1372:
549:
574:(the 'M44'), and simulated multiple 7044 virtual machines (the '44X'), using both hardware and software. Key team members were Dave Sayre and Rob Nelson. This was a groundbreaking machine, used to explore
642:– which is to say that it was close enough to a virtual machine system to show that 'close enough' did not count. I never heard a more eloquent argument for virtual machines than from Dave Sayre."
542:
535:
251:
1035:
775:– describes the M44/44X, reports performance measurements related to memory and paging, and discusses performance impact of multiprogramming and time-sharing
646:
M44/44X "implanted the idea that the virtual machine concept is not necessarily less efficient than more conventional approaches" – a core assumption in the
887:
19:
45:
1394:
744:
L. Belady, R. A. Nelson, and G. S. Shedler, "An anomaly in the space-time characteristics of certain programs running in paging machines,"
1028:
1220:
1399:
783:
583:
567:
1175:
880:
430:
1404:
1375:
1021:
917:
639:
63:
1170:
1116:
424:
123:
689:
873:
694:
1284:
1225:
1180:
1074:
520:
108:
1215:
1126:
1121:
1111:
1064:
226:
204:
198:
163:
155:
102:
96:
51:
1307:
1133:
981:
678:
507:
487:
399:
375:
359:
218:
1069:
514:
494:
365:
977:
660:
623:
370:
1088:
1084:
764:. Proc. AFIPS Computer Conference 30 (Spring Joint Computer Conference, 1967). pp. 611–621.
762:
Experience using a time sharing multiprogramming system with dynamic address relocation hardware
1165:
1096:
393:
387:
381:
328:
280:
57:
1338:
1333:
1235:
1044:
765:
587:
274:
114:
599:
probably originated with the M44/44X project, from which it was later appropriated by the
595:
579:
802:
1200:
566:
was an experimental computer system from the mid-1960s, designed and operated at IBM's
500:
1388:
1294:
1205:
1056:
707:
631:
797:– an early virtual machine paper describing multiprogramming with the M44/44X.
1359:
1328:
1143:
1005:
985:
262:
1239:
1185:
1252:
461:
244:
33:
1279:
934:
843:
769:
682:
627:
611:
600:
454:
335:
1013:
727:
L. Belady and C. J. Kuehner, "Dynamic space sharing in computer systems,"
1323:
1247:
1210:
700:– an influential survey paper, citing the following M44/44X papers:
571:
135:
129:
1269:
1195:
1106:
1101:
1001:
969:
473:
467:
298:
192:
175:
90:
1302:
1153:
1138:
961:
949:
945:
938:
710:, "A study of replacement algorithms for virtual storage computers,"
674:
647:
615:
575:
353:
347:
338:
304:
292:
286:
238:
232:
186:
169:
778:
R. A. Nelson, "Mapping
Devices and the M44 Data Processing System,"
1264:
1257:
1190:
436:
344:
39:
622:
implement a complete simulation of the underlying hardware (i.e.
1274:
1158:
993:
953:
450:
405:
310:
257:
1017:
690:
Performance
Modeling: Experimental Computer Science at its Best
1343:
1148:
1048:
989:
650:
architecture, and one that ultimately proved very successful.
638:
The M44/44X "was about as much of a virtual machine system as
480:
268:
590:
as an outstanding example of experimental computer science.
586:. It was purely a research system, and was cited in 1981 by
570:
at
Yorktown Heights, New York. It was based on a modified
809:– the outstanding source for CP/CMS and VM history
948:→ VM/SE versions → VM/SP versions → VM/XA versions →
795:
IBM Thomas J. Watson
Research Center (April 15, 1966)
1352:
1316:
1293:
1234:
1083:
1055:
803:VM and the VM community, past present, and future
69:7040/7044 Operating System (16/32K) (7040-PR-150)
854:L. Talkington, "A Good Idea and Still Growing",
1029:
881:
543:
8:
661:The origin of the VM/370 time-sharing system
1036:
1022:
1014:
888:
874:
856:White Plains Development Center Newsletter
550:
536:
20:History of IBM mainframe operating systems
15:
842:– relationship between M44/44X and
665:IBM Journal of Research & Development
904: >>
819:
18:
7:
698:, President's Letter (November 1981)
908: >
667:, Vol. 25, No. 5 (September 1981),
603:team to replace their earlier term
14:
807:SHARE 89 Sessions 9059-9061, 1997
1371:
1370:
784:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
685:project lead, also a CTSS author
584:computer performance measurement
568:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
618:control programs, M44/44X did
1:
858:, Vol. 2, No. 3 (March 1969)
85:Miscellaneous S/360 line OSes
28:Early mainframe computer OSes
1395:IBM transistorized computers
748:Vol. 12, No. 6 (June 1969),
271:(OS/VS2R2 and later) (1974)
869:CP/CMS family relationships
1421:
731:Vol. 12 No. 5 (May 1969),
72:1410/7010 Operating System
1368:
999:
975:
967:
932:
924:
915:
910:some influence/precedence
899:
867:
788:– about the M44/44X
746:Communications of the ACM
695:Communications of the ACM
1285:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
1226:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
1075:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
1400:Virtualization software
780:Research Report RC 1303
770:10.1145/1465482.1465581
673:– perspective on
1122:DOS/360 and successors
714:Vol. 5, No. 2 (1966),
644:
156:DOS/360 and successors
34:GM OS & GM-NAA I/O
1405:VM (operating system)
1134:OS/360 and successors
729:Communications of ACM
636:
219:OS/360 and successors
515:UNIX System Services
495:UNIX System Services
793:On Virtual Systems,
712:IBM Systems Journal
688:Peter J. Denning, "
624:full virtualization
1382:
1381:
1045:Operating systems
1012:
1011:
560:
559:
1412:
1374:
1373:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1015:
906:strong influence
890:
883:
876:
865:
864:
859:
852:
846:
836:
830:
824:
800:Melinda Varian,
773:
552:
545:
538:
289:Version 1 (1980)
16:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1364:
1348:
1312:
1289:
1230:
1079:
1051:
1042:
1004:and most other
895:
894:
863:
862:
853:
849:
837:
833:
825:
821:
808:
796:
787:
774:
760:R. W. O'Neill.
759:
699:
681:history by the
672:
659:R. J. Creasy, "
656:
630:project leader
596:virtual machine
580:virtual machine
556:
527:
526:
457:
443:
442:
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411:
331:
321:
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159:
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86:
78:
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29:
12:
11:
5:
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847:
831:
818:
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798:
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753:
739:
738:
737:
736:
722:
721:
720:
719:
702:
701:
686:
655:
652:
605:pseudo machine
558:
557:
555:
554:
547:
540:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
518:
511:
508:OpenExtensions
504:
498:
491:
484:
477:
471:
465:
458:
449:
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428:
421:
418:
417:
414:
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403:
397:
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385:
379:
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368:
366:VM/BSE (BSEPP)
363:
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351:
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327:
326:
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55:
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13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1295:Point of sale
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1199:
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1177:
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1086:
1082:
1076:
1073:
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1068:
1066:
1063:
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1060:
1058:
1057:Supercomputer
1054:
1050:
1046:
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1027:
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1019:
1016:
1007:
1003:
998:
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987:
983:
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974:
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963:
959:
958:
955:
951:
947:
943:
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936:
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914:
911:
907:
903:
898:
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851:
848:
845:
841:
835:
832:
829:
823:
820:
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804:
799:
794:
790:
785:
781:
777:
771:
767:
763:
758:
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751:
747:
743:
742:
741:
740:
734:
730:
726:
725:
724:
723:
717:
713:
709:
706:
705:
704:
703:
697:
696:
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
653:
651:
649:
643:
641:
635:
633:
632:Robert Creasy
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
597:
591:
589:
588:Peter Denning
585:
582:concept, and
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
534:
533:
531:
530:
522:
519:
516:
512:
509:
505:
502:
499:
496:
492:
489:
485:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
456:
452:
447:
446:
438:
435:
432:
429:
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422:
416:
415:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
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377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
333:
330:
325:
324:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
270:
267:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
253:
250:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
220:
215:
214:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
181:VSE/AF (1979)
180:
179:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
157:
152:
151:
137:
134:
133:
131:
128:
127:
125:
122:
121:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
82:
81:
74:(1410-PR-155)
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
50:
47:
44:
41:
38:
35:
32:
31:
25:
24:
21:
17:
1360:Fedora Linux
1329:Workplace OS
1186:System/88 OS
1006:time-sharing
992:→ ... → for
926:
909:
905:
901:
855:
850:
839:
834:
827:
822:
813:
812:
801:
792:
779:
761:
749:
745:
732:
728:
715:
711:
693:
668:
664:
645:
637:
619:
609:
604:
594:
592:
563:
561:
371:VM/SE (SEPP)
265:(SVS) (1972)
189:(1983, 1985)
120:RACS (1965)
1240:workstation
927:IBM M44/44X
564:IBM M44/44X
521:OpenSolaris
488:OpenEdition
481:OpenEdition
1389:Categories
1008:platforms
902:derivation
791:D. Sayre,
654:References
634:observed:
614:and later
245:OS/VS1 BPE
1089:mainframe
1000:>>
935:CP-40/CMS
933:>>
826:Denning,
814:Citations
708:L. Belady
593:The term
455:Unix-like
1376:Category
1339:Trillian
1334:Monterey
1324:Taligent
1317:Projects
1248:Textpack
840:op. cit.
838:Creasy,
828:op. cit.
671:483-490,
572:IBM 7044
479:MVS/ESA
419:TPF line
394:VM/XA SP
388:VM/XA SF
382:VM/XA MA
281:MVS/SE 2
263:OS/VS2R1
136:MUSIC/SP
64:MIT CTSS
1353:Related
1308:4690 OS
1303:4680 OS
1236:Desktop
1166:VM line
1112:TSS/360
1107:TOS/360
1102:BOS/360
1002:MULTICS
970:TSS/360
941:
920:
900:→
752:349-353
735:282-288
610:Unlike
493:OS/390
486:VM/ESA
474:AIX/ESA
468:AIX/370
329:VM line
299:MVS/ESA
254:(1967)
235:(1968)
193:VSE/ESA
178:(1979)
176:DOS/VSE
164:DOS/360
132:(1972)
126:(1966)
103:TSS/360
97:TOS/360
91:BOS/360
1253:PC DOS
1201:zLinux
1154:OS/390
1139:OS/VS1
1085:Server
988:→ for
986:OS/VS2
984:→ for
962:VP/CSS
950:VM/ESA
946:VM/370
939:CP/CMS
916:
786:(1964)
782:, IBM
718:78-101
675:CP/CMS
648:CP/CMS
616:CP/CMS
578:, the
576:paging
523:(2008)
517:(2001)
510:(2000)
503:(1999)
497:(1996)
490:(1995)
483:(1993)
476:(1991)
470:(1990)
464:(1981)
439:(2005)
433:(1979)
427:(1967)
408:(2000)
402:(1990)
400:VM/ESA
396:(1988)
390:(1985)
384:(1984)
378:(1980)
362:(1972)
360:VM/370
356:(1968)
354:VP/CSS
350:(1967)
341:(1967)
313:(2000)
307:(1995)
305:OS/390
301:(1988)
295:(1983)
293:MVS/XA
287:MVS/SP
283:(1979)
277:(1978)
275:MVS/SE
241:(1972)
239:OS/VS1
233:MFT II
229:(1966)
221:(1966)
207:(2021)
201:(2005)
195:(1991)
187:VSE/SP
172:(1972)
170:DOS/VS
166:(1965)
158:(1966)
138:(1985)
117:(1967)
111:(1967)
105:(1967)
99:(1965)
93:(1965)
66:(1961)
60:(1960)
54:(1959)
48:(1958)
42:(1957)
36:(1955)
1265:PC/IX
1258:DOS/V
1221:SRTOS
1191:IBM i
1097:IBSYS
976:>
968:>
925:>
844:CP-40
683:CP-40
628:CP-40
612:CP-40
601:CP-40
513:z/OS
506:z/VM
501:Linux
437:z/TPF
376:VM/SP
345:CP-67
336:CP-40
199:z/VSE
130:MUSIC
115:ORVYL
58:IBSYS
40:BESYS
1275:OS/2
1211:DPPX
1206:DPCX
1159:z/OS
994:z/OS
980:for
954:z/VM
918:CTSS
677:and
640:CTSS
562:The
453:and
451:UNIX
406:z/VM
348:/CMS
339:/CMS
311:z/OS
258:65MP
46:UMES
1344:K42
1280:AOS
1270:AIX
1216:SSP
1196:AIX
1181:CPF
1176:TPF
1171:ACP
1149:MVS
1144:SVS
1127:VSE
1117:RAX
1070:CNK
1065:INK
1049:IBM
1047:by
990:MVS
982:MVT
978:TSO
766:doi
750:pp.
733:pp.
716:pp.
692:",
669:pp.
663:",
626:).
620:not
462:UTS
431:TPF
425:ACP
269:MVS
252:MVT
227:MFT
205:VSE
124:RAX
109:MTS
52:SOS
1391::
1238:,
1087:,
960:→
952:→
944:→
937:→
679:VM
607:.
1037:e
1030:t
1023:v
889:e
882:t
875:v
805:,
772:.
768::
551:e
544:t
537:v
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