182:
1216:
47:
3295:
162:
1230:
575:
750:
1167:
Internet multistakeholder community had been met, and that it intended to allow its contract with ICANN to expire on
September 30, 2016, allowing the transition to take effect. On October the contract between the United States Department of Commerce and ICANN to perform the IANA functions was allowed to expire and the stewardship of IANA functions was officially transitioned to the private-sector.
550:
1025:
users globally due to recent revelations of pervasive monitoring and surveillance" and "called for accelerating the globalization of ICANN and IANA functions, towards an environment in which all stakeholders, including all governments, participate on an equal footing". This desire to move away from a United States centric approach is seen as a reaction to the ongoing
984:
dissatisfaction with this concentration of power (and money) in one company, and people looked to IANA for a solution. Postel wrote up a draft on IANA and the creation of new top-level domains. He was trying to institutionalize IANA. In retrospect, this would have been valuable, since he unexpectedly died about two years later.
1086:" in the sense that it will be high level with decision-making authority. The organizers of the "NET mundial" meeting have decided that an online forum called "/1net", set up by the I* group, will be a major conduit of non-governmental input into the three committees preparing for the meeting in April.
1166:
In August 2016 ICANN incorporated Public
Technical Identifiers, a non-profit affiliate corporation in California, to take over the IANA functions once the current contract expired at the end of September. The Department of Commerce confirmed that its criteria for transitioning IANA Stewardship to the
995:
Jon Postel managed the IANA function from its inception on the ARPANET until his death in
October 1998. By his almost 30 years of "selfless service", Postel created his de facto authority to manage key parts of the Internet infrastructure. After his death, Joyce K. Reynolds, who had worked with him
971:
The first reference to the name "IANA" in the RFC series is in RFC 1083, published in
December 1988 by Postel at USC-ISI, referring to Joyce K. Reynolds as the IANA contact. However, the function, and the term, was well established long before that; RFC 1174 says that "Throughout its entire history,
1162:
On
October 1, 2009 the "Joint Project Agreement" between ICANN and U.S. Department of Commerce expired, replaced by an "Affirmation of Commitments". On March 14, 2014, the U.S. Department of Commerce announced its intent to transition key Internet domain name functions to a global multi-stakeholder
991:
with the statement "You'll never work on the
Internet again" after Postel collaborated with root server operators to test using a root server other than Network Solutions' "A" root to act as the authority over the root zone. Demonstrating that control of the root was from the IANA rather than from
1024:
was released by the leaders of a number of organizations involved in coordinating the
Internet's global technical infrastructure, loosely known as the "I*" (or "I-star") group. Among other things, the statement "expressed strong concern over the undermining of the trust and confidence of Internet
963:
and Jon Postel at UCLA called for establishing a socket number catalog in RFC 322. Network administrators were asked to submit a note or place a phone call, "describing the function and socket numbers of network service programs at each HOST". This catalog was subsequently published as RFC 433 in
983:
to assess domain name registrants a $ 50 fee per year for the first two years, 30 percent of which was to be deposited in the
Intellectual Infrastructure Fund (IIF), a fund to be used for the preservation and enhancement of the intellectual infrastructure of the Internet. There was widespread
1068:
In
October 2013, Fadi Chehadé, current President and CEO of ICANN, met with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff in Brasilia. Upon Chehadé's invitation, the two announced that Brazil would host an international summit on Internet governance in April 2014. The announcement came after the
1147:
ICANN and the
Department of Commerce made an agreement for the "joint development of the "mechanisms methods, and procedures necessary to effect the transition of Internet domain name and addressing system (DNS) to the private sector" via a "Joint Project Agreement" in 1998.
1140:(DOC) and pursuant to an agreement with the IETF from 1998 to 2016. The Department of Commerce also provided an ongoing oversight function, whereby it verified additions and changes made in the DNS root zone to ensure IANA complied with its policies. The
1006:
On December 24, 1998, USC entered into a transition agreement with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICANN, transferring the IANA project to ICANN, effective January 1, 1999, thus making IANA an operating unit of ICANN.
1093:, a plan for international governance of the Internet, was proposed at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (GMMFIG) conference (23–24 April 2014) and later developed into the NetMundial Initiative by
695:, and end-user organizations. A local Internet registry is an organization that assigns parts of its allocation from a regional Internet registry to other customers. Most local Internet registries are also Internet service providers.
823:
where members of a group of Trusted Community Representatives (TCR) physically meet at a predefined location and go through scripted procedures to generate key material and signing keys. The TCRs cannot be affiliated with ICANN,
1073:
by the U.S. government, and President Rousseff's speech at the opening session of the 2013 United Nations General Assembly, where she strongly criticized the American surveillance program as a "breach of international law". The
663:
contract. ICANN managed IANA directly from 1998 through 2016, when it was transferred to Public Technical Identifiers (PTI), an affiliate of ICANN that operates IANA today. Before it, IANA was administered principally by
1155:, issued a notice of intent to extend the IANA contract for three years. In August 2006, the U.S. Department of Commerce extended the IANA contract with ICANN by an additional five years, subject to annual renewals.
1123:
A month later, the Panel On Global Internet Cooperation and Governance Mechanisms (convened by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the World Economic Forum (WEF) with assistance from
1158:
Since ICANN is managing a worldwide resource, while the IANA function is contracted to ICANN by the US Department of Commerce, various proposals have been brought forward to decouple the IANA function from ICANN.
1075:
3104:
893:
differences and rules for the various regions of the world and allows this information to be mirrored and used by computers and other electronic devices to maintain proper configuration for timekeeping.
707:(RFC) documents. These documents describe methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems. IANA maintains a close liaison with the
992:
Network Solutions would have clarified IANA's authority to create new top-level domains as a step to resolving the DNS Wars, but he ended his effort after Magaziner's threat, and died not long after.
519:
2770:
1263:
2749:
2482:
3017:
3238:
875:
IANA maintains protocol registries in tables of protocols and their parameters and coordinates registration of protocols. As of 2015 there were over 2,800 registries and subregistries.
1276:, a plan for international governance of the Internet first proposed at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (GMMFIG) conference, 23–24 April 2014).
1058:
2720:
2641:
1062:
2582:
3163:
1116:
should be under international control by September 2015. A minority of governments, including Russia, China, Iran and India, were unhappy with the final resolution and wanted
784:
block to requesting regional registries as needed. Since the exhaustion of the Internet Protocol Version 4 address space, no further IPv4 address space is allocated by IANA.
2807:
2670:
3047:
3350:
3096:
1152:
1986:
2974:
2889:
2557:
2314:
181:
2407:
3134:
3355:
2861:
3365:
3345:
2943:
1423:
1253:
726:, extra administrative policy and delegation to subordinate administrations is required because of the multi-layered distributed use of these resources.
2778:
1932:
1901:
3360:
1000:
832:
because of these organizations' operational roles in the key management, but are chosen from the broader DNS community. Past and present TCRs include
772:
into smaller blocks and delegate them to Internet service providers and other organizations in their operating regions. Since the introduction of the
2829:"Towards a Collaborative, Decentralized Internet Governance Ecosystem - report by the Panel On Global Internet Cooperation and Governance Mechanisms"
1029:. The statement was signed by the heads of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the Internet Engineering Task Force, the
3370:
2291:
2745:
2479:
1054:
948:
83:
3013:
3375:
1243:
1108:
The meeting produced a nonbinding statement in favor of consensus-based decision-making. It reflected a compromise and did not harshly condemn
1050:
812:
3234:
2436:
703:
IANA is broadly responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet protocols that are published as
2515:
1781:
1754:
1659:
1137:
1070:
660:
2916:
2724:
2633:
2538:
2574:
677:
2248:
3188:
3155:
2612:
2181:
IAB Recommended Policy on Distributing Internet Identifier Assignment and IAB Recommended Policy Change to Internet "Connected" Status
1801:
1046:
603:
553:
3073:
2968:"Affirmation of Commitments by the United States Department of Commerce and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers"
952:
673:
3263:
3213:
2463:
2799:
2662:
3380:
3039:
1258:
811:
Since the root zone was cryptographically signed in 2010, IANA is also responsible for vital parts of the key management for the
404:
2276:
1144:(IAB), on behalf of the IETF, could terminate the agreement under which ICANN performs IANA functions with six months' notice.
708:
337:
1017:
On February 8, 2000, the Department of Commerce entered into an agreement with ICANN for ICANN to perform the IANA functions.
964:
December 1972. In it Postel first proposed a registry of assignments of port numbers to network services, calling himself the
2828:
1105:(WEF) and the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (ComitĂŞ Gestor da Internet no Brasil), commonly referred to as "CGI.br".
956:
773:
669:
2381:
1722:
1390:
845:
409:
387:
2699:
1014:
signed an agreement with ICANN concerning the tasks that IANA would perform for the IETF; this is published as RFC 2860.
2564:, Eighth Meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), Bali, Indonesia, 22–25 October 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
1026:
762:
738:
629:
1978:
2967:
2882:
1141:
1030:
976:
367:
2554:
2318:
765:
formed as a body to represent their collective interests and ensure that policy statements are coordinated globally.
2403:
1827:
3126:
1268:
1221:
1042:
758:
692:
684:
355:
322:
252:
2853:
1279:
1079:
1034:
849:
524:
394:
317:
277:
1633:
1003:
and the Information Sciences Institute. This contract expired in April 1997, but was extended to preserve IANA.
1125:
1112:
or include the words "net neutrality", despite initial support for that from Brazil. The final resolution says
761:(RIRs). Each RIR allocates addresses for a different area of the world. Collectively the RIRs have created the
267:
115:
46:
3325:
3210:"Stewardship of IANA Functions Transitions to Global Internet Community as Contract with U.S. Government Ends"
2936:
1853:
1416:
1957:
1922:
1897:
901:
decision caused the shutdown of the FTP server which had previously been the primary source of the database.
1337:
1136:
IANA was managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) under contract with the
885:
734:
688:
560:
514:
377:
372:
2223:
1284:
596:
247:
1078:(NET mundial)" will include representatives of government, industry, civil society, and academia. At the
2299:
2270:
1273:
1090:
282:
31:
3305:
729:
IANA is responsible for assignment of Internet numbers, which are numerical identifiers assigned to an
1229:
749:
574:
2997:
2352:
2195:
2150:
2104:
2066:
2024:
1608:
1554:
1468:
1357:
1102:
1021:
704:
479:
297:
287:
1343:
Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Technical Work of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
3330:
2429:
1248:
641:
310:
217:
2507:
1663:
1307:
659:, a nonprofit private American corporation established in 1998 primarily for this purpose under a
3315:
3300:
1714:
1417:"The IANA Functions: An Introduction to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Functions"
797:
637:
362:
2536:"Entrevista com Fadi Chehadé: Brasil sediará encontro mundial de governança da internet em 2014"
2913:
3320:
2634:"NETmundial Multistakeholder Statement Concludes Act One of 2014 Internet Governance Trifecta"
1777:
1750:
1706:
1188:
1181:
1151:
On January 28, 2003, the Department of Commerce, via the Acquisition and Grants Office of the
1109:
980:
944:
910:
645:
589:
494:
464:
382:
292:
212:
1744:
2604:
2342:
2244:
2185:
2140:
2094:
2056:
2014:
1698:
1598:
1544:
1458:
1347:
1083:
1038:
801:
342:
262:
242:
3184:
1797:
3069:
2920:
2746:"Public Declaration on the NETmundial Initiative issued by members of the board of CGI.br"
2561:
2542:
2486:
2467:
1235:
1117:
972:
the Internet system has employed a central Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)..."
793:
579:
474:
207:
3259:
3209:
2460:
3294:
776:
system, IANA has typically allocated address space in the size of /8 prefix blocks for
489:
257:
237:
232:
161:
999:
Starting in 1988, IANA was funded by the U.S. government under a contract between the
935:
IANA was established informally as a reference to various technical functions for the
676:(USC) situated at Marina Del Rey (Los Angeles), under a contract USC/ISI had with the
3339:
1718:
988:
841:
633:
529:
484:
454:
432:
222:
2924:
1927:
1702:
1098:
837:
820:
769:
723:
449:
444:
187:
2832:
3127:"The IANA stewardship transition: what is happening? (Part II) | DiploFoundation"
1771:
2854:"The IANA stewardship transition: what is happening? (Part I) | DiploFoundation"
2373:
2355:
2336:
2198:
2179:
2036:
2027:
2008:
1620:
1611:
1592:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1538:
1360:
1341:
864:
833:
459:
272:
227:
2691:
2162:
2153:
2134:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2088:
2069:
2050:
1686:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1452:
1378:
1120:
management for the Internet, rather than broader multi-stakeholder management.
2535:
1685:
Wu, Peng; Cui, Yong; Wu, Jianping; Liu, Jiangchuan; Metz, Chris (2012-12-12).
1448:
1211:
1177:
940:
719:
665:
625:
399:
1710:
2332:
2175:
960:
914:
897:
IANA assumed responsibility for the database on October 16, 2011, after the
890:
715:
2480:"Brazil's anti-NSA prez urged to SNATCH keys to the internet from America"
2374:"The History of IANA - An Extended Timeline with Citations and Commentary"
987:
In January 1998, Postel was threatened by US Presidential science advisor
3321:
IANA Functions Purchase Order of the United States Department of Commerce
1823:
829:
730:
173:
94:
3235:"Statement of Assistant Secretary Strickling on IANA functions contract"
3014:"NTIA Announces Intent to Transition Key Internet Domain Name Functions"
2372:
Snyder, Joel; Konstantinos, Komaitis; Robachevsky, Andrei (9 May 2016).
3097:"IANA successor organization set up amid internet handover controversy"
936:
469:
191:
1128:), supported and included the NetMundial statement in its own report.
996:
for many years, managed the transition of the IANA function to ICANN.
3070:"ICANN Announces Incorporation of Public Technical Identifiers (PTI)"
2347:
2190:
2145:
2099:
2061:
2019:
1637:
1603:
1549:
1463:
1352:
2663:"ICANN Releases Roadmap, Timeline for Future Management of Internet"
2272:
New Registries and the Delegation of International Top Level Domains
1076:
Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance
17:
1849:
3001:
1953:
1113:
1094:
860:
805:
656:
439:
332:
131:
104:
12025 Waterfront Drive, Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA 90094-2536, USA
3156:"US Government Announces Go-Ahead For IANA Transition By October"
2575:"CENTR: Internet Governance in 2013 and What's Coming Up in 2014"
1875:
1773:
Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace
2771:"At NETmundial, the U.S. Kept Its Companies on the Global Stage"
2215:
1386:
1011:
924:
856:
819:
Operator"). Among other things, this involves regularly holding
781:
777:
427:
2545:, Palácio do Planalto, 9 October 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
3260:"Kim Davies Appointed VP, IANA Functions and President, PTI"
1591:
R. Housley; J. Curran; G. Huston; D. Conrad (August 2013).
1082:
a commenter noted that Brazil intends the meeting to be a "
804:"Registrar-of-Record"s, the root nameserver operators, and
711:(IETF) and RFC Editorial team in fulfilling this function.
2461:
Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
1798:"DNSSEC Practice Statement for the Root Zone KSK Operator"
1264:
Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
1022:
Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
753:
IPv6 Prefix Assignment mechanism with IANA, RIRs, and ISPs
1687:"Transition from IPv4 to IPv6: A State-of-the-Art Survey"
3288:
2721:"NETmundial Initiative - Debrief with Founding Partners"
2692:"Future of the internet debated at NetMundial in Brazil"
1527:.Obsoletes IENs: 127, 117, 93.
1303:
867:
service, and other critical zones such as root-servers.
152:
3310:
3040:"U.S. Plans to Give Up Oversight of Web Domain Manager"
1059:
Latin America and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry
2315:"a comment on Gilmore: ICANN Must Go (good insights)"
863:
zone for Internet infrastructure purposes, including
859:
registry for international treaty organizations, the
733:
resource or used in the networking protocols of the
2470:, ICANN, 7 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
825:
757:IANA delegates allocations of IP address blocks to
624:) is a standards organization that oversees global
147:
137:
127:
108:
100:
89:
79:
61:
53:
2973:. US Department of Commerce. September 30, 2009.
2317:. Interesting-people mailing list. Archived from
1537:S. Kirkpatrick; M. Stahl; M. Recker (July 1990).
2007:Phillips, A.; Davis, M., eds. (September 2009).
1824:"Criteria for Trusted Community Representatives"
1063:Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre
1411:
1409:
1407:
1153:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
815:operations (specifically, it is the "Root Zone
3187:. US Department of Commerce. August 16, 2016.
1662:. Number Resource Organization. Archived from
1636:. Number Resource Organization. Archived from
687:delegate number resources to their customers,
27:Standards organization overseeing IP addresses
2493:, 11 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
2087:Jon Postel, Nancy Neigus (22 December 1972).
800:(DNS) tree. This task involves liaising with
780:and/23 to/12 prefix blocks from the 2000::/3
597:
8:
2883:"2020 ICANN-IETF MoU Supplemental Agreement"
39:
2914:ICANN awarded net administration until 2011
1691:IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
30:"IANA" redirects here. For other uses, see
3293:
2501:
2499:
1254:List of information technology initialisms
604:
590:
549:
169:
160:
45:
38:
2346:
2189:
2144:
2098:
2060:
2018:
1602:
1548:
1462:
1351:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1001:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
796:, which form the top of the hierarchical
3351:1988 establishments in the United States
3072:(Press release). ICANN. 11 August 2016.
3016:. United States Department of Commerce.
1080:IGF VIII meeting in Bali in October 2013
748:
2895:from the original on September 19, 2020
1295:
1055:Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre
949:University of California at Los Angeles
816:
172:
2279:. I-D draft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01.
1746:The Global War for Internet Governance
1244:American Registry for Internet Numbers
1051:American Registry for Internet Numbers
714:In the case of the two major Internet
1749:. Yale University Press. p. 49.
1310:from the original on 24 February 2011
1304:"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority"
1071:2013 disclosures of mass surveillance
7:
2049:V. Cerf, J. Postel (26 March 1972).
1594:The Internet Numbers Registry System
1429:from the original on 7 November 2019
1138:United States Department of Commerce
1043:regional Internet address registries
737:. Examples include IP addresses and
661:United States Department of Commerce
3356:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
3326:ICANN contract for IANA, March 2003
2998:US Government finally lets ICANN go
1850:"Trusted Community Representatives"
1660:"Getting Internet Number Resources"
1010:In June 1999, at its Oslo meeting,
678:United States Department of Defense
618:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
40:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
3076:from the original on 17 April 2018
3050:from the original on 20 March 2014
3020:from the original on 23 March 2014
2216:"About IANA | Established in 1988"
2077:NIC 9609.
1923:"ICANN rescues time zone database"
1101:along with representatives of the
1047:African Network Information Center
25:
3366:Internet governance organizations
3346:Organizations established in 1988
3107:from the original on 13 June 2018
2442:from the original on 27 June 2013
2384:from the original on 8 March 2018
2161:NIC 10428. Obsoleted by RFC
2115:NIC 13491. Obsoleted by RFC
1830:from the original on 20 July 2020
1804:from the original on 17 July 2020
1197:In 2005, David Conrad (engineer).
953:University of Southern California
792:IANA administers the data in the
674:University of Southern California
194:through a portion of the Internet
3361:International telecommunications
3095:Ribeiro, John (12 August 2016).
2404:"USC ICANN Transition Agreement"
2136:Proposed Standard Socket Numbers
1898:"Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al"
1856:from the original on 5 July 2020
1306:. Public Technical Identifiers.
1259:List of TCP and UDP port numbers
1228:
1214:
927:RFC5646 and maintained by IANA.
768:The RIRs divide their allocated
573:
548:
405:Internet Message Access Protocol
180:
3371:Internet Standard organizations
3266:from the original on 2018-04-17
3241:from the original on 2017-03-23
3216:from the original on 2019-05-16
3191:from the original on 2016-09-20
3185:"Update on the IANA Transition"
3166:from the original on 2016-09-23
3137:from the original on 2016-09-24
2980:from the original on 2016-06-12
2949:from the original on 2020-11-15
2864:from the original on 2016-09-22
2810:from the original on 2014-06-02
2752:from the original on 2015-04-06
2702:from the original on 2014-04-29
2673:from the original on 2014-06-02
2644:from the original on 2014-05-09
2615:from the original on 2014-03-04
2585:from the original on 2014-02-10
2518:from the original on 2014-02-11
2410:from the original on 2016-09-30
2251:from the original on 2011-04-25
2226:from the original on 2022-12-28
1989:from the original on 2022-01-08
1960:from the original on 2021-03-08
1935:from the original on 2011-10-18
1904:from the original on 2011-10-08
1725:from the original on 2022-10-06
1393:from the original on 2016-11-03
899:Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al.
709:Internet Engineering Task Force
3316:USC/ICANN transition agreement
2245:"NTIA DNS Statement of Policy"
2010:Tags for Identifying Languages
1985:(in Kinyarwanda). 2021-12-29.
1878:. Public Technical Identifiers
1703:10.1109/SURV.2012.110112.00200
957:Information Sciences Institute
739:autonomous system (AS) numbers
670:Information Sciences Institute
655:Currently it is a function of
1:
3376:Internet in the United States
3311:Numbers Resource Organization
2506:Milton Mueller (2013-11-19).
921:IANA Language Subtag Registry
410:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
388:Transmission Control Protocol
2937:"IANA FUNCTIONS: THE BASICS"
2831:. 2014-05-20. Archived from
2800:"The future of the internet"
2777:. 2014-04-30. Archived from
2313:Dave Farber (July 2, 2002).
2290:Damien Cave (July 2, 2002).
1876:"IANA - Protocol Registries"
808:'s policy making apparatus.
763:Number Resource Organization
759:regional Internet registries
685:regional Internet registries
3160:Intellectual Property Watch
2292:"It's time for ICANN to go"
1954:"IANA - Time Zone Database"
1377:Elise Gerich (2016-10-25).
1142:Internet Architecture Board
1031:Internet Architecture Board
977:National Science Foundation
368:Hypertext Transfer Protocol
67:; 35 years ago
3397:
3301:IANA MIME media types list
2603:Paul Wilson (2013-11-29).
2165:.
2123:.
2039:.
1623:.
1581:.
1340:; M. Roberts (June 2000).
1269:National Internet registry
1222:Greater Los Angeles portal
908:
846:Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder
693:Internet service providers
356:Information infrastructure
29:
2435:. Dept of Commerce/NTIA.
2430:"IANA Functions Contract"
2341:. Network Working Group.
2184:. Network Working Group.
2139:. Network Working Group.
2133:J. Postel (30 May 1972).
2093:. Network Working Group.
2055:. Network Working Group.
2052:Well Known Socket Numbers
2013:. Network Working Group.
1543:. Network Working Group.
1457:. Network Working Group.
1346:. Network Working Group.
1280:Private Enterprise Number
1035:World Wide Web Consortium
689:local Internet registries
395:Internet service provider
44:
1983:Language Subtag Registry
1979:"Registration Templates"
1770:Mueller, Milton (2002).
1743:DeNardis, Laura (2014).
1422:. ICANN. December 2015.
1126:The Annenberg Foundation
1027:NSA surveillance scandal
905:Language subtag registry
828:(an ICANN affiliate) or
268:Right to Internet access
116:Playa Vista, Los Angeles
3381:History of the Internet
3331:IANA List of Registrars
2269:J. Postel (June 1996).
1020:On October 7, 2013 the
886:IANA time zone database
735:Internet Protocol Suite
515:History of the Internet
378:Internet protocol suite
373:Internet exchange point
84:U.S. Federal Government
2605:"What Is "1net" to Me"
2033:Best Current Practice.
1800:. IANA. 7 April 2020.
1479:Obsoleted by RFC
1379:"IANA Services Update"
1285:Registration authority
1200:In 2010, Elise Gerich.
966:czar of socket numbers
754:
248:Freedom of information
2119:. Obsoletes RFC
1826:. IANA. 12 May 2017.
1569:. Obsoletes RFC
1483:. Obsoletes RFC
1274:NetMundial Initiative
1194:In 2003, Doug Barton.
1091:NetMundial Initiative
959:. On March 26, 1972,
909:Further information:
752:
648:–related symbols and
32:IANA (disambiguation)
2335:(October 17, 1998).
1565:Updated by RFC
1203:In 2018, Kim Davies.
1103:World Economic Forum
871:Protocol assignments
705:Request for Comments
298:Virtual volunteering
3306:IANA character sets
3044:Wall Street Journal
2508:"Booting up Brazil"
2035:Obsoletes RFC
1619:Obsoletes RFC
1249:Internet governance
632:number allocation,
580:Internet portal
520:Oldest domain names
41:
2919:2017-08-10 at the
2560:2022-04-23 at the
2541:2015-04-05 at the
2485:2017-07-07 at the
2466:2016-10-23 at the
2090:Socket Number List
1451:(September 1981).
1089:In April 2014 the
951:(UCLA) and at the
879:Time zone database
855:IANA operates the
821:signing ceremonies
798:Domain Name System
755:
683:In addition, five
638:Domain Name System
636:management in the
363:Domain Name System
253:Internet phenomena
65:December 1988
3131:www.diplomacy.edu
3046:. 14 March 2014.
2858:www.diplomacy.edu
2804:Business Standard
2555:"Chair's Summary"
2489:, Rik Myslewski,
2302:on July 22, 2011.
1783:978-0-262-26379-5
1756:978-0-300-18135-7
1385:. Madrid, Spain:
1189:Joyce K. Reynolds
1182:Joyce K. Reynolds
1110:mass surveillance
981:Network Solutions
947:performed at the
945:Joyce K. Reynolds
911:IETF language tag
646:Internet Protocol
630:autonomous system
614:
613:
465:Instant messaging
383:Internet Protocol
293:Virtual community
190:visualization of
168:
167:
16:(Redirected from
3388:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3289:Official website
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2732:
2723:. Archived from
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2711:
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2688:
2682:
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2679:
2678:
2667:PC Tech Magazine
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2378:Internet Society
2369:
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2350:
2348:10.17487/RFC2468
2329:
2323:
2322:
2321:on May 25, 2010.
2310:
2304:
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2298:. Archived from
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2191:10.17487/RFC1174
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2146:10.17487/RFC0349
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2100:10.17487/RFC0433
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2078:
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2062:10.17487/RFC0322
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2020:10.17487/RFC5646
2004:
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1697:(3): 1407–1424.
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1604:10.17487/RFC7020
1588:
1582:
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1552:
1550:10.17487/RFC1166
1540:INTERNET NUMBERS
1534:
1528:
1475:
1466:
1464:10.17487/RFC0790
1454:ASSIGNED NUMBERS
1445:
1439:
1438:
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1399:
1398:
1383:RIPE 73 Archives
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1353:10.17487/RFC2860
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1039:Internet Society
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802:top-level domain
794:root nameservers
699:Responsibilities
650:Internet numbers
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2921:Wayback Machine
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2562:Wayback Machine
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2338:I Remember IANA
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2220:routeripnet.com
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2178:(August 1990).
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1679:
1669:
1667:
1666:on 12 June 2018
1658:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1640:on 12 June 2018
1634:"About the NRO"
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1293:
1236:Internet portal
1234:
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1210:
1173:
1134:
1041:, and the five
933:
923:was defined by
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3298:
3282:
3281:External links
3279:
3277:
3276:
3262:. 2017-12-15.
3251:
3237:. 2016-10-01.
3226:
3212:. 2016-10-01.
3201:
3176:
3162:. 2016-08-17.
3147:
3133:. 2016-09-17.
3118:
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2874:
2860:. 2016-09-16.
2845:
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2806:. 2014-05-03.
2791:
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2698:. 2014-04-23.
2683:
2669:. 2014-05-21.
2654:
2640:. 2014-05-03.
2625:
2595:
2581:. 2014-01-27.
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2495:
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2421:
2395:
2364:
2361:Informational.
2324:
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2207:
2204:Informational.
2167:
2125:
2079:
2041:
2023:. BCP 47.
1999:
1970:
1956:. 2018-05-01.
1945:
1931:. 2011-10-16.
1914:
1900:. 2011-10-06.
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1617:Informational.
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1563:Informational.
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1366:Informational.
1336:B. Carpenter;
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2846:
2835:on 2014-06-06
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2795:
2792:
2781:on 2014-05-03
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1776:. MIT Press.
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3245:2016-10-03
3220:2016-10-03
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