nature of its toxic and allergic oral secretions. Experimental and Applied Acarology 7 58-69.
878:
3494:
2780:
Cupp EW (1991), Biology of Ticks, Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice, Hoskins JD ed., 21(1): Jan 1992.
612:
Whilst pioneering settlers knew that ticks posed a threat to their dogs and perhaps to themselves, the paralysis tick was not
4600:
4156:
4025:
2979:
Atwell R and Fitzgerald M (1994) Unsolved issues in tick paralysis. Australian Veterinary Practitioner, 24(3): 156-161, 1994.
2880:
2547:
Nuttal GHF, Warburton C, Cooper WF, Robinson LE (1908) Ticks, A Monograph of the Ixodoidea, Cambridge University Press, 1908.
4081:
3354:
Anastopoulos P, Thurn MJ, Broady KW (1991) Anticoagulant in the tick Ixodes holocyclus. Aust Vet J, 1991 Nov, 68: 11, 366-7
1630:
adult female tick early in attachment on human skin behind ear at hair line. Note swollen lymph node on neck below the tick
1073:
showing the complete pear-shaped encirclement of the anus by the anal groove. This feature gives the tick its species name
1793:
1402:
require blood as a source of nutrition. Adults also require the blood for sperm or egg production. The feeding process of
594:
585:
One of the earliest Australian references to ticks as a problem in human disease is found in the journal kept by Captain
437:
is indeed a 'hard tick' and that it is also the most common tick encountered by humans and animals in the Sydney region.
213:
into its host. It is usually found in a 20-kilometre wide band following the eastern coastline of Australia. Within that
4060:
1897:
Left untreated, the outcome is often, if not usually, fatal. The toxin or toxins paralyze muscle tissue; in particular:
1885:
The adult female tick is usually attached for a minimum of 3 days before the very earliest signs are noticed although a
3915:
2854:
2461:
4517:
4494:
4091:
4040:
2488:
1652:
Although most cases of tick bite are uneventful in humans, some can produce life-threatening effects including severe
2089:
In sensitive areas of the body (e.g., the eyelids), touching the tick can make its presence become suddenly painful.
1589:
vary in their frequency according to the type of host and whether the tick is at the stage of larva, nymph or adult.
2021:
Development of a vaccine to protect dogs against the tick toxin has been attempted but has not yet been successful.
3263:
Gothe R, Kunze K, Hoogstraad H: The mechanisms of pathogenicity in the tick paralyses. J Med Entomol 16: 537, 1979.
2372:
2208:
1698:
4613:
3802:
Hudson B, Barry R, Shafren DR, Wills MC, Caves S, Lennox VA (1994b). "Does Lyme borreliosis exist in Australia?".
3069:
Cooper BJ, Spence I (1972). "Temperature dependent inhibition of evoked acetylcholine release in tick paralysis".
1800:
may have a greater predisposition to also developing the allergy to mammalian meats over the next several months.
2403:
2274:
1184:
1174:
1112:
413:
was used by pioneers in the Illawarra region of NSW to describe the tick causing paralysis, especially in sheep.
366:
339:
3592:
3272:
Gothe R and Neitz AWH (1991) Tick Paralysis: pathogenesis and aetiology. Advances in Vector Research, 8 177-204.
4425:
4050:
4045:
1106:
656:
between 1904 and 1945 were children aged under four years. Many cases of "infantile paralysis" (later known as
389:
53:
3633:
2528:
Scott E (1921) Hume and Hovell's Journey to Port Phillip. The Royal Australian Historical Society, 7: 289-380.
1049:: Elongate, oval, narrow posteriorly, the longer axis directed anteriorly, about 0.50β0.53 mm in length.
459:
3250:
Thurn MJ, Gooley A and Broady KW (1992) Identification of the neurotoxin from the Australian paralysis tick,
1342:
986:
746:
4186:
4161:
3901:
2018:
The incidence of tick toxicity on cats is unknown, and they may be less susceptible to paralysis than dogs.
1118:
1734:
sensitised by a previous bite. In this case attachment of the larvae leads to formation of intra-epidermal
1286:
4447:
4321:
4166:
2239:
1926:. This results in drooling and regurgitation. It increases the risks of choking and aspiration pneumonia.
1828:
1619:
adult female tick early in attachment on human skin. The palps are splayed out on the surface of the skin.
1450:
233:
4485:
3847:
A Clinician's Guide to Australian Venomous Bites and Stings: Incorporating the Updated Antivenom Handbook
4522:
4314:
4292:
4171:
2299:
617:
174:
158:
2833:
1552:
2432:
2121:
Once killed, they can either be carefully removed (without squeezing the body) or allowed to drop off.
4543:
4407:
4393:
4285:
4278:
4181:
4151:
2990:
2328:
1917:
1746:
when larval populations are at their peak. Dermatitis is most commonly encountered in rural workers.
1524:
1453:. An array of pharmacologically active substances is injected with the saliva of the tick, including
1188:
are of the same shade, the legs are finer, the mouthparts are much shorter, and the shield is rounded
1146:
237:
3657:
3616:
3468:
2270:
1279:
803:: Coxae with small external spurs; tarsus I 0.14 mm in length, tarsus IV 0.14 mm in length
4400:
4196:
4141:
3986:
2059:
1656:, tick-transmitted infectious diseases such as Rickettsial Spotted Fever (also known as Queensland
613:
2903:
2561:(Neumann), with a Redescription of the Adult and Nymphal Stages and a Description of the Larvae".
1517:
1352:
3970:
3775:
3556:
3414:
3094:
3018:
2935:
2613:
2578:
1531:
48:
1936:. This results in congestive heart failure and pulmonary oedema, seen also as labored breathing.
1226:
and early summer. Tick envenomation in animals (especially pets) peaks in spring to mid-summer.
32:
3575:
3304:
Graham M. Nicholson; Andis Graudins; Harry I. Wilson; Michelle Little; Kevin W. Broady (2006).
2709:
Sonenshine, D.E.: Biology of Ticks, 2 volumes: Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 1991.
1510:
767:
larva: a, capitulum (dorsal view); b, scutum; c, hypostome; d, tarsus I; e, tarsus IV; f, coxae
4621:
4530:
4371:
4225:
4008:
3850:
3831:
3767:
3687:
3679:
3638:
3597:
3548:
3449:
3406:
3337:
3086:
3010:
2927:
2464:. Department of Medical Entomology, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital. Archived from
2155:
Monofilament fishing line. This method showed a high success rate, though on a limited cohort.
2055:
1874:
Dogs and cats on the east coast of Australia commonly succumb to the tick paralysis caused by
1782:
1776:
1653:
1168:
1041:: On a level with anterior margin of coxa III, sometimes at level of second intercoxal space.
511:, but the term delivers little useful information because any tick can be found in the grass.
184:
965:: On a level with coxa IV, but in engorged specimens sometimes just posterior to this level.
4626:
4357:
4343:
4250:
3924:
3871:
3759:
3669:
3628:
3587:
3540:
3441:
3396:
3388:
3327:
3319:
3078:
3002:
2919:
2718:
Barker S.C. (2014) Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans.
2605:
2570:
2311:
2266:
1792:
All mammals except humans and certain apes have a carbohydrate commonly known as alpha-gal (
1458:
631:
249:
3934:
1649:
one can expect there to be local numbness and an itchy lump which lasts for several weeks.
1501:. Colour and markings change markedly as engorgement progresses. It is the third tick, the
4649:
4123:
3919:
3152:
Stone BF & Binnington KC (1986) The paralyzing toxin and other immunogens of the tick
2492:
2315:
Erythema migrans, bullseye or target lesionβtypical of Lyme disease but not always present
1735:
653:
214:
209:
fauna and is considered the most medically important. It can cause paralysis by injecting
4499:
1953:
and a discharge from the eye. A tick attached near the anus can cause anal incontinence.
1434:
hypostome is inserted, and this provides the initial attachment strength. In the case of
1398:
Ticks generally are obligate blood feeders. Active stages (larvae, nymphs and adults) of
3891:
3763:
3401:
3372:
1089:
The first and last pairs of legs are distinctly darker than the two middle pairs of legs
701:" baits), as well as heat and movement, serve as stimuli during the questing behaviour.
4364:
4220:
4055:
3939:
3723:
Piesman, J. and Stone B.F. (1991). Vector competence of the Australian paralysis tick,
3006:
2923:
2152:
A loop of thread. This can sometimes be difficult to place without disturbing the tick.
1809:
1661:
1415:
1265:
1021:: Body measurements less than 3.0 Γ 2.5 mm; lateral grooves completely encircling
586:
276:. The following table gives some of the other names used to describe various stages of
3445:
3306:"Arachnid toxinology in Australia: from clinical toxicology to potential applications"
1489:
is a deep feeder with a long hypostome (which may penetrate as deep as 1689 um).
4643:
4136:
4101:
3995:
1950:
1927:
1824:
1756:
1470:
1454:
1272:
919:) as well as the genital and anal grooves which are useful for species identification
590:
3779:
3560:
3418:
3022:
2939:
2727:
2617:
2582:
4535:
4383:
4131:
4086:
4035:
4013:
4003:
3305:
3098:
2319:
2067:
1763:
reactions may be severe with marked itching and considerable redness, swelling and
1462:
1446:
598:
280:. Many of these common names, such as dog tick or bush tick, are best not used for
3498:
3323:
3202:
Stone BF, Binnington KC, Gauci M and Aylward JH (1989) Tick-host interactions for
3121:
Stone BF, Bourke BW and Binnington KC (1979) Toxins of Australian paralysis tick (
1671:
could be a water-soluble component that is excreted through the cuticular canals.
1569:
worms in the leaf litter. Certain vegetation may be conducive to paralysis ticks.
1081:
The two features which are most easily recognised and which are characteristic of
861:: Oval, 0.27β0.30 mm in length and a little more than twice as long as wide.
2793:
Vol 1, Physiology of Ticks, Obenchain FD and Galun R (eds); Pergamon Press, 1982.
2185:
For larval and nymph stage ticks, use permethrin cream (available at pharmacies).
4582:
4479:
4304:
4073:
2323:
2211:) seemingly requires that an organism be able to propagate as the tick matures.
1786:
1686:
1657:
992:
969:: Rounded anteriorly, curving behind anus to meet in a somewhat elongate point.
95:
4470:
3531:
Needham GR (June 1985). "Evaluation of five popular methods for tick removal".
3392:
2203:. As yet no viral or protozoal diseases associated with this vector are known.
1560:- note that a similar tick in Tasmania is also shown as causing tick paralysis.
1375:
774:
General anatomy of an ixodid female tick, to help with identification landmarks
4204:
3674:
2639:
Oxer D.T., Ricardo C.L. (1942) Notes on the biology, toxicity and breeding of
2609:
2574:
2261:
2235:
2075:
2063:
1764:
1442:
1411:
rectal tube. The hindgut is divided into a rectal bulb and the rectum itself.
950:
210:
3683:
3215:
Malik R, Farrow BRH (1991) Tick Paralysis in North America and Australia, in
810:
General anatomy of an ixodid male tick, to help with identification landmarks
660:) may well have been misdiagnosed and actually been cases of tick paralysis.
4556:
4268:
4109:
2789:
Kemp, DH, Stone BF and Binnington KC (1982) Tick Attachment and Feeding, in
2219:
2071:
2038:
1022:
486:
245:
222:
203:
85:
65:
4509:
3912:
3691:
3642:
3601:
3453:
3432:
Masina S; Broady K. W. (1999). "Tick paralysis: development of a vaccine".
3410:
3341:
3014:
2991:"An association between tick bite reactions and red meat allergy in humans"
2931:
2858:
2812:
2485:
2465:
2165:
Apply antiseptic to the bite site and disinfect the tick removal instrument
1861:
931:
785:: Broadly oval, 0.5 Γ 0.4 mm (unfed) to 1.15 Γ 1.0 mm (engorged)
284:
because they are also used for some of the other ticks found in Australia.
3771:
3552:
3544:
1992:
maintaining hydration and blood pressure (not usually necessary initially)
1634:
1364:
1309:
Measurements refer to the body section only (i.e., legs are not included)
1128:
907:
820:
770:
4464:
3090:
1966:
1403:
953:, the dorsum light in colour, a dark band in region of marginal groove.
620:
did so in 1899.). It was further studied by Nuttal and Warburton (1911).
253:
125:
105:
2359:), as spirochaetes are destroyed, which in part supports the diagnosis.
1623:
1612:
1387:
1320:
1192:
1065:
1007:
724:
641:
gave the first comprehensive description of Australian ticks, including
4574:
3310:
2290:
1930:
is commonly recognized in dogs and may be diagnosed on thoracic X-rays.
1842:
approximately 50 amino acids like those in scorpion and spider toxins.
1834:
Several toxic fractions have been isolated from the salivary glands of
1739:
1466:
1158:
806:
698:
605:
229:
4587:
3332:
3294:
in The Merck Veterinary Manual, 8th edition, Merck and Co., Inc; 1998.
668:
4333:
3082:
2989:
Van Nunen, SA; O'Connor KS; Clarke LR; Boyle RX; Fernando SR (2009).
1965:
severe distress. Finally, the mucous membranes develop a bluish hue (
1958:
1682:
241:
135:
75:
4441:
3830:(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press.
4561:
2975:
2973:
2834:"The Paralysis Tick of Australia - Life Cycle of Ixodes Holocyclus"
2596:
Clunies-Ross, I (1926). "An Experimental Study of Tick Paralysis".
264:
The use of common names has led to many colloquial expressions for
2310:
2218:
2037:
1860:
1633:
1622:
1611:
1551:
1386:
1374:
1363:
1167:
1127:
1064:
1006:
991:
930:
906:
890:
805:
769:
723:
667:
657:
480:
316:. There are other ticks around the world also causing paralysis.
3125:). Recent Advances in Acarology. Academic Press, New York. 1: 34
433:, Sydney (August 1996). This expression perhaps emphasises that
206:
115:
4548:
4445:
3943:
3217:
The Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice
2051:
the tick might squeeze saliva and gut contents into the host.
1916:. This results in an altered 'voice' and an increased risk of
2670:
Roberts FHS (1970) Australian Ticks. CSIRO, Yeerongpilly, QLD
478:
describes the tortoise-shell appearance of the large shield (
2771:
Hudson B, Conroy W (1995) Tick Alert Group Support, TAGS Inc
2102:
Instruct children to seek adult help for proper tick removal
1222:
development. Very dry or very wet conditions are not ideal.
3593:
10.1580/1080-6032(1998)009[0137:eotctr]2.3.co;2
3281:
Goddard, J (1998): Tick Paralysis. Infect Med 15(1): 28-31.
3228:
Thurn MJ and Broady KW. Characterisation of the Toxin from
1721:
are commonly responsible for allergic reactions in humans.
3929:
3519:
1477:
removed. By comparison, the North American paralysis tick
1100:
Other ticks which commonly need to be differentiated from
3634:
10.1580/1080-6032(2002)013[0181:ltte]2.0.co;2
2246:) and Flinders Island spotted fever (causative organism
1969:) and a state of coma indicates that death is imminent.
1178:(the 'bush tick'), shown here for comparison. Unlike in
623:
By 1921, Dodd had established a definitive link between
3574:
Stewart RL, Burgdorfer W, Needham GR (September 1998).
3377:
species in Australia: a review of published literature"
3044:"Just one bite: ticks and allergies on the north shore"
2343:
Some vector competence studies have been undertaken on
1755:
there is sometimes a locally heightened sensitivity or
2962:
2960:
2958:
2503:
2501:
3935:
NSW Government Dept of Health - Tick Alert Fact Sheet
2802:
Roberts FHS (1970) Australian Ticks. Yeerongpilly QLD
973:: Subcircular, greatest dimension 0.40β0.45 mm.
865:: Subcircular, greatest diameter about 0.14 mm.
549:
presumably refers to how humans can become seemingly
2289:
is also commonly mentioned as a potential vector of
1497:
The following images all depict the adult female of
797:: Ill-defined anteriorly and do not converge behind
4454:
4417:
4381:
4331:
4302:
4266:
4259:
4243:
4213:
4195:
4122:
4100:
4072:
3994:
3985:
3978:
3576:"Evaluation of three commercial tick removal tools"
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
1759:. Such attachment sites are surrounded by redness.
688:consists of four stages: egg, larva, nymph, adult.
490:) that covers the entire dorsum of the adult male.
240:. The natural hosts for the paralysis tick include
1136:showing the darker brown 1st and 4th pairs of legs
630:The life cycle of the tick was studied chiefly by
528:usually is used to refer to the smallest stage of
507:is usually used to refer to the smaller stages of
3731:. International Journal Parasitology, 21: 109-11.
3658:"Effective Tick Removal With a Fishing Line Knot"
2728:http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2014/f/zt03816p144.pdf
2679:Cleland J. B. (1912) Australas Med Gaz XXXII: 295
2380:Other body systems affected by Lyme-like disease.
2182:Larval ticks are usually present in large numbers
1823:cause a failure of secretion of neurotransmitter
3870:Further information for doctors is available at
3826:Sutherland, Struan K.; Tibballs, James (2001) .
3518:Tick Induced Allergies Research & Awareness
2739:
2737:
2735:
2172:Look for more ticks (both on humans and on pets)
570:is used in Queensland to describe the larvae of
3930:Tick Induced Allergies Research & Awareness
3913:Westmead Hospital Entomology Department - Ticks
1781:An association between tick bite reactions and
3804:Journal of Spirochetal and Tick-Borne Diseases
3656:Ghirga, Giovanni; Ghirga, Paolo (2010-09-01).
2908:) infestation with delayed facial-nerve palsy"
2426:
2424:
1414:The mouthpart section of the tick is known as
915:. This lateral view shows the breathing hole (
232:, particularly areas of high rainfall such as
3955:
2108:Avoid unnecessary touching of the tick's body
8:
2135:Grasp very firmly; the long feeding tube of
1986:minimizing stress and reducing oxygen demand
1200:in the Pittwater area north of Sydney, 1995.
4177:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
2437:MΓ©moires de la SociΓ©tΓ© zoologique de France
2307:Lyme-like spirochaetal disease in Australia
2297:). The ornate kangaroo tick (wallaby tick)
1441:The host reacts against the tick lesion by
228:Paralysis ticks are found in many types of
4442:
4263:
3991:
3982:
3962:
3948:
3940:
2347:with respect to the Lyme disease pathogen
183:
31:
20:
3673:
3632:
3591:
3400:
3371:Schull DN, Litster AL, Atwell AB (2007).
3331:
2495:Tick poisoning in native Australian fauna
2199:Several bacterial diseases are spread by
1645:At the site of a bite by an adult female
2486:http://www.tickalert.org.au/ntivefna.htm
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2139:is deeply embedded and has reverse barbs
2126:If freezing ether-spray is not available
2105:Wear thin disposable gloves if available
1998:assisting urination if unable to urinate
1585:The kinds of effects caused by bites of
1246:
1191:
286:
3662:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
3621:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
3580:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
2420:
1750:Allergic reactions to nymphs and adults
1213:include insectivorous birds and wasps.
3434:International Journal for Parasitology
3381:Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery
3219:, Vol 21: 1 Tick Transmitted Diseases.
268:. The most generally accepted name is
4231:Southern tick-associated rash illness
3925:Tick-transmitted Diseases (Australia)
3042:Williams, Louise (26 December 2013).
2507:
2433:"Revision de la famille des IxodidΓ©s"
2303:has also been implicated in Q fever.
1303:13.2 mm long, 10.2 mm wide
7:
3469:"Tick Paralysis bad news for horses"
2223:Rickettsial spotted fever caused by
2113:If freezing ether-spray is available
1995:protecting eyes if eyelids paralyzed
1356:Adult female (early in engorgement)
1297:1.2 mm long, 0.85 mm wide
290:Used (and misused) common names for
202:, is one of about 75 species in the
3872:Tick-transmitted Diseases Australia
3764:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb141415.x
3727:, for the Lyme disease spirochaete
3617:"The "Knot Method" of Tick Removal"
3475:. Australian Veterinary Association
2557:Ross, IC (1924). "The Bionomics of
1528:Adult female - Moderate engorgement
1300:3.8 mm long, 2.6 mm wide
1294:0.5 mm long, 0.4 mm wide
3007:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02533.x
2924:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04404.x
2813:"TEST: TICKS β TickEase Australia"
2791:Current Themes in Tropical Science
2700:(1991) Australian Reader's Digest.
2366:Skin lesions of Lyme-like disease.
2349:Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto
2144:Other methods of grasping the tick
2047:mouthparts) embedded in the skin.
1979:Ancillary treatments may include:
604:James Backhouse, a well-travelled
589:during his 1824β1825 journey with
14:
3373:"Tick toxicity in cats caused by
3232:(1990)(Abst.) Toxicon, 28(3): 257
1989:maintaining core body temperature
1853:also contains an anti-coagulant.
3884:
3849:. Melbourne, Victoria: CSL Ltd.
2698:Australia's Dangerous Creatures
2227:can be mistaken for chicken pox.
1767:. People also report headaches.
1530:
1523:
1521:Adult female - Early engorgement
1516:
1509:
1351:
1341:
1319:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1243:Comparison of non-engorged ticks
985:
884:
877:
829:
819:
756:
745:
717:
664:Anatomy, life cycle and behavior
52:
4147:CrimeanβCongo hemorrhagic fever
2389:Treatment of Lyme-like disease.
1535:Adult female - Full engorgement
4665:Parasitic arthropods of humans
4157:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
2643:(Neumann). Aust Vet J 18: 194.
1565:be related to climate change.
1469:and, in certain tick species,
1383:(scanning electron microscopy)
1331:Only the final adult stage of
312:The preferred common name for
296:Life stage/gender referred to
1:
3615:Celenza A, Rogers IR (2002).
3446:10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00006-5
3324:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.025
2238:spotted fever (also known as
1514:Adult female - No engorgement
1313:Comparison of engorged ticks
1153:), giant brindle bandicoots (
4061:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
3752:Medical Journal of Australia
3714:National Park, South Africa.
2995:Medical Journal of Australia
2855:"Ticks - Medical Entomology"
2326:. The best-known culprit is
2273:tests) taken 10 days apart.
1819:It is thought the toxins of
1725:Allergic reactions to larvae
1556:Approximate distribution of
1096:, meaning 'complete circle')
1077:, meaning 'complete circle'.
4092:Relapsing fever borreliosis
4041:Spotted fever rickettsiosis
2099:(oxygen, adrenaline) ready.
1250:Unengorged larvae (6 legs)
1061:from other Australian ticks
697:dioxide (hence the use of "
387:is more correctly used for
4681:
3393:10.1016/j.jfms.2007.06.006
2209:trans-stadial transmission
1878:. A similar tick species,
1807:
1774:
1681:If an unusual black scab (
1256:Unengorged adult (8 legs)
1253:Unengorged nymph (8 legs)
4660:Animals described in 1899
4082:BaggioβYoshinari syndrome
3675:10.1016/j.wem.2010.04.005
2610:10.1017/s0031182000005424
2575:10.1017/s0031182000020254
2404:Ticks of domestic animals
1794:galactose-Ξ±-1,3-galactose
1185:Haemaphysalis longicornis
1175:Haemaphysalis longicornis
1113:Haemaphysalis longicornis
911:Engorged adult female of
423:Adult female, Adult male
407:Adult female, Adult male
380:Adult female, Adult male
367:Haemaphysalis longicornis
353:Adult female, Adult male
340:Haemaphysalis longicornis
326:Adult female, Adult male
305:Australian paralysis tick
270:Australian paralysis tick
200:Australian paralysis tick
182:
164:
157:
49:Scientific classification
47:
43:before and after feeding
39:
30:
23:
4426:Rhipicephalus sanguineus
4051:American tick bite fever
4046:Pacific Coast tick fever
3828:Australian Animal Toxins
2902:Miller MK (2002-03-18).
1541:Distribution and habitat
1259:Engorged adult (8 legs)
1107:Rhipicephalus sanguineus
903:) groove around the anus
614:scientifically described
581:Early scientific history
390:Rhipicephalus sanguineus
198:, commonly known as the
4187:Tick-borne encephalitis
4162:Kyasanur Forest disease
3520:http://www.tiara.org.au
3473:Veterinary practitioner
2234:is the main vector for
1829:neuromuscular junctions
1391:The feeding process of
1119:Rhipicephalus microplus
637:In 1970, Roberts' work
225:are relatively common.
4655:Arachnids of Australia
4322:Dermacentor variabilis
4167:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
3845:White, Julian (2013).
3290:Aiello SE (ed) (1998)
2883:. Department of Health
2881:"Tick bite prevention"
2316:
2242:) (causative organism
2240:Queensland tick typhus
2228:
2043:
1871:
1783:mammalian meat allergy
1642:
1631:
1620:
1561:
1451:cell-mediated immunity
1419:
1395:
1384:
1372:
1201:
1189:
1137:
1132:Engorged adult female
1078:
1069:Engorged adult female
1015:
1000:
939:
920:
904:
811:
775:
733:
676:
356:Throughout Australia,
234:wet sclerophyll forest
4315:Dermacentor andersoni
4293:Amblyomma triguttatum
4172:Powassan encephalitis
3545:10.1542/peds.75.6.997
3048:Sydney Morning Herald
2332:, but many different
2314:
2300:Amblyomma triguttatum
2222:
2177:Removing larval ticks
2041:
1864:
1637:
1626:
1615:
1555:
1483:Dermacentor andersoni
1479:Dermacentor andersoni
1390:
1378:
1367:
1209:Natural predators of
1195:
1171:
1147:long-nosed bandicoots
1145:Common hosts include
1131:
1068:
1010:
995:
934:
910:
894:
809:
773:
727:
671:
618:Louis Georges Neumann
484:; more specifically,
460:Portuguese Man o' War
4408:Ornithodoros moubata
4394:Ornithodoros gurneyi
4286:Amblyomma cajennense
4279:Amblyomma americanum
4197:Protozoan infections
4182:Tete orthobunyavirus
4152:Heartland bandavirus
4022:Human monocytotropic
3987:Bacterial infections
3729:Borrelia burgdorferi
2431:Neumann, G. (1899).
2338:Borrelia burgdorferi
2329:Borrelia burgdorferi
2257:Rickettsia australis
2252:Rickettsia australis
2244:Rickettsia australis
2225:Rickettsia australis
1918:aspiration pneumonia
1865:Moderately engorged
1691:Rickettsia australis
1549:of New South Wales.
1182:, all pairs legs of
427:Common hardback tick
419:Common hardback tick
383:In New South Wales,
238:temperate rainforest
4401:Ornithodoros hermsi
4142:Colorado tick fever
3971:Tick-borne diseases
2357:Herxheimer reaction
2195:Zoonotic infections
2060:nail polish remover
1908:Respiratory muscles
1503:moderately engorged
431:The Northern Herald
4018:Human granulocytic
3918:2022-04-22 at the
2491:2009-09-28 at the
2317:
2229:
2044:
1951:corneal ulceration
1924:Oesophageal muscle
1872:
1654:allergic reactions
1643:
1632:
1621:
1562:
1396:
1385:
1373:
1202:
1190:
1138:
1110:(brown dog tick),
1079:
1016:
1001:
940:
921:
905:
812:
776:
734:
684:The life cycle of
677:
150:I. holocyclus
4637:
4636:
4622:Open Tree of Life
4500:Ixodes_holocyclus
4486:Ixodes holocyclus
4456:Ixodes holocyclus
4448:Taxon identifiers
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4372:Ixodes scapularis
4351:Ixodes holocyclus
4260:Species and bites
4239:
4238:
4226:Alpha-gal allergy
4118:
4117:
4009:Boutonneuse fever
3902:Ixodes holocyclus
3856:978-0-646-57998-6
3837:978-0-19-550643-3
3725:Ixodes holocyclus
3252:Ixodes holocyclus
3230:Ixodes holocyclus
3204:Ixodes holocyclus
3123:Ixodes holocyclus
2906:Ixodes holocyclus
2641:Ixodes holocyclus
2559:Ixodes holocyclus
2353:Ixodes holocyclus
2345:Ixodes holocyclus
2295:Coxiella burnetii
2287:Ixodes holocyclus
2232:Ixodes holocyclus
2201:Ixodes holocyclus
2137:Ixodes holocyclus
2084:Ixodes holocyclus
2056:methylated spirit
1914:Laryngeal muscles
1892:Ixodes holocyclus
1876:Ixodes holocyclus
1867:Ixodes holocyclus
1851:Ixodes holocyclus
1836:Ixodes holocyclus
1821:Ixodes holocyclus
1777:Alpha-gal allergy
1719:Ixodes holocyclus
1647:Ixodes holocyclus
1639:Ixodes holocyclus
1628:Ixodes holocyclus
1617:Ixodes holocyclus
1587:Ixodes holocyclus
1558:Ixodes holocyclus
1546:Ixodes holocyclus
1499:Ixodes holocyclus
1487:Ixodes holocyclus
1436:Ixodes holocyclus
1424:Ixodes holocyclus
1400:Ixodes holocyclus
1393:Ixodes holocyclus
1381:Ixodes holocyclus
1379:The capitulum of
1370:Ixodes holocyclus
1368:The capitulum of
1333:Ixodes holocyclus
1327:Sexual dimorphism
1307:
1306:
1205:Natural predators
1198:Ixodes holocyclus
1180:Ixodes holocyclus
1134:Ixodes holocyclus
1102:Ixodes holocyclus
1083:Ixodes holocyclus
1071:Ixodes holocyclus
1059:Ixodes holocyclus
1012:Ixodes holocyclus
998:Ixodes holocyclus
936:Ixodes holocyclus
913:Ixodes holocyclus
897:Ixodes holocyclus
837:Ixodes holocyclus
765:Ixodes holocyclus
730:Ixodes holocyclus
690:Ixodes holocyclus
686:Ixodes holocyclus
674:Ixodes holocyclus
643:Ixodes holocyclus
625:Ixodes holocyclus
578:
577:
572:Ixodes holocyclus
530:Ixodes holocyclus
509:Ixodes holocyclus
435:Ixodes holocyclus
314:Ixodes holocyclus
292:Ixodes holocyclus
282:Ixodes holocyclus
278:Ixodes holocyclus
266:Ixodes holocyclus
219:Ixodes holocyclus
195:Ixodes holocyclus
191:
190:
168:Ixodes holocyclus
41:Ixodes holocyclus
25:Ixodes holocyclus
4672:
4630:
4629:
4617:
4616:
4604:
4603:
4591:
4590:
4578:
4577:
4565:
4564:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4443:
4358:Ixodes pacificus
4344:Ixodes cornuatus
4264:
4251:Tick infestation
4124:Viral infections
3992:
3983:
3973:and infestations
3964:
3957:
3950:
3941:
3888:
3887:
3860:
3841:
3812:
3811:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3721:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3677:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3497:. Archived from
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3404:
3368:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3083:10.1038/263693a0
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2953:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2861:on 22 April 2022
2857:. Archived from
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2730:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2496:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2428:
2373:erythema migrans
2267:immunoglobulin M
2248:Rickettsia honei
1902:Skeletal muscles
1880:Ixodes cornuatus
1705:Domestic animals
1699:erythema migrans
1695:Rickettsia honei
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1459:prostaglandin E2
1355:
1345:
1323:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1247:
1151:Parameles nasuta
1122:(cattle tick).
1116:(bush tick) and
1047:Spiracular plate
1039:Genital aperture
989:
971:Spiracular plate
963:Genital aperture
895:Adult female of
888:
881:
863:Spiracular plate
843:Diagnosis (male)
833:
823:
760:
749:
721:
639:Australian Ticks
632:Ian Clunies Ross
500:Nymph and larva
447:blue bottle tick
287:
187:
170:
57:
56:
35:
21:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4599:
4594:
4586:
4581:
4573:
4568:
4560:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4529:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4506:
4498:
4493:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4450:
4440:
4431:
4413:
4377:
4327:
4298:
4255:
4235:
4209:
4191:
4114:
4096:
4068:
3974:
3968:
3920:Wayback Machine
3909:
3908:
3907:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3844:
3838:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3758:(10): 500β502.
3749:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3539:(6): 997β1002.
3530:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3370:
3369:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3227:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3077:(5579): 693β5.
3068:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3025:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2965:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2904:"Massive tick (
2901:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2499:
2493:Wayback Machine
2484:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2368:
2309:
2284:
2217:
2197:
2054:Application of
2036:
2027:
1859:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1779:
1773:
1752:
1738:and eventually
1727:
1715:
1707:
1610:
1583:
1578:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1495:
1362:
1360:Feeding process
1350:
1340:
1329:
1315:
1240:
1219:
1207:
1196:Seasonality of
1155:Isoodon torosus
1143:
1063:
1057:Distinguishing
983:
875:
828:
817:
761:
743:
715:
682:
666:
654:New South Wales
583:
568:scrub itch tick
559:Scrub itch tick
476:Shell-back tick
468:Shell-back tick
329:In Queensland,
262:
178:
172:
166:
153:
51:
17:
16:Species of tick
12:
11:
5:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4618:
4605:
4592:
4579:
4566:
4553:
4540:
4527:
4514:
4504:
4491:
4476:
4460:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4365:Ixodes ricinus
4361:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4337:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4272:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4221:Tick paralysis
4217:
4215:
4214:Other diseases
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4058:
4056:rickettsialpox
4053:
4048:
4038:
4033:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3989:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3890:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:External links
3876:
3867:
3866:External links
3864:
3862:
3861:
3855:
3842:
3836:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3794:
3785:
3742:
3733:
3716:
3706:
3697:
3668:(3): 270β271.
3648:
3627:(2): 179β180.
3607:
3586:(3): 137β142.
3566:
3523:
3511:
3486:
3467:Ruppin, Mick.
3459:
3440:(4): 535β541.
3424:
3356:
3347:
3318:(7): 872β898.
3296:
3292:Tick Paralysis
3283:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3243:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3167:
3158:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3114:
3104:
3061:
3034:
3001:(9): 510β511.
2981:
2969:
2954:
2945:
2894:
2872:
2846:
2825:
2804:
2795:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2731:
2711:
2702:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2654:
2645:
2632:
2623:
2588:
2569:(4): 365β381.
2549:
2540:
2538:(eds.), p. 87.
2530:
2521:
2512:
2510:, p. 468.
2497:
2478:
2446:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2367:
2364:
2308:
2305:
2283:
2280:
2216:
2215:Spotted fevers
2213:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2093:Before removal
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1928:Megaoesophagus
1921:
1911:
1905:
1870:days to weeks.
1858:
1855:
1849:The saliva of
1816:
1813:
1810:Tick paralysis
1808:Main article:
1805:
1804:Tick paralysis
1802:
1775:Main article:
1772:
1769:
1757:hyperaesthesia
1751:
1748:
1726:
1723:
1717:All stages of
1714:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1662:tick paralysis
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1542:
1539:
1494:
1491:
1471:antihistamines
1455:anticoagulants
1361:
1358:
1328:
1325:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1239:
1238:Relative sizes
1236:
1218:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1142:
1139:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1062:
1055:
1043:Ventral plates
982:
979:
874:
871:
816:
813:
742:
739:
714:
711:
681:
678:
672:Life cycle of
665:
662:
587:William Hovell
582:
579:
576:
575:
564:
561:
555:
554:
543:
540:
534:
533:
522:
519:
513:
512:
501:
498:
492:
491:
473:
470:
464:
463:
452:
449:
439:
438:
424:
421:
415:
414:
408:
405:
399:
398:
395:brown dog tick
381:
378:
372:
371:
354:
351:
345:
344:
327:
324:
318:
317:
310:
307:
301:
300:
297:
294:
274:paralysis tick
261:
258:
189:
188:
180:
179:
173:
162:
161:
155:
154:
147:
145:
141:
140:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4677:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Bourbon virus
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4102:Thiotrichales
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3996:Rickettsiales
3993:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3819:Cited sources
3818:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3710:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3501:on 2022-04-22
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3387:(6): 487β93.
3386:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3154:I. holocyclus
3149:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3050:. Fairfax Ltd
3049:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2895:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2534:
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2516:
2513:
2509:
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2468:on 2022-04-22
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2178:
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2160:After removal
2154:
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2148:
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2145:
2138:
2134:
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2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
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1980:
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1968:
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1954:
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1863:
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1832:
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1826:
1825:acetylcholine
1822:
1814:
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1803:
1801:
1797:
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1427:
1426:has no eyes.
1425:
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1248:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1211:I. holocyclus
1204:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1156:
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1123:
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1120:
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1103:
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1056:
1054:
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1020:
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1005:
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994:
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976:
972:
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948:
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868:
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859:Sternal plate
856:
852:
848:
844:
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838:
834:
832:
824:
822:
814:
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802:
798:
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792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
768:
766:
762:
759:
754:
750:
748:
740:
738:
731:
728:Female adult
726:
722:
720:
712:
710:
708:
702:
700:
694:
691:
687:
679:
675:
670:
663:
661:
659:
658:poliomyelitis
655:
650:
646:
644:
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
615:
610:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
591:Hamilton Hume
588:
580:
573:
569:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
539:
536:
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531:
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493:
489:
488:
483:
482:
477:
474:
471:
469:
466:
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451:Adult female
450:
448:
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440:
436:
432:
428:
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409:
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216:
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
196:
186:
181:
176:
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169:
163:
160:
159:Binomial name
156:
152:
151:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
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100:
97:
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80:
77:
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71:
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64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
4455:
4424:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4384:Ornithodoros
4382:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4332:
4320:
4313:
4303:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4267:
4244:Infestations
4132:Bhanja virus
4087:Lyme disease
4036:Scrub typhus
4027:
4014:Ehrlichiosis
4004:Anaplasmosis
3900:
3899:
3898:profile for
3895:
3869:
3846:
3827:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3788:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3700:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3514:
3503:. Retrieved
3499:the original
3489:
3477:. Retrieved
3472:
3462:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3350:
3315:
3309:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3237:
3229:
3224:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3170:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3047:
3037:
3026:. Retrieved
2998:
2994:
2984:
2948:
2918:(6): 264β5.
2915:
2911:
2905:
2897:
2885:. Retrieved
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:the original
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2807:
2798:
2790:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2626:
2601:
2598:Parasitology
2597:
2591:
2566:
2563:Parasitology
2562:
2558:
2552:
2543:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2481:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:the original
2440:
2436:
2392:
2383:
2369:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2320:Lyme disease
2318:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2176:
2175:
2159:
2158:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2111:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2068:tea-tree oil
2053:
2049:
2045:
2034:Tick removal
2028:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:Heart muscle
1933:
1923:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1866:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1820:
1818:
1798:
1791:
1780:
1771:Food allergy
1761:
1753:
1744:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1603:
1586:
1584:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1545:
1544:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1463:prostacyclin
1447:inflammation
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1380:
1369:
1348:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1242:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1133:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1002:
997:
984:
974:
970:
967:Anal grooves
966:
962:
958:
954:
946:
942:
941:
935:
926:
922:
916:
912:
900:
896:
883:
876:
873:Adult female
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:
836:
835:
825:
818:
800:
799:
795:Anal grooves
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:
764:
763:
755:
751:
744:
735:
729:
716:
706:
703:
695:
689:
685:
683:
673:
651:
647:
642:
638:
636:
629:
624:
622:
611:
603:
599:Port Phillip
584:
571:
567:
558:
550:
546:
537:
529:
525:
516:
508:
504:
495:
485:
479:
475:
467:
454:
446:
442:
434:
430:
429:was used in
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
388:
384:
375:
365:
361:
357:
348:
338:
334:
330:
321:
313:
304:
291:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
260:Common names
227:
218:
199:
194:
193:
192:
167:
165:
149:
148:
136:
40:
24:
18:
4583:iNaturalist
4480:Wikispecies
4305:Dermacentor
4074:Spirochaete
3054:26 December
2324:spirochaete
2262:chicken pox
2236:rickettsial
1787:anaphylaxis
1689:infection (
1687:rickettsial
1658:tick typhus
1493:Engorgement
1443:haemostasis
1346:Adult male
1217:Seasonality
996:Male adult
595:Lake George
547:shower tick
538:Shower tick
472:Adult male
455:Bottle tick
443:Bottle tick
411:Wattle tick
403:Wattle tick
309:All stages
211:neurotoxins
96:Chelicerata
92:Subphylum:
4644:Categories
4205:Babesiosis
4028:E. ewingii
3533:Pediatrics
3505:2010-01-23
3333:10453/4648
3028:2010-01-01
2967:Australia.
2912:Med J Aust
2887:17 January
2865:17 January
2839:17 January
2818:17 January
2604:(4): 410.
2508:White 2013
2472:2005-11-29
2443:: 107β294.
2410:References
2271:Weil-Felix
2076:pyrethroid
2064:turpentine
1765:induration
1576:Tick bites
1094:holocyclus
1075:holocyclus
981:Adult male
951:alloscutum
901:holocyclus
505:grass tick
496:Grass tick
331:scrub tick
322:Scrub tick
272:or simply
246:bandicoots
204:Australian
86:Arthropoda
4269:Amblyomma
4110:Tularemia
4030:infection
3684:1080-6032
2726:, 1-144,
2415:Citations
2072:pyrethrin
1600:immunity.
1420:capitulum
1031:Capitulum
1023:conscutum
1019:Diagnosis
955:Capitulum
943:Diagnosis
851:Capitulum
787:Capitulum
779:Diagnosis
732:with eggs
566:The term
545:The term
526:seed tick
524:The term
517:Seed tick
503:The term
487:conscutum
364:used for
358:bush tick
349:Bush tick
337:used for
299:Comments
254:kangaroos
223:livestock
144:Species:
106:Arachnida
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
4507:BioLib:
4471:Q3015043
4465:Wikidata
3979:Diseases
3916:Archived
3810:: 46β51.
3780:37438793
3692:20832708
3643:12092975
3602:11990185
3561:23208238
3454:10428629
3419:35995274
3411:17706447
3402:10911514
3342:16934848
3175:594-682.
3023:22184609
3015:19413526
2940:34418218
2932:11999258
2618:80543562
2583:85382552
2489:Archived
2398:See also
2334:Borrelia
1967:cyanosis
1740:blisters
1581:Overview
1172:This is
1159:echidnas
1104:include
917:spiracle
680:Overview
551:showered
385:dog tick
376:Dog tick
126:Ixodidae
122:Family:
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
4601:1117461
4575:5174377
4510:1054072
3892:Scholia
3772:9631675
3553:4000801
3495:"Ticks"
3311:Toxicon
3099:4257777
2720:Zootaxa
2462:"Ticks"
2291:Q fever
2282:Q fever
1713:Allergy
1660:), and
1467:apyrase
707:replete
699:dry ice
250:possums
230:habitat
175:Neumann
132:Genus:
116:Ixodida
112:Order:
102:Class:
4650:Ixodes
4627:735715
4588:368515
4562:IXODHO
4549:514859
4334:Ixodes
4026:Human
3894:has a
3853:
3834:
3778:
3770:
3690:
3682:
3641:
3600:
3559:
3551:
3479:5 June
3452:
3417:
3409:
3399:
3375:Ixodes
3340:
3097:
3091:185525
3089:
3071:Nature
3021:
3013:
2938:
2930:
2744:Sydney
2616:
2581:
2025:Horses
1959:ataxic
1815:Toxins
1683:eschar
1608:Humans
1404:ixodid
1035:Scutum
959:Scutum
855:Scutum
791:Scutum
616:until
606:Quaker
563:Larva
542:Larva
521:Larva
481:scutum
242:koalas
177:, 1899
137:Ixodes
4614:65647
4536:6NBWM
4523:29098
4418:Other
3896:topic
3776:S2CID
3557:S2CID
3415:S2CID
3112:1991.
3095:S2CID
3019:S2CID
2936:S2CID
2614:S2CID
2579:S2CID
2132:body.
1736:blebs
1416:Latin
1141:Hosts
815:Nymph
741:Larva
593:from
393:(the
215:range
4609:NCBI
4596:ITIS
4570:GBIF
4557:EPPO
4518:BOLD
3851:ISBN
3832:ISBN
3768:PMID
3688:PMID
3680:ISSN
3639:PMID
3598:PMID
3549:PMID
3481:2013
3450:PMID
3407:PMID
3338:PMID
3087:PMID
3056:2013
3011:PMID
2928:PMID
2889:2019
2867:2019
2841:2019
2820:2019
2724:3816
2269:and
2074:(or
1887:very
1857:Pets
1449:and
1051:Legs
1027:Body
975:Legs
947:Body
867:Legs
847:Body
801:Legs
783:Body
362:also
335:also
252:and
236:and
207:tick
4544:EoL
4531:CoL
4495:AFD
3760:doi
3756:168
3670:doi
3629:doi
3588:doi
3541:doi
3442:doi
3397:PMC
3389:doi
3328:hdl
3320:doi
3079:doi
3075:263
3003:doi
2999:190
2920:doi
2916:176
2606:doi
2571:doi
2275:PCR
2250:).
2066:or
1894:).
1827:at
1701:).
1693:or
1157:),
713:Egg
597:to
445:or
397:).
360:is
333:is
4646::
4624::
4611::
4598::
4585::
4572::
4559::
4546::
4533::
4520::
4497::
4482::
4467::
4024:,
4020:,
3874:.
3806:.
3774:.
3766:.
3754:.
3686:.
3678:.
3666:21
3664:.
3660:.
3637:.
3625:13
3623:.
3619:.
3596:.
3582:.
3578:.
3555:.
3547:.
3537:75
3535:.
3471:.
3448:.
3438:29
3436:.
3413:.
3405:.
3395:.
3383:.
3379:.
3359:^
3336:.
3326:.
3316:48
3314:.
3308:.
3093:.
3085:.
3073:.
3046:.
3017:.
3009:.
2997:.
2993:.
2972:^
2957:^
2934:.
2926:.
2914:.
2910:.
2734:^
2722:,
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